高三英语大一轮复习讲义 语法知识 专题十 特殊句式 新人教版.doc

专题十特殊句式一、倒装句1全部倒装(1)在there be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。look，theres that bookshop i was telling you about.(2)表示时间、地点和动作转移的副词如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首时，为使生动地描述情景而采用倒装语序。此时，句子多用一般现在时或一般过去时。there goes the phone.ill answer it.(3)such作表语置于句首时。such was albert einstein，a simple man but the 20th centurys greatest scientist.(4)直接引语的全部或部分位于句首时。“if you die，who will get your money？” asked holmes.(5)表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。in the center of the square stands a monument.(6)为平衡句子结构，或使上下文衔接紧密，而将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，引起倒装。gone forever are the days when the chinese people had to use foreign oil.2部分倒装在下列几种情况下，只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意义的单词或短语位于句首时。little does he care about what others think.(2)在not.until.，no sooner.than.，scarcely/hardly.when.，not only.but also.，neither.nor.等句式中。neither does he drink nor smoke.(3)当only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。only then did i find i had made a mistake.(4)在so/such.that.从句中，当so形容词/副词或such名词位于句首时。so exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.(5)当表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用so/as系动词/助动词/情态动词主语，表示“也是”。times have changed and so have i.(6)当neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一个人或事物时，常用neither/nor系动词/助动词/情态动词主语，表示“也不”。they couldnt understand it at that time，and nor could we.(7)省略if的虚拟条件句，把助动词were，had，should提到主语前面。had it not been for your help，we shouldnt have achieved so much.(8)as和though引导的让步状语从句。try as she might，sue couldnt get the door open.(9)“may动词原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，构成倒装语序。may you succeed!二、强调句1使用助动词do，does和did对谓语动词进行强调。first impressions really do count.2运用强调句型来强调除谓语以外的其他句子成分。强调句型的基本句型结构为：it is/was被强调部分that/who句子的其他部分。可用来强调句子的主语、宾语、状语成分。在复习强调句型时，要注意以下几个方面：(1)强调句型中的主谓一致在强调句型中，当对陈述句中的主语进行强调时，无论被强调的主语是单数还是复数，主句中的谓语动词都要用单数形式it is/was.，同时，that从句中的谓语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。it is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.(2)当对地点状语、时间状语或其他状语从句进行强调时，只能用连接词that，而不能用when，where，why或how等。it was on august 8,2008 that 29th summer olympic games were opened in beijing.(3)强调句型的疑问句在强调句中，无论被强调部分是什么句子成分，变为一般疑问句时，都须将主句改为疑问语序，即将“it is/was被强调部分that其他成分”改为“is/was it被强调部分that其他成分？”或“疑问词is/was it that其他成分？”结构。was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?when was it that she changed her mind?(4)在对not.until结构中的until时间状语或时间状语从句进行强调时，要将句中的not移至until之前，构成：it is/was not until.that.。注意that从句中的谓语动词要变成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒装语序。i didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.it was not until she took off her dark glasses that i realized she was a famous film star.三、省略句1状语从句中的省略由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引导的状语从句中，如果其谓语为be，而主语与主句的主语相同时，则从句的主语和be可省略。或从句的主语为it时，谓语为be，也可省略从句中的it和be。如：when (i am) in trouble，i always turn to my classmates for help.遇到麻烦时，我总是找同学帮忙。if (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.可能的话，这台机器会立即修好。2不定式的省略单独使用不定式符号to代替不定式后被省略的动词，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等词后；或放在表情绪的词后，代替被省略的动词，常见词有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，则要保留be，have，have been。i asked him to see the film，but he didnt want to.will you please look after my house when im away?im glad to.are you a sailor?no.but i used to be.your work hasnt been handed in，but it ought to have been.3常考的几个省略形式if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller.than等4并列句中的省略并列句中的两个对等句里的动词相同时，后者的动词可以省略。如：he is going to hong kong，but his brother (is going) to america.他要去香港，但是他的弟弟要去美国。my room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.我的房间在三楼，他的在五楼。四、注意事项1如果由特殊疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时，从句必须使用陈述语序，不可用疑问语序。he asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.2强调句型结构中的反意疑问句式。在强调句型结构中，其反意疑问句的主语及助动词必须与主句it is/was.保持一致。it is mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isnt it?3强调句型结构与定语从句的混合使用。在高考试题中，为了增加试题的难度，命题人常将强调句型与定语从句混合起来，使句子结构更加复杂。我们要注意从语法角度来分析句子，理清结构“强调句型与定语从句”。it was on the farm where we worked that i got to know her.4强调句型与时间状语从句的辨析。当用强调句型强调时间状语时，去掉“it is/was”和连词“that”原句仍然完整。而在时间状语从句中，若去掉“it is/was”和连词“when/before”，原句不完整。it was at 1428 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(强调句型)it was 1428 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(状语从句)技巧1分析句型结构，注意特殊句式在一些试题中要注意区别一些特殊的句型，如倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、祈使句等，特别注意强调句型的一般疑问句、特殊疑问句形式。 考题印证it was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village_the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.(2010安徽，27)awhere bthat cwhen dwhich答案b解析句意为：仅仅用她从村庄里买来的一些简单的东西，女主人就做了一顿丰盛的晚餐。从句式看此句是强调句，故选b项。技巧2还原特殊句型，显现本来面目 一般说来，对于一些特殊的句型，我们可以把它还原为正常的句型，如把倒装句还原为陈述句，把省略句补全等等。考题印证is everyone here?not yet.look，there_the rest of our guests！(2010江苏，33)acome bcomescis coming dare coming答案a解析句意为：大家都来了吗？还没有看！我们其余的客人来了。there放在句首时，句子谓语动词用完全倒装结构，由guests可知the rest指代复数内容，故谓语动词用复数形式。1it _ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _ i found we had a lot in common.awas until；when bwas until；thatcwasnt until；when dwasnt until；that答案d解析it was.that.构成强调句，对not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks进行强调。在这种强调句式中，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。如果被强调的部分是表示人的名词时，可以用who代替that引出句子的其他部分。2will you go to see the movie a simple noodle story tomorrow evening?no，i am going to a lecture，or at least i am planning_.ato bsocgo dthat答案a解析考查省略的用法。i am planning to是i am planning to go to a lecture的省略。3i dont suppose anyone will volunteer，_？ado i bdont icwill they dwont they答案c解析句意为：我认为不会有人自愿，是不是？当陈述部分是“i dont think/suppose宾语从句”结构时，附加问句的主语与动词与从句一致且用肯定形式。4i just wonder _ that made mark twain so famous a writer.of course his early experiences.ait was what bwhat he didchow he did dwhat it was答案d解析句意为：我只想知道是什么使得马克吐温成为一个如此出名的作家。当然是他的早期经历了。从题干的含义看，本题涉及强调句的特殊疑问句和语序。被强调的成分在从句中作主语，用what，且wonder后作宾语的疑问句要用陈述句语序，故选d。5its nice.never before_such a special drink!im glad you like it.(2011福建，29)ai have had bi hadchave i had dhad i答案c解析句意为：太好喝了。我以前从未喝过这么特别的饮料！你能喜欢我很高兴。否定词never置于句首，句子需用部分倒装语序，排除a、b两项；又由时间状语before可知，句子要用现在完成时，故c项正确。6only after they had discussed the matter for several hours_a decision.(2011湖南，32)athey reached bdid they reachcthey reach ddo they reach答案b解析句意为：他们只有在讨论这个问题几个小时后才做决定。“only状语从句”放在句首，主句需用部分倒装句式，由从句中的“had discussed”可知主句应用一般过去时态。7the man has great determination and never gives up halfway_aso do you bneither do youcso is with you dit is the same with you答案d解析当表达前者的情况适合于后者，而这种情况既有否定也有肯定时，用it is the same with或so it is with。8it is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do _ benefits our work most.(2011陕西，23)awho bwhich cthat dwhat答案c解析句意为：对我们的工作最有益的不是我们做了多少，而是我们对所做的事情注入了多少爱。本句是一个强调句，其结构是：it is/was.that/who.。因为所强调的内容是“not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do”，所以选that。另外，强调句式常与定语从句结合起来考查。如：it was the words that he spoke that made the teacher angry.。9the police were seeking more information to find out _ the rich merchant.awho was it that killed bwho it was that killedcit was who killed dwho was it killed答案b解析句意为：警方在搜查更多线索，以便查清是谁杀了这位富商。本题考查特殊疑问句的强调句式。首先考虑who killed the rich merchant？的强调句应为：who was it that killed the rich merchant？然后考虑把“.find out who killed the rich merchant.”变为“.find out who it was that killed the rich merchant.”。故选b。10have you got any plans for the coming birthday?yes._，im going to try bungee jumping.aif not bif busycif anything dif possible答案d解析句意为：你对你马上到来的生日有什么计划吗？有的。如果可能的话，我打算去试一下蹦极跳。a“如果不”；b“如果忙”；c项“若有区别”；d项相当于if it is possible(如果可能的话)。11only when_in the afternoon_able to leave.athe match was over；they werebwas the match over；were theycwas the match over；they weredthe match was over；were they答案d解析考查倒装句。句意为：只有当下午的比赛结束后他们才能够离开。only引导的时间状语从句