英语：Unit 2《Cloning》课件-Grammar（新人教版选修8）.ppt

Grammar名词性从句,Unit2Cloning,NounClauses,subjectiveclause主语从句,objectiveclause宾语从句,predicativeclause表语从句,appositiveclause同位语从句,名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。,1.Whatitwastobecomewasamystery.2.IdontknowwhowillhelpHenrytowinthebet.3.HistroubleisthathedoesntknowanybodyinLondon.4.Thefactthatshipscangotheresurprisesmanypeople.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,1、宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用，可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。引导宾语从句词有连词that，if，whether；连接代词who，whose，what，which；连接副词when，where，how，why等。,e.g.(1)Ithink(that)womencanreachveryhighachievementsinmanyfieldsofscience.2)Iwonderwhether/ifsherememberedhowmanybabiesshehaddelivered.3)Doyouknowwho/whomJackwasspeakingto?,总结:,2.注意点,1).宾语从句一律用陈述句的语序.,2).引导宾语从句的连词that也无实际意义,多数情况下可以省略.,3).whether和if都可以引导宾语从句,但:(1).当whether后紧跟ornot时,不用if.,(2).介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.,例:IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.,1.宾语从句的引导词:宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词相同.,例:IdontknowwhetherIwillstayornot.,4).that在宾语从句中的省略与保留,由连词and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中,第一个that可以省略,第二that不能省.,Hetoldme(that)hewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeontime.,e.g.Tomisnolongerwhatheusedtobe.Thequestioniswhichofusshouldcomefirst.Theproblemiswhoisreallyfitforthehardjob.Theimportantthingiswhosenameshouldbeputonthetopofthelist.,2、表语从句表语从句在复合句中起表语作用.引导宾语从句词有连词that，what,which,who,whom,whose等.除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中从当主语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。,2.注意点,1).表语从句一律用陈述句的语序.,2).表语从句的引导词that无实际意义,但不能省略.,3).表语从句只能用whether,而不能用if引导.,Whatmanypeopleareworriedaboutiswhetherwewillbeabletobuildabetterfuture.,Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisbecausethattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.,Thereasonwhy+句子bethat+从句.,for+名词,今天早上他迟到的原因是因为路上行人太多.,错误,Thereasonwhyhewaslatethismorningisthattherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.,或This/it/that/isbecause+从句等句型.,Hewaslatethismorning.Thatwasbecausetherewasalotoftrafficontheroad.,3、主语从句做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有连词that，whether，连接代词who，what，which，连接副词when，where，how，why等。,e.g.Thatshelefthimcuthimtotheheart.Whatseemseasytosomepeopleseemsdifficulttoothers.Whetheritwillpleasethemisnoteasytosay.,2.总结:,1).主语从句一律用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后.,2).连接词that在从句中无实际意义,起引导作用,不作任何成分,但不能省略.,Whenwillhecomeisnotknown.,错误,Whenhewillcomeisnotknown.,Hewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.,错误,Thathewillnotcometothemeetingthiseveningistrue.,但是whatisthematter和whatiswrong不可改变语序,3).whether可以引导主语从句解释为”是否”,但if不能.,4).whoever,whatever,whichever等词可以引导主语从句,但nomatterwho,nomatterwhat等不能,它们只能引导让步状语从句.,5).为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.例:Itiswellknown/reported/thought/said/thatItisclear/necessary/certain/true/doubtful/thatItisapity/ashame/anhonour/thatItdoesntmatterwhether/ItseemsthatIthappensthat,4、同位语从句同位语从句属于名词性从句，大多由从属连词that引导，常常跟在fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark,hope,belief等名词后面。同位语从句一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容，在逻辑上表现为同为关系。,e.g.Theyarefamiliarwiththeopinionthatallmatterconsistsofatoms.WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldnotcome.Thesuggestioncamefromthechairmanthatthenewruleshouldbeadopted.,注意1.that引导的同位语从句前面的名词常见的有:idea,fact,news,belief,thought,doubt,suggestion,proof,message,order,conclusion,desire,theory,truth,word,hope,information等.,2.that在从句中只是起引导作用,不作任何成分.,1.Ihavealwaysbeenhonestandstraightforward,anditdoesntmatter_thatImtalkingto.(2004年广东省卷)A.whoisitB.whoitisC.itiswhoD.itiswhom,高考链接,【试析】这个句子是一个由and连接的并列句。And后是一个含有主语从句的结构，其主句部分是itdoesntmatter,主语从句则是whoitisthatImtalkingto.而在主语从句中，又有一个定语从句，修饰who.Who既是一个引导词，也在itis中作表语.如果再细一点，说who是(talking)to的介词宾语也可以。,2.Itisprettywellunderstood_controlstheflowofcarbondioxideinandouttheatmospheretoday.(2003上海)A.thatB.whenC.whatD.how,【试析】主语从句中缺少做主语的成分，故选C.,3._madetheschoolproudwas_morethan90ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.（2003上海春季）A.What;becauseB.What;thatC.That;whatD.That;because,【试析】what在此作连接代词，引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。that引导主语从句时，只起引导作用，不作任何成分.,4.Whenyouanswerquestionsinajobinterview,pleaserememberthegoldenrule:Alwaysgivethemonkeyexactly_hewants.(2002上海春季)A.whatB.whichC.whenD.that,【试析】这是一个宾语从句,wants后面缺少宾语,Alwaysgivethemonkeyexactlywhathewants是一句谚语,意思是永远给予他人他确实想要的东西。故答案为A。,5.-Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterdaysgame?-Oh,thats_.(2003北京春季)A.whatmakesmefeelexcitedB.whateverIfeelexcitedaboutC.howIfeelaboutitD.whenIfeelexcited,【试析】这是由what引导的一个表语从句，在从句中充当主语，这句话的意思为：那是使我感到兴奋的事。故答案为A。,一、同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处,1、两种从句都可以译成定语e.g.,Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。,2、两种从句都可以用that引导e.g.,Thesuggestionthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingpracticalisworthconsidering.（同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。Thesuggestionthatisworthconsideringisthatthestudentsshouldlearnsomethingpractical.（定语从句）值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。,二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,1、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。,e.g.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）,2、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。,e.g.1)DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.（that不充当任何成分）2)Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）,II.Choosethebestanswer,1.Theyexpressedthehope_theywouldcomeovertoChina.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.when2.Thefact_hedidntseeTomyesterdayistrue.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.what3.Ihavenoidea_hewillcomeback.A.whereB.whenC.whatD.that,II.Choosethebe