商志英语笔记.doc

商志笔记（04年第三篇阅读）When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. Im a good economic indicator, she says. I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars. So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too she says.Even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, （总述）lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. （分述一）From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. （分述二）For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. （分述三）Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. （分水岭）But dont sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.（整个第二段讲了两句话，分水岭前后。）Consumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. 【（总述）Home prices are holding steady in most regions. （分述一）In Manhattan, theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses, says broker Barbara Corcoran. （分述二）In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. （分述三）Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three, says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker.】 （分水岭）And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.（以上四个句子【】是一个意思：在大多数地区房价保持稳定。这一段的主旨： causes of consumers not being desperate in face of the slowdown.）【（总述）Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. （分述一）Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. （分述二）Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. （分述三）Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.】 Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.笔记：1. Appreciate doing感激某人做2. Suggest that (should)3. Suspend暂停；延缓4. When it comes to slowing economy 一提到5. When it comes to+名词词组+主谓6. When it comes to的作用：引出全文的主题7. When it comes to在写作中的应用：When it comes to+作文主题，（不同的人有不同的观点）opinions vary.8. 考研英语试卷：1：完型（10%）2：阅读（60%）（part A：40%；part B：10%；part C：10%）3：写作（30%）9. Some tend to claim that一些人认为10. Others, however, may argue/contend that然而，另一些人认为11. I am strongly convinced that我强烈认为/相信；科学家一直相信：Scientists have been convinced that12. 重要补充：1. Be convinced that 认为、相信2. Hold、claim、argue、contend都表示认为/主张3. 写作例句：一些人认为另一些人认为While many seem to hold thatothers might contend that（While_，_）4. Seem to、tend to、may/might、can/could专门用于主谓之间，制造抽象的感觉13. 主谓之间的插入成分：1. 从句2. -ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）3. Seem to、tend to、may/might、can/could 4. 双逗号结构、双破折号结构14. Some people-some、Many people-many、Few people-few、These people-these、Those people-those (e.g.：many are perplexed困惑的，糊涂的 that)15. be perplexed 困惑的，糊涂的 that = be puzzled = be confused16. 人：those (who/whose) 日本人：those who are from Japan 普通大学毕业生：those who graduated from average universities (普通大学：average universities；名校：top universities；班级中的一般学生：average students，尖子生：top students)。 有时做噩梦的人：Those who sometimes have bad dreams. 姓氏始于字母表后半部分的人：Those whose surname begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.17. Slowing、falling、fading、declining+economy：减速的、放缓的经济/日益下跌的、越来越低的经济/消退的经济/下滑的、衰退的、走下坡路的经济18. Falling transportation and communication（押韵：No investing, no harvesting.没有投资就没有收获；No effect, no comfort.） costs. 日益下跌的交通与通信支出19. Fading distinction between capitalism and socialism. 资本主义与社会主义之间逐渐消失的区别。20. Fading competitiveness of U.S. economy.（美国经济逐渐消失的竞争力）VS growing competitiveness of emerging economies.（新兴国家的经济与日俱增的竞争力）21. emerging countries 新兴国家 emerging economies 新兴国家的经济22. While 天大 is now on the decline, 浙大 is now on the rise.23. This is an explosive situation （可拍的局面、危急的关头） for any industry（行业 汽车行业：auto ；银行业：banking ；纺织业：textile ；能源密集型行业：energy-intense ）, particularly for a declining one. 对任何一个行业来说，这是一种危机的局面，尤其对一个走下坡路的行业。24. This is an explosive situation for any country, particularly for a developing one. 对任何一个国家来说，这是一个危机局面，尤其是对于一个发展中国家。25. Uni-com联通 Tele-com 电信 Net-com 网通 Rail-com铁通26. Slowdown 减速 acceleration 加速27. 重要补充：rising、growing、soaring、increasing28. Rising living costs：日益上涨的生活支出 rising concern 越来越大的关注。写作例句：幸运的是，今天人们越来越关注这种令人痛心的现象。Rising concern, fortunately, has been given today to such an upsetting （令人难过的、痛心的） phenomenon. （插入语+倒装+被动语态）29. Growing：growing competitiveness 与日俱增的/越来越强大的竞争力。Growing threat of global warming. 全球变暖越来越大的威胁。30. Soaring：soaring 激增的 home price 激增的房价 the previous three decades has witnessed soaring home price. （房价在过去的三十年激增）soaring health budget：激增的医疗卫生支出（WHO World Health Organization）Health=Health care=care 医疗卫生31. Attain 实现、达到 the goal/fashion 实现目标/达到流行 32. Increasing：an increasing number of people.越来越多的人；People in mounting of numbers.越来越多的人33. Bite ones nails：束手无策、不知所措34. 作文例句：When it comes to + 一件坏事，sb isnt biting his/her nails just yet. 当提到一件不好的事时，某个人还没有不知所措。35. 挠头：scratch ones head（束手无策、不知所措）36. Have a zzz睡觉、睡着 = noisily doze off37. doze off 瞌睡、入睡38. Put pen to paper = write39. Put computers in the classroom 多媒体教学40. Rush 狂热、热：出国热：the rush to go abroad；学英语热：the rush to learn English；gold rush：淘金热。41. Far reaching 意义深远的42. Even the modestly educated sought（seek 寻求、寻找的过去式）an elevated（高级的、有高度的；电梯：elevator）tone（语言，母语：mother tone）when they put pen to paper before 1960s（在1960年代之前，即使一般文化程度的人在写作时都会追求/寻求有高度的语言）, even the most well-regarded（被认为是好的）writing since then has sought to（设法，企图，试图）capture spoken English on the page.（而自那以后，即使是那些被公认为是最好的的文章也会试图抓来一些口语写到文章中去。）43. The educated：受过教育的人；the poorly educated：受教育程度低的人；the modestly educated：受教育程度中等的人；the highly educated：受教育程度高的人44. Humble 谦虚的、谦逊的、低下的45. Not just yet 尚未还没有46. 写作例句：许多人尚未意识到这个问题的严重性：many have not come to realize the severity of this grim（糟糕的、郁闷的、令人痛心的）tend just yet.47. As yet 到目前为止48. Not so muchas 与其说不如说49. Whetheror whether50. However, whether such a sense of fairness（这样一种公平意识）evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from（来自，起源于）the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 例句whether 石磊 is a man, or whether 石磊 is a woman, is, as yet, an unanswered question.51. The disadvantaged 弱势群体52. Discrimination against 歧视53. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.54. 要把一个短的句子变长变难：主+插入成分+谓+补充成分。（主谓之间的插入成分：1. 从句2. -ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）3. Seem to、tend to、may/might、can/could 4. 双逗号结构、双破折号结构）补充成分：1. 从句； 2. -ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）55. Which is/are who is/are 的省略56. 超纲词在上下文中的推理方法：若超纲词为名词时，1. 在改超纲词的前面往往有the、this、these、such等；2. 在该超纲词前后往往有其近义词、反义词。57. But the 47-year-old manicurist（指代前面的那个人）isnt cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. 并列结构：_or_and_, _and _, _or_ 在遇到并列结构时，并列的往往是同义词，认识其中一个即可。58. Notas manyas比较结构：大连理工does not have as many students as天津理工。59. Barber 理发师60. File 磨、文件夹、锉、用锉磨61. Polish 上油、涂油62. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers（老顾客、常客）suddenly stopped showing up.63. Clientbuyercustomershopper 顾客64. 多变化：用词多变化（同义词替换）、标点多变化、句式多变化（强调、倒装、it作形式主语、被动语态）。65. 用词多变化（同义词替换）：如漫画作文：cartoon、image、drawing、illustration、picture、it。66. 标点多变化：, . ! ? , ; : “ ”67. ！句式多变化：3大类14小种高级句型：68. 基本句式：主谓69. I. 主谓之间插入成分：1. 从句2. -ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）3. Seem to、tend to、may/might、can/could 4. 双逗号结构、双破折号结构。70. II. 主谓 + 补充成分。补充成分：1. 从句（限定性）； 2. -ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）。变异：主谓，补充成分。补充成分：1. 从句（非限定性）；2. -ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（伴随状语）；3. 独立主格结构；4. 名词短语（同位语）。71. III. _（引导成分）, 主谓。引导成分：1. 从句；2. -ed、-ing、To、adj、prep（作状语，不是which is/are who is/are的上略）；3. 独立主格结构；4. 副词。Indeed,_ Fortunately, _ Moreover, _。72. 总结：引导+主+插入+谓+补充73. 阅读理解：抓主干：主谓74. 写作：简单句变长难句：引导、插入、补充75. 作业：1. 四六级真题中的完型、阅读、写作；2. 考研大趋势知识点。76. 考研句子分析三大逻辑关系：1. 对立、对比关系；2. 条件关系；3. 因果关系。77. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but（对立、对比关系）last month two longtime customers（老顾客、常客）suddenly stopped showing up.78. 表示对立对比关系的结构：_, but_、_, while_、_, whereas_、while_, _。79. Show up 出现、露面=appear80. Negative（消极的、否定的）sentence 否定句 positive outlook on life：积极的人生观 positive outlook on the world：积极的世界观。81. The negative feelings generated（插入成分：-ed）during the day tend to（插入成分：tend to）show up in dreams early at night.双插入。在白天产生的不良情绪往往在夜里早些时候出现在我们梦中。82. Much of the language used to（插入成分：-ed）describe monetary police, such as “xxx” or “yyy”,（插入成分：双逗号结构）makes it sound like（听起来像，暗含反义）a precise science.（双插入）83. Much of the language = much language；much of the water = much water has been wasted. Much of the time；Many of the students. Most of her clients.84. monetary police 金融政策85. Spero blames the softening economy.86. Blame 归咎于，把原因归为 She blame her negligence（疏忽）for the accident. She owes the accident to her negligence（疏忽）.87. 表示把原因归为：owe to；attribute to88. High achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.（培养、栽培）89. Nutrition 营养90. 君子生非异也，善假于物也。91. According to author, the department stores（百货商店）of 19th century owed its emergence（emerge）to the culture of consumption. 在作者看来，十九世纪的百货商店将其出现归因于消费文化。92. Emerging countries 新兴国家93. Emerging economies 新兴经济体94. Emergency 紧急事件95. the softening economy 疲软的经济 the slowdown the economy is cooling.96. I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned about saving some dollars.97. 在阅读理解中，引号里面的内容可以直接跳过（避开干扰信息）。但是当引号出现在段首句时，需要读。98. 在写作时，“”，says Dr. xxx, a 47-year-old sociology professor at Fu Dan University. 直接引语+倒装99. So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store（百货商店）near her suburban（suburb郊区suburban郊区的）Cleveland home, instead of（而不是）Neiman Marcus.100. Downscaling scale规模 downscale 减小规模101. 主谓, -ing/-ing, 主谓. 当一个主语做了两个或两个以上动作时，其中一个动作作谓语，其他动作使用-ing形式（做伴随状语）。例句：今天早上她早早起床，匆匆去了机场：She got up early this morning, going to airport hurriedly. 或者Getting up early this morning, she went to airport hurriedly.102. （克林顿总统）Declaring（宣布 = announce）that he was opposed to using this unusual（特殊的、特别的）animal husbandry（繁育）technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal（联邦的）funds（should）not be used for such an experimentalthough no one had proposed（建议）to do soand asked（和ordered并列）an independent panel（专家组）of experts（省略了which was）chaired by Princeton President（大学校长）Harold Shapiro to report back（汇报）to the White House in 90 days with recommendation for a national policy on human cloning.103. Oppose to=be opposed to 反对 I oppose to you = I am opposed to you.104. Order that (should)；Insist that (should)；Propose（建议）that (should)；Suggest that (should)105. FBI：Federal Bureau of Investigation 美国联邦调查局106. Federal Court 联邦法院107. U.S. Federal Reserve 美联储108. Liar 说谎的人 lie 说谎、谎言109. Allegation （贬义）断言110. Rumor 谣言111. 在阅读理解中，双破折号之间的部分不读。112. 当一个主语做了两个以上（=3）动作时，可以使用and连接其中两个。113. 名词的扩展：变成一个名词词组+定语从句/-ed、-ing、To、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）114. Panel 专家组115. President 大学校长、公司总裁、银行行长、国家元首116. Chair 领导、主持117. with（=along with=coupled with=combined with=together with）一并、一起，可以在句子中作补充成分118. recommendation 建议 = propose119. 终极归纳：怎样把一个简单句子变复杂：让一个主语多做几个动作；在句子中加入双破折号结构；名词的扩展（每个有名词的地方都可以变成一个名词词组+定语从句/-ed、-ing、to、adj、prep）；在句子后面加with结构，表示伴随结构；120. ！写作长难句终极归纳：【多变化】用词多变化（同义词替换）；标点多变化；句式多变化（强调、倒装、it作形式主语、被动语态）【引导成分】从句；-ed、-ing、To、adj、prep（作状语，不是which is/are who is/are的上略）；独立主格结构；副词【主语】【名词的扩展】变成一个名词词组+定语从句/-ed、-ing、To、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）【插入成分】从句；-ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）；Seem to、tend to、may/might、can/could；双逗号结构、双破折号结构【谓语】【多个动作】让一个主语多做几个动作，当一个主语做了两个动作时，其中一个动作作谓语，其他动作使用-ing形式（做伴随状语），当一个主语做了两个以上（=3）动作时，可以使用and连接其中两个【补充成分】从句；-ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（从句中省略which is/are who is/are）；with=along with=coupled with=combined with=together with变异（主谓，补充成分。补充成分：1. 从句（非限定性）；2. -ed、-ing、to、adj、prep（伴随状语）；3. 独立主格结构；4. 名词短语（同位语）121. Hearing allegations（断言allege 动词）of cruelty（cruel 残忍的，cruelty残忍）to animals in research settings（环境）, many are perplexed（=be puzzled=be confused）that anyone would deliberately（故意地，蓄意地）harm an animal. 听到在研究环境中残忍对待动物的断言，许多人们都感到困惑，有人在故意伤害动物。122. Scientists have been perplexed that123. 名词 of 结构：allegation (of .)124. A of B 结构125. Oppose 反对（v）；opposite 对立的，相反的 opposition 反对，对立（n）126. Entirely 完全，彻底127. Even before Alan Greenspans admission（admit 承认，允许进入；否认 deny；admission 承认，允许进入；free admission；No admission, Japanese and dogs.）（名词的扩展）that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.：即使在当局承认美国过热的经济正在变冷之前，许多工作的人们已经看看到了经济下滑的迹象。128. Even before_名词（组）, 主谓（过去完成时）129. Even before last Friday, 即使在星期五之前130. red-hot economy过热的经济131. Alan Greenspan 艾伦-格林斯潘（前任美联储主席）；翻译成官方、当局132. Ben Bernanke 本-伯南克（现任美联储主席）133. Folks=people 人们134. Sign 迹象，兆头 瑞雪 Heavy snow is a good sign of a harvesting year. 丰年；大雨 heavy rain135. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales（销量）have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending（=downscale 降低消费规模 减少支出）.136. Car dealership 汽车经销商 dealer 交易137. Lag 滞后，拖后腿，徘徊不前138. Leg 腿139. From 初一 to 大三 English has been lagging for year. 从大一到大三英语数年来徘徊不前，拖后腿。140. Gap outlet Gap便利店141. Fast food outlet 快餐店142. Generation gap 代沟143. As 因为144. Temper 脾气（这个意思不考）temperament 气质145. Temper 减轻，缓和146. As 用法 表示比较asas、not asas；表示原因；表示时间，当=when；表示“随着”；As our society develops, English become increasingly important. 表示尽管、虽然，必须使用倒装。尽管这幅图画乍一看显得很普通，但是它有很深刻的含义。Simple as the above image may appear, its intended meaning goes undoubtedly（毫无疑问）far（修饰比较级）deeper.147. Upset 使难过，upsetting 令人难过的，令人痛心的148. Parallel 类似的事情149. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another（一波又一波）try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. 今天当科学家一波又一波地努力使我们认识到全球气候变暖的越来越大的威胁时，类似的令人痛心的事情还有很多。150. Awaken sb to sth 使某人认识到 写作例句：我们应该使公众认识到这种事情/情形的严重性：We should awaken the general public to the severity of such a pressing situation.151. 考研写作，表述原因使用since、for、as；表示时间用as152. 写作中举例的方法：there are upsetting parallels today, and one of acquaintances may serve as a case in point. （我的一个熟人就可以作为一个很好的例子）153. May serve as=is154. For retailers（零售商，wholesaler批发商，wholesale批发）, who last year took in（取得、赚取）24 percent of their revenue（年收入）between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach（方式、方法）（=temper ones spending=downscale）is coming at a crucial time. 对于（在去年的感恩节和圣诞节之间的一个多月的时间内赚取年收入的24%的）零售商来说，这种小心谨慎的（消费）方式来的真不是时候。155. Scientific approach 科学的方法156. Crude approach 粗放型的方法157. Intensive approach 深入细致的、集约型的方法158. cautious approach小心的、谨慎的方法159. crucial 关键的160. is coming at crucial time. 来的真不是时候。或者来的真是时候161. ！总分结构：总述分述分述分述 在一段中有一句话是概括性的描述，其余都是分述，都是对总述的具体化162. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. 专家早已经说，假期销售额和去年相比下降了7%。163. Hold steady （数值，指数）保持稳定164. But dont sound（听）any alarms（报警，警报）just yet.（not just yet 尚未，还没有）165. Consumers seem mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.166. Mildly concerned（温和地关切，不是特别着急）be concerned 担忧，关切。167. Wild 狂野的168. Panic 恐慌169. An independent panel of experts 一个独立的专家组170. Remain optimistic 保持乐观171. Long-term 长期的 effect 长期的效果 development 长期的发展172. Sustainable development 可持续发展173. Prospect 前景，未来174. Even as=even when 即使当时175. do some modest（中等的，一般的）belt-tightening 稍稍、适度勒紧腰带176. The modestly educated 受到一般教育的人177. 表明公众对经济不景气的态度的词汇（多变化）：not bite ones nail; not panic; seem mildly concerned; remain optimistic; not in despair.178. Consumers say theyre not in despair（绝望） because, despite the dreadful（可怕的）headlines（新闻报道）,（插入成分）their own fortunes（财产，财富）still feel pretty good. 179. Fame（名声，声誉）and fortune 名利180. Despite 名词（组），主谓181. In spite of _名词（组），主谓182. Given 名词（组），主谓 尽管、虽然183. Despair 绝望，desperate 绝望的184. Fame-famous fortune-fortunately185. Pretty=fairly=rather=quite 相当186. Given_, =In spite=Despite 尽管，虽然187. The disadvantaged 弱势群体188. Fold 折叠 unfold 打开189. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about（自豪，骄傲）of late（最近）. 尽管有这些不足之处，中央银行的银行家们似乎有很多值得骄傲的地方。190. of late=recently=lately 最近191. 写作例句：先谈缺点，然后Given all these disadvantages, it seems to have a variety of strengths.192. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.193. feel pretty comfortable about ones ability to do sth. 对某人做某事的能力感到有把握。194. predominantly占主导地位地；显著地；占优势地 = primarily = mostly = chiefly = mainly195. Feed by 由供给196. The rush to go abroad 出国热197. The rush to put computers in classroom 多媒体教学热