（外国语言学及应用语言学专业论文）论徐志摩演说词翻译中语篇元功能的实现.pdf

descriptive chinese abstract i 摘 要 本文从系统功能语法的元功能理论角度出发，采取描述性翻译研究的方法，分析概 念功能、人际功能和语篇功能在徐志摩演说词翻译中的实现，以检验元功能理论在演说 词翻译研究中的适用性。 本论文主要由四部分组成。 第一章简要说明了徐志摩的演说词翻译的社会文化背景 及其体现的元功能，并介绍了他严谨的翻译态度，讲求形式与内容对等的翻译方法及白 话文翻译风格。第二章具体分析了概念功能在徐志摩演说词翻译中的实现。六个过程类 型在源语文本和目的语文本中的相似性分布， 说明徐志摩在其演说词的翻译中基本完成 了概念功能的翻译， 而源语和目的语在表达习惯、 句法特征以及传统美学观念上的差异， 解释了徐志摩的演说词翻译中过程类型分布的不一致是在理论允许范围内的合理调整， 间接实现了源语文本的概念功能。 第三章详细分析了人际功能在徐志摩的演说词翻译中 的实现。通过语气转换，徐志摩在演说词翻译中基本保持了源语文本和目的语文本的语 气平衡，但由于源语和目的语在语气偏好上有所不同，且目的语行文讲求均衡对仗的审 美观，导致了语气与情态在徐志摩演说词翻译中的不完全对应，这种不对应是人际功能 在翻译后产生的移位现象，以调整后的语气和情态作为补偿，在目的语读者中得到了实 现。第四章详细阐述了语篇功能在徐志摩的演说词翻译中的实现。源语和目的语在衔接 手段上的差异， 语气标记主位的不对等分布， 以及徐志摩采用的白话文语言表达方式等， 都影响了语篇功能的总体实现。总而言之，徐志摩的演说词翻译基本实现了源文的元功 能。他在翻译演说词的过程中，对源文文本所做的大部分调整都是合理的，可为目的语 读者所接受，同时也检验了韩礼德的元功能理论在演说词翻译中可发挥的指导作用。 关键词：元功能；演说词翻译；徐志摩关键词：元功能；演说词翻译；徐志摩 english abstract ii abstract this thesis attempts to examine xu zhimos speech translation in light of metafunctions proposed in the systemic functional grammar. by comparison, it analyzes the realization of ideational, interpersonal and textual functions in the target texts to testify the applicability of metafunctions in speech translation. this study is developed in four chapters. chapter one explores the social and cultural background of xus speech translation and their influences in light of metafunctions, and introduces his serious translation attitudes, translation methods of achieving the integration of both form and spirit, and the vernacular style of his translation. chapter two investigates the realization of ideational function in his speech translation. the statistical analysis of the distribution of process types in the source and target texts declares the chief transference of ideational function in his speech translation. but the process changes are supported by the differences in idiomaticity, syntactic structure and traditional aesthetic psychology between the source and target languages, which facilitates the realization of ideational function indirectly. chapter three examines the realization of interpersonal function in his speech translation. by shifts of mood, he keeps the balance of mood between the source and target texts; but because of the divergence of tones and the preference of four-character phrases in the target language, he occasionally shows the inconsistency of mood and modality in his translations, which is the transposition of interpersonal function. it is realized by the adjustments in mood and modality in the target texts. chapter four surveys the realization of textual function in his speech translation, reporting that the textual function is basically realized whereas his adjustments towards the thematic structures sometimes result in incomplete realization, which is due to different cohesive devices, nonequivalence of mood-marking themes and the vernacular style of his translation. in a word, the metafunctions of the source texts are basically realized in xus speech translation. his adjustments towards the source texts in translation are reasonable and acceptable. and it also testifies the applicability of hallidays metafunctions in speech translation. key words: metafunctions; speech translation; xu zhimo 湘潭大学湘潭大学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的 研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或 集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均 已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保 留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借 阅。 本人授权湘潭大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行 检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 introduction 0.1 1 introduction xu zhimo 徐志摩 (1897-1931) is a famous literary man during the later period of may fourth movement “五四”运动 in the history of chinese literature. the research on him has never stopped from his days. the introductory part will examine the significance of the research on his translations and review the researches from the past to the present. 0.1 significance of the research into xu as a translator xu is not only a predominant representative and forerunner of modern chinese poems but also considered by guo zhuzhang 郭著章 as one of the sixteen major translators. his translation works can be found in the seventh and eighth volumes of the compilation the complete works of xu zhimo 徐志摩全集 by han shishan 韩石山. the genre of his source texts covers not only poems and essays but also novels, dramas and speeches, among which his main translation achievements lie in the first two types. his speech translation contains the nine speeches by rabindranath tagore (1861-1941), namely “to my hosts,” “to students,” “leaving taking,” etc. they were all given in 1924 when tagore visited china and japan. during the visit xu accompanied all along with him as his personal interpreter, which offered him a unique opportunity to contact intimately with tagore. besides the volumes of his translation, he made valuable contributions to translation studies by his unconventional translation strategies and translation thinking. however, the translation quality of his works has been a controversial issue. in other words, the previous studies have been both singing highly praise of and criticizing severely his translations. it is an interesting phenomenon and becomes a valuable research subject for scholars. different from the mainstream of xus translation critics, who have done their researches more on his unconventional translations from the aspect of translation equivalence, the thesis tries to investigate his translations, especially his speech translation, in light of metafunctions in hallidays systemic functional grammar, that is, how the ideational, interpersonal and textual functions are realized in his speech translation. speeches are a special text type different from other ones. its distinctions of actuality, introduction 0.2 2 artistry and agitation need to be transferred into the target text to the utmost. fortunately, hallidays systemic functional grammar helps to do the linguistic analysis from the aspect of language functions which can just play as the theoretical direction in the process of speech translation. it can be used to analyze whether and how the three metafunctions are realized in xus speech translation. besides, for he is more remembered as a representative of the new poetry in modern chinese literature, not as a translator, his literary translations, especially his speech translation, are paid less attention to by scholars. so the significance of the research is more noticeable. 0.2 literature review on xus translation with a large number of resources having been surveyed, some valuable documents on xu zhimos translation have been found out. they are mainly given by chinese scholars and critics. the earliest study on his translation began from his contemporary translation criticism, including the figures such as liang shiqiu 梁 实 秋 (1903-87) and hu shi 胡适 (1891-1962). liang praises his translation highly for so many times in his own essays. for example, he once states in his essay “on xu zhimo” that: zhimo has published so many works within a few years and his publications have covered poetry, fiction, prose, drama and translation. he has tried all of those varieties and all the resultant works have turned out to be excellent. (trans. by chen lin 陈琳 4) 志摩在几年之内发表了那么多的著作，有诗，有小说，有散文，有戏剧，有 翻译，没有一种形式他没有尝试过，没有一回尝试他没有出众的表现。(26) his great commendation goes straightforward to xus literary creations as well as his translation. such appreciative words can also be found in hu shis critical comment on his translation of collection of fictions of mansfields: the language of his translation is very vivid. even at some difficult places, he succeeded in retaining the spirit and literary uniqueness of the source text. his translations are extraordinarily excellent. (trans. by chen lin 4) 他的译笔很生动，很漂亮，有许多困难的地方很能委屈保存原书的风味，可 算是很难得的译本。(514-15) introduction 0.2 3 since then, many scholars have done a lot of researches on xus translation and also given their favorable comments on both his translation activities and his translation methods. lu yaodong 陆耀东 makes appreciative comments on his translation and especially on his speech translation in the monograph critical biography of xu zhimo 徐志摩评传: he xu zhimo has a profound understanding of english culture. his translations of hardys poems are so successful that the spirit and shades of meaning of the source text have been rendered. when translating tagores speeches, he used the most beautiful rhetoric in the dialect of xiashi, his hometown. they read like poems with beautiful melody and rhythm. no matter whether tagores speeches are poetic or not, xu can turn them into poems, which shows his mastery of poetry writing and his skillful poetry translation. (trans. by chen lin 4) 他（徐志摩）对英国的文化，了解很深，他译的哈代的一些诗，能将其神韵 乃至细微之处也能较好的表现。徐氏在翻译泰戈尔的英语演讲，用了中国语 汇中最美的修辞，以硖石官话出止，便是一首首的小诗，飞瀑流泉，淙淙可 听。不论泰戈尔先生的演讲原文是否是诗歌，但徐氏能将其口译成一首首的 小诗，足见其对诗歌的把握和对诗歌翻译的娴熟。 （89） lus remark speaks in high praise of his translation of tagores speeches. likewise, in the journal paper “xu zhimos poetry translation” liu quanfu 刘全福 expresses his favor of xus translation criteria, namely, the emphasis on the rendering of both spirit and form. he says affirmatively that “他的某些翻译. . .直至今天可以说仍不失为译 界成功的范例” some of his xu zhimos translations . . . can still be considered as successful examples in the translation field till now (42). in contrast to the favorable comments on xus translation, there is harsh criticism, too, especially from the scholars in the recent decades represented by bian zhilin 卞之琳, lin yiliang 林以亮 and liu quanfu. bian, who has once been xus student, makes the harshest comments in the preface to the anthology of translated poetry by xu zhimo 徐志摩选 集: there are far more failures than successes in his poetry translation. . . . his translations sound extremely awkward and clumsy and are full of translationese. he even highlighted expressions at random for the sake of vividness. (trans. by chen introduction 0.3 4 lin 3) 他的译诗里失败借鉴有余，成功榜样不多。. . .他的翻译貌合神离，翻译腔 泛滥，为了追求生动而随意堆砌词藻。 （36） lin holds the same opinion that “照我们后人看来，徐志摩的翻译到底嫩了一点” xu zhimos translation is far from mature to us (216). liu quanfu takes a dialectical estimation towards his translation. although he renders affirmation, he also agrees with bians unfavorable allegation: “卞之琳先生. . .的评价可谓是客观而确当的” his bians evaluation is objective and pertinent (“xu zhimos poetry translation” 42; trans. by chen lin 4). however, dai yongjun 戴拥军 and zhang derang 张德让 attempt to investigate xus translation in light of descriptive translation studies methodology. they come to the conclusion that “从翻译选材、译语选择和翻译方法三个方面. . .五四文化语境对于徐 志摩翻译活动的影响. . .是明显而巨大的” the may fourth movement exerts obvious and great influence on xu zhimos choice of source texts, language of translation and translation procedures (121). from the research into xus translation we see that the criticisms about his translation are strikingly diversified, with some favorable, some harsh, and still some neutral. his poetic words, the use of vernacular chinese (baihua 白话 in chinese, literally, “plain speech”) and some other factors influence his style of translation. 0.3 research questions and objectives this thesis seeks to inverstigate xus speech translation from the viewpoint of three metafunctions in hallidays systemic functional grammar. by comparing the three pairs of the source and target texts, the following questions will be dealt with: (1) whether the metafunctions are realized in xus speech translation, and (2) how they are realized. therefore, a systematic research on xus speech translation can be conducted deeply in order to recognize the nature of his unconventional speech translation and explore the translational theoretical interpretation of it. introduction 0.4 5 0.4 method and organization of the thesis based on xus translations of tagores speeches, the thesis is product-oriented and falls into the descriptive translation studies. first it tries to give a brief introduction and the literature review about the research of his speech translation, and chapter one explores the social and cultural background of his speech translation and their influences in light of metafunctions, and introduces his translation attitudes and methods as well as the vernacular style of his translation. chapter two investigates the realization of ideational function in his speech translation through the statistical analysis of the distribution of process types in the source and target texts, declaring the chief transference of ideational function in his speech translation. chapter three examines the realization of interpersonal function in his speech translation by comparing the elements of mood and modality in the source and target texts, and states that the divergence of tones and the preference of four-character phrases in the target language result in the inconsistency of interpersonal function in his speech translation. chapter four surveys the realization of textual function in his speech translation, reporting that the textual function is basically realized whereas his adjustments towards the thematic structures sometimes result in incomplete realization. finally, the thesis attempts to justify: (1) the theory of metafunctions can be applied in speech translation studies as a guideline to help translators work out a good target text; and (2) xus speech translation can be analyzed by the three metafunctions, which verifies his identity as an author-translator. in addition, because of the limitation of data collection, i have found only three source texts: “to my hosts,” “to students” and “leaving taking.” besides, all the english translations of quotations from sources in chinese, except the noted, are my own, and all the source texts in the examples are excerpted from tagores talks in china whereas the target texts from the seventh volume of hans complete works. xu zhimos speech translation and their metafunctions 1.1 6 chapter 1: xu zhimos speech translation and their metafunctions in order to have an objective assertion about xus speech translation, we should examine the social and cultural backgrounds of his day as well as his translation achievements. the present chapter is going to address these aspects in xu zhimos case by reviewing his speech translation practice and methods. 1.1 backgrounds of xus speech translation and their influences in light of metafunctions born in a rich family, xu had received traditional education about chinese classic literature before going abroad. it laid a solid foundation for his mastery of chinese language. his later experiences of studying abroad then provided him with a good chance to western literature. after entering cambridge university, he began to translate some poems. it was the very beginning of his literary career, in which his translation practice was interwoven with literary creation. theoretically speaking, he is an ideal person to do translation. the high-qualified traditional education in his childhood presents him with good native language ability, while his experiences of studying abroad benefit him greatly so that he has no difficulty in understanding the source texts. it is believed that he could easily grasp the spirit of english and translate it into specific, beautiful and proper chinese. xus translation, including his speech translation, was rooted in the new cultural movement 新文化运动 (1917-23) (also called the literary revolution 文学革命) which was reputed as the watershed between traditional and modern chinese literature. at that time, the vernacular chinese was entrenched as the new orthodox linguistic medium in literature, the new poetry 新诗 came into being, hundreds of literary societies emerged, and mass translation and conscious emulation of western literary works appeared. they constructed a fertile artistic field for his translation. the entrenchment of vernacular chinese and the birth of the new poetry set the language condition for xus speech translation. under the influences he followed the main xu zhimos speech translation and their metafunctions 1.2.1 7 trend of literary creation and translationwriting and translating with both regulated metrical chinese poetry and modern western poetry. he adopted vernacular words and expressions as well as sentence structures to run the target speech texts, which was regarded as a bold attempt. so his translation seemed a slight different in the language style from the source texts. that is to say, he attempted to translate the speeches into texts of poetic language and to make the target texts more acceptably rhythmical in reading. due to the influence of the vernacular movement 白话文运动, his speech translation is more fluent and readable than those in classical chinese. but he interwove some obscure features of classical chinese unavoidably into his translations, too. after all, he had accepted an orthodox chinese traditional culture education before. secondly, as the source texts fall into a specific textual typespeech, the target texts should have the characteristics of a speech, too. he weighed his words during the processes of translation but the emphasis was put more on the literary part. the oral features of a speech were lost to a degree in his trying to keep the poetic tastes of the translations. therefore, in his speech translation the distributions of process, mood and theme types are slightly di