外文翻译--机械设计和制造过程

外文资料翻译译文 机械设计和制造过程 机械设计和制造过程的机械设计是一种运用科学技术 ,设计新的或改进的产品为宗旨满足人类的需要。这是一个广阔的研究领域的工程技术 ,不仅关系到自身产品的原始概念角度大小、形状和施工细节 ,而且考虑了各种因素参与的生产、销售和使用的产品。 人履行的各种职能机械设计通常称为设计师 ,或设计工程师。机械设计基本上是一个创造性的活动。然而 ,除了是创新、设计工程师还必须有一个扎实的机械制图领域、运动学、动力学、材料工程、材料强度和生产工艺。 综上所述 ,机械设计的目的是生产一种产品 ,为需要的人 。发明、发现和科学知识本身并不一定利益的人 ,只要他们引入一个设计的产品将会得到好处。我们要认清 ,因此 ,一个人必须确定之前需要一个特定的产品设计。 机械设计应该被认为是一个机遇 ,利用创新人才来想象一个设计的一种产品 ,分析系统 ,然后做出正确判断如何生产产品。很重要的一点就是要了解基本的工程 ,而不是仅仅记住的事实和方程。没有事实或方程就可以被用来提供所有的正确决策的需要产生一个好的设计。 另一方面 ,必须做任何计算以最大的保健和精度。例如 ,如果一个小数点是不合理的 ,否则不得接受设计功能。 好的设计需要尝试新的想法和 心甘情愿地采取一定数额的风险 ,如果明知不工作的新理念存在的方法可以恢复。因此一个设计师必须要有耐心 ,因为没有保证成功的时间和精力耗尽。创造一个全新的设计通常要求 ,许多老和信誉卓著 ,被推开方法。这并不容易 ,因为很多人熟悉的人抱着新的理念、技巧和态度。设计工程师应不断寻找途径来提高现有的产品 ,必须决定什么老 ,证明应使用什么概念和新观点应该尝试股份有限公司。 新设计一般都有 “ 臭虫 ” 或一些无法预料的问题 ,必须制定出优越的特点在新设计可以享受。因此有一个机会 ,为建立一个优质的产品 ,但只有更高的风险。我们必须强调 ,如果 一个设计不保证激进的新方法 ,这种方法不应该应用仅仅是为了改变。 在起步阶段的设计、创新 ,要允许蓬勃发展没有大量的约束。尽管许多不切实际的想法可能出现 ,它通常是容易消除他们在早期设计阶段 ,细节之前要求公司制造。通过这种方式 ,创新思想不压抑。通常 ,超过一设计开发 ,到的地方会比较相互争斗。这是完全可能的设计思想最终接受将使用中存在的设计的一个拒绝不给尽可能多的整体的承诺。 心理学家经常谈论试图健康的人们 ,他们的机器操作。它本质上是一位设计工程师的职责努力适应机器的。这不是一个容易的任务 ,因为确实没有一般人 的尺寸和特定操作程序的最佳状态。 另外重要的一点 ,我们应该认识到这一点是一个设计工程师必须能够对别人交流思想 ,如果他们想被合并。沟通设计给别人是决赛 ,在设计过程中至关重要的一步。毫无疑问 ,许多伟大的设计、发明、以及创造性的作品已经丢到了人类无所不包 ,只不过是因为 不能也不愿解释他们的成就给别人。介绍一个推销工作。工程师 ,设计一种新的解的行政、管理、监督人员、正试图出售或证明给他们看 ,这个方案是一个更好的。除非这可以做成功 ,时间和精力花在获得解决大部分已经被浪费了 . 基本上 ,只有 3家的通信手段提供给我们 的。这些都是书面、口头、图形化的形式。因此 ,成功的工程师将合格技术和最多才多艺的并且在所有的三个形式的沟通。一个技术能力缺乏能力的人 ,他们中的任何一个形式是严重残疾。如果能在所有的三个形态缺乏 ,没有人会知道主管那个人 ! 主管工程师不应该害怕没有成功的可能在一个表现。事实上 ,偶尔失败应该会因为失败或批评似乎伴随每一个真正具有创造性的想法。有许多让你从中得到教训是失败的 ,并得到了最大的收获是那些愿意冒险失败。在最后的分析中 ,真正的失败在于决定不要让演示。有效沟通 ,必须回答以下问题 :(1)是否真的能够设计 一个人类需要什么 ?(2)将它与现有的产品竞争对手公司吗 ?(3)是经济生产多少 ?(4)可以容易保持下去吗 ?(5)将它出售和赚钱吗 ? 只有时间能提供真正的答案在前的问题 ,但是产品应在设计、制造和销售初始肯定只有答案。设计工程师也必须传达最终设计到制造通过使用细节和图纸。 通常 ,一个问题将是发生在制造周期 3。可能需要改变尺寸与宽容的一部分 ,这样更容易产生了。这个失败的工程变更的范畴 ,必须经设计工程师 ,使得产品功能并不会受到不良影响。在其他情况下 ,不足之处 ,设计可装配和测试过程中出现之前发货。这 些现实只是证实这一事实是一个活生生的设计过程。总是有一个更好的方法来做到这一点 ,并不断向设计人应发现更好的方法。 设计始于一个需要的 ,真实 的 ,还是想象中的。可能需要改进现有的设备在耐久性、高效、重量、速度、成本。新设备可能需要做一个函数由男人以前做过 ,如计算、装配、或维修。全部或者部分和客观的定义后 ,下一步的设计观念和他们的安排 ,将机制执行所需的功能。 为此 ,徒手画草图是很有价值的 ,不仅是记录某个人的思想和作为一种辅助讨论与他人沟通 ,尤其是自己的意志 ,激励创新的想法。 设计始于一个需 要的 ,真实的 ,还是想象中的。可能需要改进现有的设备在耐久性、高效、重量、速度、成本。新设备可能需要做一个函数由男人以前做过 ,如计算、装配、或维修。全部或者部分和客观的定义后 ,下一步的设计观念和他们的安排 ,将机制执行所需的功能。 为此 ,徒手画草图是很有价值的 ,不仅是记录某个人的思想和作为一种辅助讨论与他人沟通 ,尤其是自己的意志 ,激励创新的想法。 通用形状和少数几个部件的尺寸变得明显 ,分析就可以开始中解脱出来。这种分析可以作为它的目标 “ 满意 ” 或 “ 卓越的性能 ,以及安全性和耐久性与最小重量 ,以及具有 竞争力的东方。最佳比例和尺寸将寻找每个极加载部分 ,结合强度之间的一个平衡点的若干部件。材料及其治疗将被选中。这些重要的目标 ,就可以达到只有通过分析力学原则的基础上 ,诸如稳定的反应力和摩擦的优化利用 ,动力学惯性、加速度、能源、材料弹性和强度的应力和挠度。 最后 ,基于功能和可靠性设计将完成 ,一个样机可以被建立。如果它的测试是满意的 ,如果这个装置产生的数量、初始设计将接受一定的修改 ,使它生产的数量以较低的成本。在接下来的几年的生产和服务 ,设计可能要进行构思的变化或新思想的基础上进一步分析测试和经验表明变更 。销售的吸引力 ,客户满意度 和制造成本所有相关的设计 ,而且在设计能力密切地参与到工程的成功的合资企业。 外文原文 Mechanical design and Manufacturing processes Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Processes Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people； only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function. Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have bugs or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there are only three means of communication available to us. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is! The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered: (1) Does the design really serve a human need? (2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies? (3) Is it economical to produce? (4) Can it be readily maintained? (5) Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle 3. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerance of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This fails in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way. Designing starts with a need, real or imagined. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions. For this, freehand sketching is of great value, not only as a record of ones thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with ones own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas. When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive east. Optimum proportions a