文字增益法(Amplification).ppt

文字增益法（Amplification）,作为翻译的一项原则，译者是不允许随意增减原文意义的。但这并不是说译文和原文必须一词对一词。在不失掉原文意义的前提下，为了使译文准确，添加一些必要的词语是允许的。 The bridge is long. 1，这桥长。 2，这座桥是长的。 正：这座桥很长。,三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers euqal a Zhuge Liang. Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge liang the master mind.,增词法主要运用目的,一、根据逻辑修辞的需要，使译文更符合归宿语的结构，因而也更忠实、通顺、流畅。 1.增补动词 Books must follow sciences,and not sciences books.(Francis Bacon) 书籍必须随科学出现，而科学不能随书籍产生。 In this mood, I went to the diplomatic circles,earnest but only sketchily . 我怀着这样的心情进入了外交界，虽有满腔热情，但知识肤浅得很。 Men are generally more careful of the breed of their horses and dogs than of their children. 人们饲养马与狗的细心程度，一般要超过抚育自己的子女。 Histories make men wise;poets witty;the mathematics subtile;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞学使人善辩。,2，增补名词 1）在不及物动词后面增补名词（不及物动词后隐含宾语） A group of young men are planting trees on the hill. Some are digging, some are watering. 一群年轻人在山上植树，挖坑的挖坑，浇水的浇水。 She spent most of her spare time at home, reading and drawing. 她的大部分空余时间是在家里度过的，读书、作画。,2）在形容词前面增补名词 He is young but ambitious. 他人小志大。 She was small and slight, pale, but very beatiful. 她身量瘦小，面色苍白，但模样到很漂亮。 Though, very likely, the heroic character which ladies admire is a more glorious and beautiful object than the kind, fresh, smiling, artless, tender little domestic goddes,whom men are inclined to worship. 男人们虽然把那些眉开眼笑、脸色鲜嫩、脾气温和、心地善良、不明世事的小东西当作 神明似的供奉在家里，太太小姐们却更佩服女中豪杰；而且两相比起来，女中豪杰更值得颂扬和赞美。,3）在抽象名词后面增补名词 Persuasion 说服工作 Preparation 准备工作 Antagonism 敌对态度 Tension 紧张局势 Arrogance 自满情绪 Complacency 自满情绪 Madness 疯狂行为 Backwardness 落后状态 Rashness 急躁情绪,The first and the hardest task of the new government was to deal with the ever-growing unemployment. 新政府最紧迫、最艰巨的任务是解决日益增加的失业问题。 Under the leadership of the CPC, the chinese people have suceeded in their liberation. 在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民完成了解放事业。,4）在具体名词后面增补名词 （1）照顾汉语习惯，因为汉语喜欢在某些具体名词后面再增加一个名词。 What they are worried about most are funds for construction. 他们最犯愁的是建设资金问题。 I believe that overmutrition is the root of his disease, for he has never taken care of his diet. 我相信，他生病的根源是营养过剩，因为他从来不注意饮食问题。,（2）如果一个具体名词读者可能不知道是什么，翻译时可增补名词加以诠释。 Have you got an “Underwood” by yourself? 你有没有一台恩特伍德打字机？ At days end Tom headed home in his Ford. 日暮时分，汤姆驾驶着他的福特轿车往家里赶。 He bought a Bluebird last month. 上个月他买了一部蓝鸟轿车。,3.增补形容词（诠释性增补，修辞性增补） Courage is the thing. All goes if courage goes. 勇气是最重要的东西。丧失了勇气，就失去了一切。 We need time to make preparations for the project. 我们要做好工程的准备工作需要一些时日。 We must listen carefully to the masses. 我们必须认真听取广大群众的意见。,4.增补副词 有些英语动词和动词短语或副词的意义非一个单独的汉语动词所能表现，因而需要增补副词。 As soon as her husband stepped in, she poured out her complaints upon him. 丈夫一进门，她就劈头盖脑地抱怨起来。 On hearing the sad news, she sank down onto the bed and burst out crying. 听到噩耗，她一屁股坐到床上，嚎啕大哭起来。,5.增补表示时态的词 和名词的数一样，汉语动词的时态也是隐形的。翻译时要表现原文时态，就必须加上一些表示时态的词。 一般现在时-现在、目前、眼下、现时 一般将来时-将来、以后、往后、就、就要、会、便 一般过去时-过去、从前、以往、以前、原来、原先 完成时-曾、曾经、已、已经、尚、尚未、过、了 进行时-正、正在、着,I have been to England twice. 我去过英国两次。 I havent heared from him since last year. 从去年以来，我不曾收到过她的来信。 They had already known each other before I introduced. 在我介绍之前他们就已经互相认识了。 We havent decided who will take charge fo the work. 我们尚未决定由谁来负责这项工作。 We dont seek hegemony. We never have and never will. 我们不称霸。我们过去不称霸，将来也决不称霸。,6.增补概括词 汉语在罗列了两个以上的事物之后，往往在后面加上概括词，如“二人”、“双方”、“等”。 Proteins are composed of carbon,hydrogen,oxgen and nitrogen. 蛋白质是由碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素组成的。 China and Canada have reached an understanding on the exchange of returened students. 中加双方就互派留学生问题达成了谅解。,二、根据句法的需要进行增补，使译文的意思更加明确 1，增补原文中的省略成分 Youth is a blunder;Manhood a struggle;Old age a regret. 青年是盲动时期；中年是奋斗时期；老年是悔恨时期。 Sometimes clemency is cruelty, and cruelty clemency. 有时候仁慈就是残忍，有时候残忍就是仁慈。 The fox may grow grey, but never good. 狐狸会变老，但绝不会变好。,Remember that the most beautiful things in the world are the most useless;peacocks and lilies for instance. 记住：世界上最美丽的东西也是最无用的东西，比如孔雀和百合花。,2，增补原文中的隐含意义 1）隐含意义系英语字面上没有，实则隐含的意义。 He that would be the daughter win, must win the mother begin. 想赢得姑娘的芳心，首先需赢得她母亲的欢心。 To cheat a man is nothing, but the woman must have fine parts indeed who cheats a woman. 女人欺骗男人算不了本事，但女人欺骗女人必须确有绝招。 Life is a dreamwe waking sleep and sleeping wake. 人生如梦醒时昏昏如睡，睡时朦胧若醒。,2）有些句子的语气中可能含有着假设、让步或转折等。 The atomic reactor could not run with too many neutrons. 倘若中子过多，原子反应堆就无法控制。 The wisest man may fall. 再聪明