《中西方文化史》PPT课件.ppt

Chapter 9,Cultural Influences on Context: The Health Care Setting,He who has health, has hope; and he who has hope, has everything. (Arabian proverb) 有健康则有希望，有希望则有一切。 -阿拉伯谚语,New words,Irritability过敏性 Tactic策略，战略 Remedy补救，治疗 Inadvertently非故意的 Qualm疑虑，不安 Violation违反，妨碍 Decorum礼仪，礼貌 Reluctant 不情愿的 Underscore 底线，下划线 Reticent沉默的，有保留的 Reserved保留的，预定的 Extricate ekstrikeit 使解脱，解救 Interpreter解释着，注释器 Euphemism 委婉语 Detrimental有害的人或物 Jargon行话，术语 Articulate发音清晰的，口才好的 Rectum直肠 Crude粗糙的，天然的 Optimal最佳的，最理想的 Nonverbal不用言语的 Formality礼节 Symptom 症状，征兆 Render致使，提出 Converse逆行，逆向,Ward病房 Compartment货仓 Clan部落 germ病菌 Medication药物治疗 Consistently一贯地 Connotation含蓄 Immunization免疫 Misdiagnosis 误诊 intervention干预 appease平息 Disequilibrium失调 Ascribe归因于 Manifestation 显示 Decay衰败 Auspicious吉兆的 Allude暗示 warrant需要 intertwine紧密联系 solace 安慰 reciprocal交互的 Symptom症状 Reconcile使和解 Misdeed违法行为 Transitory短暂的,Fatalism宿命论 Sepsis 脓毒疾 Ultraconservative Internist 内科医生 Obstetrician 产科医生 Knuckle 指关节 Postpartum产后 Menstruation产后 Spinal脊 Club foot 畸形足 Tuberculosis ,结核病 Cholera 霍乱 Dysentary痢疾 Agent作用剂 Humor 体液 Phlegm痰 Ailment 小病 Acupuncture针灸 Moxibustion灸术 Herbal 草本的 Cupping 拔罐 Clinician 临床医生,formality f:mliti (P232 para4 line5) 原文：a requirement of etiquette or custom 礼节 In this next section, we focus on problems related to self-disclosure, language, nonverbal messages, and formality. 在下一部分，我们会将重点问题放在自我揭示、语言、非语言信息以及礼节上。 例句：The confession was a formality, though the torture was real. 认罪只是一种形式，但是刑求是真的。,Ward wd (P222 para1 line2) 1.a room in a hospital, esp one for patients requiring similar kinds of care. 病房 2. . (Government, Politics protect 保护 ward off 避开，避免 原文：In Los Angeles, a young woman from Mexico, who speaks no English, returns to the emergency ward and tries to explain that the liquid drops she put into her babys mouth (which the doctors intended for the babys ears) have made her child worse.在洛杉矶，一位来自墨西哥不会讲英文的妇女，回到急救病房试图解释她喂孩子的液滴（医生本要她放到孩子的耳朵里的）使孩子的情况更糟了。 例句：Infected by SARS, he had to be put into the isolation ward. 被SARS感染后，他不得不呆在隔离病房。,compartment kmptmnt（P222 Para1 line4） One of the parts or spaces into which an area is subdivided 隔间 cargo compartment 货仓 原文：In Taiwan, ninety-four rare turtles are seized from the cargo compartment of an airplane heading for the United States.在台湾，94只罕见的乌龟被运下一架飞往美国的客机的货仓。 例句：In lifes wallet, there is no compartment for change. 钱付多时尚可找， 精力(生命)多付不再回.,clan kln （P222 Para1 line9） A division of a tribe tracing descent from a common ancestor 氏族；部落 原文：His parents are from one of the eighteen Hmong clans from Laos that have settled in the United States. 他的父母来自老挝18个苗族部落的其中一个部落，已经在美国定居。 例句：The unit of social organization everywhere is the clan, consisting of people having the same family name. 社会组织是普遍地以一姓为单位的家族组织。,germ dm (P222 Para1 line11) 1. A small mass of protoplasm or cells from which a new organism or one of its parts may develop 病菌，细菌； 2. Something that may serve as the basis of further growth or development萌芽 原文：North American mothers, because they believe that germs cause disease, become uncomfortable when people get too close to their infants. 居住在北美的母亲们，因为相信细菌引起疾病，一旦别人太靠近自己的婴儿，她们就会觉得很不舒服。 例句：Honesty is the germ from which all growth of nobleness proceeds.-George Sandys（American traveler and poet ） 诚实是高贵得以发展的芽-美国旅行家、诗人桑迪斯,Medication ,mdken （P222 Para1 line19） treatment with drugs or remedies 药物治疗 原文：In contrast, Navaho patients take their medications more consistently when they are administered or required four times a day.相对而言，如果医生要求纳瓦霍（美国最大的印第安部落）病人每天服药四次，他们会坚持遵照医生的嘱咐。 例句：Many people compounded the mischief by harmful self-medication. 许多人自作聪明乱服药，使病更难治.,consistently knsstntli (P222 Para1 line 19) in a systematic or consistent manner一贯地;固守地 原文：In contrast, Navaho patients take their medications more consistently when they are administered or required four times a day.相对而言，如果医生要求纳瓦霍（美国最大的印第安部落）病人每天服药四次，他们会坚持遵照医生的嘱咐。 例句：China will consistently pursue an independent foreign policy. 中国将坚持独立自主的外交政策。,connotation ,knten（P222 para1 倒数第二行） an association or idea suggested by a word or phrase; implication 含蓄;言外之意 原文：Something as simple as a number can stimulate negative connotations in one culture and have the exact opposite impact in another. 一些类似数字这么简单的东西在一种文化蕴含着消极的意思，但在另一种文化则恰恰相反。 例句：The connotation of self-renewal in Book of Changes includes personality features of men of honor such as humility, wariness, good faith and wide mind. 易经中自强的含义包括自强者（君子）的人格特征，即谦虚、谨慎、诚信、胸怀宽阔。,immunization ,mjnzen (P223 para2 line3) The process of inducing immunity to an infectious organism or agent in an individual or animal through vaccination免疫 原文：Thousands of people die daily from lack of immunization and from diseases and viruses. 每天都有成千上万的人死于缺乏免疫以及疾病和病毒。 例句：Chinas immunization achievements have been highly praised by the international community. 中国计划免疫工作取得的成绩得到了国际社会的高度赞誉,misdiagnosis msdagnss (P223 para3 line2) the act or an instance of misdiagnosing or being misdiagnosed 误诊 原文：Misdiagnosis, risky procedures, and unnecessary treatments are the result of this miscommunication. 误诊，有风险的流程，不必要的治疗都是由误解引起的。 例句：.Due to a medical misdiagnosis she had been rendered sightless, and she was suddenly thrown into a world of darkness, anger, frustration and self? pity. 一次医疗误诊使她双目失明，突然间她被抛进了一个黑暗、愤怒、沮丧和抑郁的世界,intervention ,ntvnn (P223 para6 line1) the act of intervening 干预，干涉 原文：Disease is the result of active intervention by a supernatural being(deity or god), a non-human being (ghost or evil spirit) or a human(witch or sorcerer). 疾病是受到超自然的存在即神，或者是非人类即鬼，或者是人类即巫师的干预造成的。 例句: We will never accommodate ourselves to acts of aggression and intervention out of consideration for our relations with the power in question. 我们决不会因为考虑国家关系而对侵略和干涉行为姑息迁就。,appease piz (P223 最后一段 line2) to bring peace, quiet, or calm to; soothe.平息;缓和;抚慰 原文:In that case, the family believed that the evil spirit could be appeased only if the boy suffered for the entire family. 在那种情况下，这个家庭相信只有这个男孩为整个家族受苦，妖魔才会得到平息。 例句：This is an isolated place, where we can appease our mind, to perceive our physical existence in unceasing transmigration of the nature, wake up our latent consciousness of being friendly with the nature and hold a positive attitude towards our life. 这是一个与世隔绝的地方，一个让心灵获得慰籍的地方，在自然界生生不息的轮回中感知自我的真实存在，唤醒潜在的生态意识，汲取积极向上的生活态度。,disequilibrium dsikwlbrm Loss or lack of stability or equilibrium 失调，失衡 原文：Disease is a result of disequilibrium between the hot and cold elements of the body. 疾病是由于身体内冷热元素的失衡引起的。 例句：Rapid and drastic changes are taking place in the military field around the world, and a new serious disequilibrium has occurred in the balance of military power. 世界军事变革迅猛发展，军事力量对比出现新的严重失衡。,ascribe skrab （P224 para1 line3） to think of as done or caused by someone or something 归因于 ascribe sth to sb/sth 原文：All foods, medicines, conditions and emotions are ascribed hot and cold qualities. 所有的食物，药物，环境，情绪都拥有冷和热的特性。 例句： We usually ascribe good; but impute evil。-Samuel Johnson 我们经常归功于好的东西；但是归咎于恶的东西。-塞缪尔约翰逊,manifestation ,mnfsten（P224 para1 倒数第2行） an indication or sign 显示，表明 原文：Now that we have an understanding of the three major categories of health belief systems, let us consider some cultural manifestation of those beliefs. 既然我们对这3种主要的健康信念系统有了了解，让我们来看看这些信念在文化上的一些表现。 例句：All of the universes are pervaded by Me, in an imperceptibly subtle manifestation and all living entities find their support in Me; but I am not supported in them. “我”是以一种无法感知到的,微妙灵明的道体展现,而遍及所有宇宙的，众生在“我”之中，而“我”不在他们之内。,decay dkei (P225 para1 最后一行) (vt./vi/n) to decline or cause to decline gradually in health, prosperity, excellence, etc.;衰退，衰败 原文：That which blossoms must also decay. 有繁盛必有衰败。 例句：Time drops in decay, like a candle burnt out.-William Yeats 时间一点一滴地流逝，如同蜡烛慢慢燃尽。-威廉叶芝,auspicious sps （P225 para2 line5） showing that something is likely to be successful 吉利的；吉兆的 原文：The Chinese, for example, may rely on fortune-tellers o determine auspicious times to perform scheduled surgeries and procedures. 比如，中国人可能依靠算命者来决定吉时来做手术或履行一些流程。 例句：Auspicious snow promises good harvests. 瑞雪兆丰年。 Houses are festooned with paper scrolls bearing auspicious antithetical couplet (as show on both side of the page) and in many homes, people burn incense at home and in the temples to pay respects to ancestors and ask the gods for good health in the coming months. 房子用写上吉祥对联的条幅纸张(作为展示在页的双方)来装饰,并且在许多家，人门烧香火在家和在寺庙致以尊敬对祖先和请求神以长寿。,amulet mjlt（P226 para4 line2） a small piece of jewellery worn to protect against bad luck, disease etc 护身符 原文：Amulets or charms, often inscribed with a magic symbol or saying, are common to protect the wearer from disease or evil. 护身符上经常刻着一个魔法符号或咒语，用来保护戴上它的人抵御疾病和魔鬼。 例句：The amulet depicts a male head with horns, and they appear to be bull-horns (pointing upwards), not ram-horns (pointing down). 这个护身符表现了一个有角的男性头部，那对角看起来像是牛角（角尖向上），而不是羊角（角尖向下）。,inscribe nskrab(P225 para4 line2) to carefully cut, print, or write words on something, especially on the surface of a stone or coin 刻;雕; 题写;印 be inscribed in/on something 刻着 be inscribed with something 题写着 Amulets or charms, often inscribed with a magic symbol or saying, are common to protect the wearer from disease or evil. 护身符上经常刻着一个魔法符号或咒语，用来保护戴上它的人抵御疾病和魔鬼。 例句：In this life our actions are the ink and mind the paper, We inscribe on it the two writings of good and evil. 我们今生的行为是墨，我们今生的心灵是纸，我们把善与恶两种笔迹写在上面。,exacerbate gzs,bet（P226 para5 line2） to make a bad situation worse 使恶化 原文：Many other cultures avoid violating cultural taboos for protection from illness or in an attempt to avoid exacerbating the illness. 很多文化避免触犯文化禁忌，以此来避免疾病或者尽量避免使病情恶化。 例句：The coming decline of oil could lead to a worldwide depression and exacerbate existing tensions among oil importers. 石油产量减少将会造成全球经济萧条，并使石油进口国间的紧张局势更形严重。 Potentially higher wages may exacerbate inflationary pressure. 高薪水有可能会加剧通货膨胀的压力。,counteract ,kauntkt(P226 para5 line4) to reduce or prevent the bad effect of something, by doing something that has the opposite effect 对抗; 抵消 原文：The only way to avoid the death of the child is to counteract the violation of the taboo by attaching medicine bundle to the childs chest. 避免孩子死亡的唯一方法是把药袋贴到孩子的胸口处，以此抵消对禁忌的触犯。 例句：The prime minister addressed the nation in an effort to counteract the damage the scandal had done to his credibility 首相向全国人民发表演说，以抵制丑闻给他们的荣誉造成损害,preventive prvntv（P226 para5 line7） intended to stop something you do not want to happen, such as illness, from happening 预防的 preventive action/measure 预防行动/措施 原文：Although many cultures practice preventive measures, for others, prevention is a totally new concept. 即使很多文化中都采取预防措施，对于一些文化来说，预防完全是个新概念。 例句：Research on the relation and taking preventive measures could eliminate negative effect on traffic safety owing to atrocious weather, which makes important sense to prevention and decrease of traffic accidents. 研究恶劣气候与交通安全之间的内在联系，采取有针对性的预防措施，从而消除恶劣气候对交通安全的消极影响，对于预防和减少交通事故有着十分重要的意义。,ailing el （P226 para5 倒数第4行） 1.an ailing company, organization, or economy is having a lot of problems and is not successful境况不佳的，面临困难的 2. ill and not likely to get better不舒服的, 生病的 原文：They may bring their ailing to the hospital only when death is imminent. 他们可能只有当死亡逼近时才会送家中的病人去医院。 例句: A thousand sails go past the sunken boat, and ten thousands trees bloom in front of the ailing tree. 沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。,imminent mnnt (P226 para5 倒数第3行) an event that is imminent, especially an unpleasant one, will happen very soon (危险等)逼近的;即将发生的 原文：They may bring their ailing to the hospital only when death is imminent. 他们可能只有当死亡逼近时才会送家中的病人去医院。 例句：The first battles went badly, and now as Earth prepares to defend itself against the imminent threat of total destruction at the hands of an inscrutable alien enemy, all focus is on the development and training of military geniuses who can fight such a war, and win. 开始的一战结果很糟糕，现在呢，地球已经准备好要保卫自己免于即将来临的被不了解的异族敌人完全毁灭的威胁，而一切的焦点，就取决于挖掘并训练那些军事天才的能力，只有他们能够进行这场战斗，并且，取得胜利。,allude lud(P227 para1 line1) to mention something or someone indirectly暗示;间接提到;转弯抹角地说 allude to somebody/something 原文：Throughout this discussion, we have alluded to the impact of religion and spirituality. 在讨论过程中，我们已经间接提到宗教和精神的影响。 例句：A digital world (virtual, electronic, etc.) is generally spoken of to allude to this plurality of objects and representations that, being technologically built, produce the sensation of reality in human beings. 一个数字的世界（虚的、电子的、等等）是通常所说的暗指那多数对象和表示法（表现,陈述,代表），被科技地建造，引起人类真实的感觉。,warrant wrnt(P227 para1 line3) 1.to need or deserve 需要，值得 2. to promise that something is true warrant that 保证 原文：Because these deep structural issues have such a profound effect on health care, they warrant further consideration. 因为这些深层次的问题对健康保健有如此大的影响，因此值得我们进一步考虑。 例句：Given the price which the United States must pay, does such a contribution warrant Congress making such a significant law amendment? 考虑到美国因此必须付出的代价，这样的贡献是不是值得国会大动作地修法呢？,euphemism ju:fimizm (P233 para1 line3) n. an inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive 委婉语 原文：Think for a moment about the potential for confusion if a Western doctor speaks of a womans “period” to someone whose culture does not use this euphemism. 试想一下当一位西方医生对一个文化中没有委婉语的人讲女性的生理期时会出现的混淆和困惑。 例句：The term rumours is often a euphemism for anti-government views in China. 在中国，“谣言”这个词通常作为反对政府意见的委婉说法。,intertwine ,nttwan （P227 para2 line1） vt/vi 1.if two situations, ideas etc are intertwined, they are closely related to each other 紧密联系 2. if two things intertwine, or if they are intertwined, they are twisted together缠结在一起 intertwine with 原文：Religion, spirituality, and health care are often intertwined. 宗教、精神以及健康保健经常是紧密联系着的。 例句：For while both joy and sorrow are fleeting, and often intertwined, love has the power to overcome both. And love can last forever. 尽管欢乐和痛苦都可以疾驰而过，而且有时二者是交错在一起的，但是爱可以超越二者，爱是永恒的,solace sls (P227 para2 line2) 1.uncountable a feeling of emotional comfort at a time of great sadness or disappointment. 安慰，慰藉 2.vt seek/find solace in something 在中寻找慰藉 原文：For many cultures, religion provides solutions and solace when one is in ill health. 对于很多文化群体，在处于病痛中时，宗教提供了出路和慰藉。 例句：When I alone wander in the field, those flowers, grass, trees and rivers can solace me just because I faintly presage that I am likely to meet another soul who loves them in the same way. 当我独自在田野里徘徊时，那些花朵、小草、树木、河流之所以能给我以慰藉，正是因为我隐约预感到，我可能会和另一颗同样爱它们的灵魂相遇。,reciprocalrsprkl (P227 para2 最后一行) a reciprocal arrangement or relationship is one in which two people or groups do or give the same things to each other = mutual 相互的,交互的 原文：In these cases, health and spirituality are reciprocal. 在这些情况下，健康和精神是相互的。 例句：Affection in the sense of a genuine reciprocal interest of two persons in each other, not solely as means to each others good, but rather as a combination having a common good, is one of the most important elements of real happiness, and the man whose ego is so enclosed within steel walls that this enlargement of it is impossible misses the best that life has to offer, however successful he may be in his career. 两人真正相互关心意义的爱，不仅是促进彼此幸福的手段，而且是促进共同幸福的手段，是真正快乐的最重要因素之一。凡是把自我禁锢起来不能扩展的人，必然错失人生所能提供的最好的东西，不管他在事业上如何成功。,symptom：smptm(P227 para3 line2) 1.something wrong with your body or mind which shows that you have a particular illness症状,征候 2. a sign that a serious problem exists征兆 原文：Symptoms may be ignored because the fear of dying is lessened. 症状可以忽略掉，因为对于死的担心减少了。 例句：One of the symptoms of approaching nervous breakdown is the belief that ones .work is terribly important, and that to take a holiday would bring all kinds of disaster, If I were a medical man , I should prescribe a holiday to many patient who considered his work important. (Bernard Russell, British philosopher) 神经即将崩溃的症状之一是相信自己的工作极端重要，休假将会带来种种灾难。如果我是医生，我给这样的病人开的药方是：休假。(英国哲学家 罗素.B.),reconcile rknsal（P227 para3 line2） if you reconcile two ideas, situations, or facts, you find a way in which they can both be true or acceptable使和解; 使和谐一致 reconcile something with something 原文：Quiet acceptance of ones fate, also pervasive in some Eastern philosophies, is difficult to reconcile with a commitment to preventive methods. 存在于一些东方哲学里的认命观很难做到提前做好预防措施。 Matthew Arnold tried to reconcile Greek rationality with Hebrew religious spirit and promote the improvement of humanity and social harmonious development. 阿诺德力图融合希腊的理性精神与希伯来的宗教精神 ,促进人性的完善和社会的和谐发展,misdeed misdi:d （P227 para4 倒数第二行） countable a wrong or illegal action 违法行为 原文：There are some Hindus sects that are not concerned about ill health because they believe that it is a result of misdeeds committed in a past life. 有一些印度宗教徒不会因身体不好而伤神，因为他们认为这是前世犯错的后果。 例句：The book is yours and you will not be punished as long as you remember that I am not rewarding you for your misdeed, I am rewarding you for your truthfulness. 只要你记住我奖励你不是因为你做错事，而是因为你诚实，你就不会受到惩罚,transitory trns,tor（P227 最后一段最后一行） continuing or existing for only a short time 短暂的;瞬息的 原文: They also believe that praying for health is the lowest form of prayer because medical treatment ,although useful, is transitory. 他们也相信祈祷的最低形式是祈求健康因为药物治疗虽然有用却是暂时的。 例句: This false world is but transitory (William Dunbar) 这个虚幻的世界只是昙花一现（威廉邓巴）。 But forgiveness blots out bitterness from human heart like transitory ripples on water. 但是宽恕能够从人心中清除痛苦就像水中暂时泛起的波纹。,fatalism fetlzm (p228 para2 line1) the belief that there is nothing you can do to prevent events from happening 宿命论 原文：In Mexico, which is predominantly Catholic, fatalism saturates Mexicans existence. 在天主教盛行的墨西哥，墨西哥人普遍相信宿命论。 例句：It is questioned and criticized by critical historical philosophy that, as the representation of speculative philosophy of history, the historiography of civilization formation views religion as the measure of historical progress and relates it to teleology and fatalism. 作为思辨历史哲学代表的文明形态史观却把宗教当作历史进步的尺度，并且与目的论和宿命论联系起来，受到批判历史哲学的质疑和批评,saturate st,ret （P228 para2 line1） to p