大学英语四六级写作强化.ppt

四六级写作内容篇,题材现实性 四六级写作的题材具有显著的现实性，基本可以分为两大类： 1. 贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活的校园题材 2. 论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及进步的热点话题。,1. Recreational Activities (2008. 6) 2. What Electives to Choose (2007. 12) 3. Welcome to Our Club (2007. 6) 4. Volunteers Needed (2006. 6) 5. Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourist? (2005. 12) 6. Teachers Day (2005. 6) 7. A Campaign Speech (2005. 1) 8. A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction (2004. 6) 9. A Letter in Reply to a Friend (2004. 1),校园题材,关于此类题材的近五年的真题作文列举如下： 1. Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags (2008. 12) 2. Spring Festival Gala on CCTV (2006. 12) -3 How Should Parents Help Children to be Independent? （2010） 1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切 2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该 -4 Online Shopping (2011.06) 四级作文命题透析,社会热点话题,健康:1身体健康-health: physical:-keep fit; wellbeing(emotional/physical/psychological) 2008.12/2008.06/2007.12/98.06/93.01/91/90 2人的心理健康：psychologically, mentally :independent, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable, selfish, isolated, conservative-2009.12( 绿色校园不仅指绿色环境）/2007.12/2007.06参加社团缓解压力,教育与娱乐： recreation, relax, entertainment; cultivate, foster, enlighten, give inspiration to ,motivate, expand ones horizon,促进学生身心发展：promote the students physical, intellectual and emotional development (well-rounded/ versatile) mould ones character; team spirit 2009.06(博物馆免费开放的目的）-2008.06（娱乐使人们受益）/2007.12(学生选课不同原因)/2007.06( 参加社团的好处)/2006.12( 看春晚),方便VS效率： 2008.12一次性塑料袋广泛使用/2002.06计算机普及程度/2002.01食堂服务/1994.01现代化交通工具发达./1991.01- 自行车在中国这样普及 2006.06学生自由选择教师方便学生,提高办学的效率,节省和浪费：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift; waste time/ money/ space; costly 2009.06博物馆作为教育资源/2008.12塑料袋使用/2004.01报考专业理由(人才浪费)2002.01-对食堂批评; 2000.01 上大学费用( taking a part-time jobease/alleviate family financial burden 1996.01双休日可能给大学生带来的问题 1998.01假冒伪劣商品对个人(浪费金钱),环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty, contamination, detrimental to , sustainable development; 2009.12/2009.06公共设施环境维护（图片）/2008.12preserve environment/2007.06社团主要内容环保组织”heal the world” 2005.12校园是否对游客开放/1990.06-城市绿化,安全和危险：safe, danger, risk2009.06(公共场所存在安全隐患)/2008.06/98.01假冒伪劣产品安全隐患/97.06大学生了解社会的必要性(社会的险恶,陷阱trap)/96.01双休日带来的问题travel;,经验：working experience, social experience, enter the society; practical experience; associate theory with practice; （interpersonal skills) 2007.12开设选修课目的/2007.06社团的好处: expand ones horizon; enlarge our knowledge;/2005.01具备胜任学生会主席的条件/2001.01-取得面试成功的因素/ 97.06大学生了解社会的必要性,个人权利与自由: 2007.12学生选课不同的原因 /2006.06允许学生选择老师(学生权利student centered)/ 2004.01 报考专业理由,意志：Nothing Succeeds without a strong will （2011.12）,用词是否恰当，准确，形象，关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词；,Goodadvisable/sensible/informative/useful/instructive; Goodbeneficial, advantageous, helpful; excellent, outstanding; Badundesirable/mindless/worthless; Badharmful, baneful, detrimental,Lots ofa host of , a vast number of(可数名词），a great deal of , a vast amount of ( 不可数名词）-substantial; considerable; heaps of Importantcrucial, vital, significant, key;P4;indispensable/integral;,desire 替换want pour attention into 替换pay attention to bear in mind that 替换remember 促进/提高/增强/改善 give a boost to/enhance/motivate/ better/ promote,角色与功能,Play an important( active, major, central, crucial, essential, integral, prominent, vital) role Play a big part- Take a leading part-,允许与阻止,Makepossible电脑的使用促使人们在家上班: The use of computers and other high-tech office equipment has made it possible for more people to work from home.,Enable, encourage, entitle,谈中国的老年人如何受到社会的尊重适用于个人/社会类话题 In China, respect for senior citizens is shown in the fact that they are entitled to many public services free of charge.,Stop, keep, prevent, prohibit,太多的学业压力对学生的负面影响 Too much academic pressure deprives young students of the opportunity to take part in any extracurricular activities and prevent them from enjoying their school years. (hinder-obstructhedge),Increasing (ly), growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.,非常地exceedingly/extremely/greatly/remarkably/significantly/ utterly) 在当代 In contemporary society, in present-day society, in this day and age; for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion,破坏 Destroy; impair; undermine; jeopardize; devastate; 支持观点（be for/convince/insist/voice a support for/vote for) (win) 反对观点( argue against/ combat/ disagree with/disregard/oppose) (go astrayflourishrivalthriveadministration),Transformchange(应用: 科技改变我们的生产和生活方式, 环境变化); Preserveprotect-保护某种资源，natural resources or old buildings-demolishtear down 。,解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle( economic crisis, deteriorated environment, shortages of water, unemployment, traffic jams.)_; 培养：Develop, cultivate, foster, culture( educationcultivate the spirit of independence,认为：maintain, assert, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, Alleviateease; 减轻,缓解( 就业压力,新能源缓解资源紧张;经济增长方式转变缓解发展压力-A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.) Worsendeteriorate; aggravate( 环境恶化),人们认为：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that 适应的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate(使适应) oneself to new environment/ change; 接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems,影响与冲击,Profound/ Significant Damaging Devastating Destructive disastrous Influence Impact Effect affect,When asked about the function of media, many people agree to the first view. 此外，表示“多”的词还有：vast, quite a few, an army of, an ocean of , a sea of , a great number of Cheating in exam happens in our daily life. Dishonesty occurred more and more in our society.,the overwhelming majority of,has become a common occurrence,Obviously, the picture shows that a culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial to all the human beings. show: indicate, reveal, suggest, prove As the number shows, nearly 200 billion dollars are lost in tobacco every year. number: figure, statistics,用词的生动性,is 首先前者的问题在于be动词是静态的，没有活力的，there be 也是如此。 make make sb. do sth-英语的词化程度较高，存在大量词语，一个单词的存在使得很多词语不再被需要dismay 使震惊，convince 使信服.,避免be形式表达，尽可能选择表示强有力的行为动词，写出生动，简洁，有力，耐读和连贯的文章。,There is a beautiful park near my house. The name of the park is Tian-Tan Park, which was built several hundred years ago. It is the biggest park in Beijing. The Tian-Tan park is famous not only for its beauty but its quietness as well. Near my house stands Tian-Tan, the biggest park in Beijing, built several hundred years ago and famous now for not only its beauty but also its quietness.,Ecological imbalances is the biggest threat to the survival of wild animals and plants. Ecological imbalances threaten the survival of wild animals and plants, even human beings. The Internet makes me learn English more conveniently. The Internet facilitated my English study,His criminal record made him unable to be admitted to the university. His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted to the university.,避免一味用 There is 开头。 There are more and more people who realize the relation between examination and teaching methods. The relation between the examination and teaching methods is increasingly recognized.,避免一味用People, I, We 开头 We will always remember the smile on her face. The smile on her face will be firmly rooted in our minds. We certainly should offer good service. Good service is certainly required.,It-句型的广泛使用,It must be pointed out that.必须指出 It must be admitted that.必须承认 It is imagined that.人们认为 It can not be denied that.不可否认 It will be seen from this that.由此可知 It should be realized that.必须认识到 It is (always) stressed that.人们(总是)强调 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that.可以毫不夸张地说,变换句式优化文章 Lecture 1 长句和短句变换 Lecture 2 主动句和被动句变换 Lecture 3 非谓语从句变换 Lecture 4 比较句变换 Lecture 5 松散到紧凑变换,变换句式优化文章,短句变长句 受汉语思维习惯影响，很多考生往往会直接将脑子里的意思译成英语，而忽略句与句之间的联系，导致写出来的句子无法体现英语作为“形合语言”的特点。因此，在平时写作时，考生要注意前后句子之间是否存在联系，善于发现各个简单句之间的关联，用恰当的连接词将简单句连接起来，组成准确地道的复杂长句，增加文章的气势。 【例1】,【例2】 【例3】,【例4】,2. 长句变短句 长句固然能表达出复杂而缜密的思想，但如果片面追求复杂句子，反而会显得华而不实，成为表达的累赘。写作中句子的长短应根据表达的需要而定。短句不仅指句子长度较短，也指句子内部结构精炼，简洁是写作的一个重要原则，用词累赘则是写作的大忌。 【例1】 【原文】His father, who is a salesman, became a millionaire overnight. 【优化】His father, a salesman, became a millionaire overnight. 【例2】 【原文】Perhaps they basically distrusted our capacity to judge correctly. 【优化】They distrusted our judgment.,一、将下面的长句和短句进行优化改写，使其更符合表达要求。 【原句】 【优化】,【原文】 【优化】,二、请按照所给提示对下面的作文进行句式优化,主动句和被动句变换 与汉语相比，英语更注重动作本身，而不是动作的执行者，因此在英语中被动语态的使用相对多一些，但这并不表明要一味地追求被动语态的使用。 主动变被动 1）不需要体现动作的执行者 【原文】 We should pay more attention to the elderly who had devoted their youth and energy to our country. 【优化】 More attention should be paid to the elderly who had devoted their youth and energy to our country.,2）需要强调动作的承受者 【原文】 The employees elected Mr. Li chairman of the committee last week. 【优化】 Mr. Li was elected chairman of the committee by the employees last week. 3）保持陈述对象的一致，以求行文通顺 【原文】 When the Prime Minister arrived at the airport, hundreds of reporters surrounded him immediately. 【优化】 When the Prime Minister arrived at the airport, he was immediately surrounded by hundreds of reporters.,2. 被动变主动 1）需要体现动作的执行者 【原文】 If you are friendly to others, you will be held hospitable attitude towards by them and vice versa. 【优化】 If you are friendly to others, they will hold hospitable attitude towards you and vice versa. 2）保持陈述对象的一致，以求行文通顺 【原文】 One very important quality developed by many individuals during a first job is self-reliance. This quality was cultivated by me when I was allowed by my supervisor to set up and conduct my own survey project. 【优化】 During their first job, many individuals develop their very important quality of self-reliance. I cultivated this quality when my supervisor allowed me to set up and conduct my own survey project.,专项训练,一、要求：请将下面句子中语态使用不当的地方进行优化改写，使其更符合表达需要。,非谓语和从句变换 非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。 【例1】 【原文】 When I look into the future, I will try my best to serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough to be President of the Student Union. 【优化】 Looking into the future, I will try my best to serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough to be President of the Student Union. 【例2】 【原文】 In 1836, there arose the working-class movement which is known as Chartism, which was the first proletarian revolutionary movement. 【优化】 in 1836, there arose the working-class movement known as Chartism, which was the first proletarian revolutionary movement.,专项训练,一、要求：请将下列句子中划线的从句部分改为非谓语动词形式。 【原文】 【优化】,二、要求：请对下面段落中的划线部分进行优化改写 【原文】 【优化】,比较句变换 1. 表示相似性 1）just as, so（正如,也一样） 【例】 Just as food is necessary to life, so are books to our spirit. 2）share/ have in common （在方面有共同点） 【例】 China and the U.S.A have some interests in common in foreign trade area. 3) bear similarities/ resemblances to （和具有相似之处） 【例】 Lots of ancient Chinese constructions bear striking resemblances to that in other parts of the world, which discloses the similarity in human civilization.,4) the same is true of/ with（也是如此） 【例】 People who are financially independent will be bullied by the rich ones. And the same if true with countries. 5) vice versa/ the reverse is true （反之亦然） 【例】 If you are friendly to others, they will hold hospitable attitude towards you and vice versa. 6) asas（和一样） 7) no less () than （不比少/差）/ no more () than （不比多/强） 【例】 The father is an ambitious man; the sons ambition is no less than the father.,2. 表示差异性 1) the opposite of （恰恰与相反） 【例】 He hopes that his wife can give birth to a male inheritor to such a large fortune; whereas his wifes wish is just the opposite of his. 2） it is just the other way round（，相反，） 【例】 He is not your friend. It is just the other way round. He is your rival. 3) different/ differ from in that （与的不同之处在于） 【例】 His character is different from his brother in that he is introvert. 4) less () than （比少/差）/ more () than （比多/强） 【例】 More and more people are buying new cars than ever before.,专项训练,要求：请将括号中所给汉语译成英语。 1. Such kind of books, （不像那么抽象）_ those full of technical terms and formulae, can color peoples life and relieve their tension. 【答案】not as/ so abstract as 2. If you are honest to others, （他们也会真诚地对待你，反之亦然）_. 【答案】 they will treat you sincerely and vice verse,松散到紧凑变换 如果一篇文章只是具有意义上的连贯，而形式上比较松散，就很难突出主题，较好地表达作者的意图。为了能够使文章主题明确、线索明了，而且句式富于变化，句与句之间、段与段之间都需要一定的连接手段。写作中常用的连接手段有： 1. 使用过渡性词语 表示过渡性的词语从功能上分，主要可以分为表转折、表让步、表层进、表举例或列举、表总结、表强调、表比较或对比等连接词语。 表转折：but, however, nevertheless, instead, on the other hand 表让步：although, though, despite, even so, even if/though, regardless of, in spite of 表层进：first, to begin with, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, whats more, last but not least 表举例或列举：for example, for instance, as an illustration, such as 表总结：in summary, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, to conclude, in short, on the whole 表强调: indeed, of course, in particular, above all, most important, in fact 表比较或对比:While, whereas, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison with, compared with, in the contrary, in the contrast, by contrast,【例】 Walters goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studiesin particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.,2. 使用过度性的句子 与段落中句与句之间的连贯一样，一篇文章中各段落之间也需要以一定的方式来明确各段之间的逻辑关系，从而使整篇文章形成一个统一连贯的整体。段与段之间除了借助一些篇章层次上的连接性词语，如however, similarly, therefore, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in conclusion, in short等， 还经常需要使用一些表示过渡性的句子来确保其连贯性。 【例】 Every student will be faced with the same question when he passes the College Entrance Examination: Should he choose a good major or a good university? Answers differ as for different groups of people. Some students give priority to a good major. What they cherish is a specialty they like most. In their mind, ,3. 利用代词指代上文提到过的事物 英语中比较习惯运用代词来代替上文提到过的人或事物，从而增强上下文的连贯性，并避免重复，使语言更加简洁明了。 【例】 Installing monitor cameras is good for residents and neighborhood. First of all, as what the advocates claim, it is an effective approach to improve the security situation. Consequently the guards can easily know what is going on in the districts from the screens of the monitor cameras.,句式变换综合练习,训练一 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled The Advantages of Watching TV. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1）看电视对人们有好处 2）给出你的理由,【8分作文标准分57分】 The Advantages of Watching TV 1）It is true that some TV programs are not good for people to watch. 2) However, we can not deny that there are good programs which can benefit people who are from all kinds of works. 3) Therefore, we can not overlook the advantages of watching TV. 4) Many remarkable reasons contribute to this argument. 5) First of all, watching TV is good relaxation. 6) The pleasant music and pictures on TV can make our bodies and minds relax. 7) We are kept away from tension and fatigue. 8) Second, watching TV is entertaining. 9) TV can bring beautiful scenery all over the world right in front of us and make our life full of joys. 10) Third, watching TV is informing. 11) TV opens a window for us. 12) Through it we can learn more knowledge and skills in different fields. 13) All mentioned above tell us that TV is of great importance to us. 14) It is beneficial to our study and life. 15) There is no denying that we should take better advantage of TV.,训练二 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled For a Better Understanding between Parents and Children. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1）父母和孩子之间存在代沟 2）代沟产生的原因 3）如何消除代沟,1) Nowadays, many families are facing the problem that there is misunderstanding between parents and children. 2) We often hear frustrated parents complain that their children are behaving unreasonably and helpless children say that their parents are just old-fashioned. 3) When a child meets with a problem, he will go to his friends for advice. 4) This leads to the fact that his parents totally are unaware of his problem.,Nowadays, many families are facing the problem of misunderstanding between parents and children. It is often heard that frustrated parents complain their children are behaving unreasonably while hopeless children say that their parents are just old-fashioned. When a child meets with a problem, he will go to his friends for advice instead of his parents, leaving his parents totally unaware of his problem.,5) There are some possible reasons for the present situation. 6) That they grew up at different times and have different likes and dislikes for the things around them is the most obvious one. 7) Also when there is a misunderstanding, parents are not patient to listen to the explanation of their children because they are busy. 8) Both of them think that there is a generation gap is unchangeable.,There are some possible reasons for the present situation. The most obvious one is that they grew up at different times and therefore have different likes and dislikes for the things around them. Also parents are often too busy to listen patiently to the explanation of their children when there is a misunderstanding. Both of them take it for granted that there is a generation gap.,9) If they want to bridge this so-called generation gap, both parents and children should make an effort. 10) Parents should try to look at things from childrens point of view. 11) Children should also try to