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英语语法专题讲座 非谓语动词,一、概念,非限定性动词是动词的非谓语形式,在句中不可单独作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制,但是可以用作其他句子成分。 非限定性动词有三种,即不定式,动名词和分词。,二、构成形式,除了-ed分词外,不定式和-ing分词有“体”的形式,其中非进行体也能有被动态。 不定式的主动态、被动态有一般形式、进行体、完成体和完成进行体。,2. -ing分词,不定式,不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,通常由动词不定式符号“to + 动词原形(有时to也可以省略)”构成,它不受人称和数的限制,起到名词、形容词和副词的作用。同时它还保留了动词的某些特点,可以有自己的状语、补足语,及物动词的不定式还必须有自己的宾语;此外,不定式还可以有逻辑上的主语以及有时态和语态上的变化。,一、动词不定式作主语,To drive a car safely,it is good brakes. A. essential with B. essential have C. essential to have D. essential having 答案为C。本题中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式短语,所以,需要采用“It +to do sth.”的句型。译文:为了开车安全,高质量的刹车是非常必要的。,不定式的逻辑主语,不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语,通常有两种形式:“for +名词(或代词的宾格)+不定式”,既可放在句首也可放在句尾;在表示人物性格、特征等形容词的后面常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语,to引导的不定式短语只能放在后面作主语。 Its thoughtful of you to bring me the flowers. 你真是想得周到啊,还送我鲜花。,常用of引出不定式逻辑主语的形容词有:absurd(荒谬的),clever,good,bold,considerate,brave,courageous(勇敢的),honest,careful,cruel,kind,careless,foolish,nice,polite,silly,wicked(阴险的),right,stupid,wise,rude,thoughtful(体贴的),wrong等。,there to be,It isnt cold enough for there a frost tonight,so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.(考研,1994年) A) would be B) being C) was D)to be 本题应选D。本题中的for there to be a frost tonight作状语,说明not cold enough的程度。全句意思是:今夜不会冷到下霜的程度,所以我可以安全地把吉姆的汽车停在外面。,there 可与不定式to be连用,作动词或介词for的宾语。 I dont want there to be any more trouble. 我不希望再产生麻烦。 Its too late for there to be any taxis. 太晚了,没有出租车了。,there being,经典考点1:Anny never dreams of for her to be sent abroad very soon.(CET-4,1998年6月) there being a chance B)there to be a chance C)there be a chance D)being a chance 巧解本题应选A。dream of短语后应接动名词短语。全句意思为:安妮从来不敢想象她有机会很快被送往国外。,如果介词不是for而是其他介词,则要用there being。 Whats the chance of there being an election this year? 今年进行选举的可能性有多大? I was wrong about there being some misunderstanding between us. 我们之间产生一些误会是我的错。,二、动词不定式作宾语,If I had remembered the window,the thief would not have got in.(NPEE-1996) A. to close B. to have closed C. closing D. has been rising 答案为A。remember 后跟不定式作宾语表示“记住做某事”,如果其后跟动名词则表示“记得做了某事”。根据本题题意,A为正确答案。选项B是不定式完成式,remember后面不能跟不定式完成式作宾语。译文:我要是记得把窗子关起来的话,小偷就进不来了。,英语中有些动词的后面只能跟不定式作宾语。 常用的动词有:aim,agree,fail,promise,afford,prove,arrange,guarantee(保证),refuse,ask,happen,resolve(决心),attempt,hesitate,seek,bother,hope,seem,care,learn,tend,choose,long,threaten(威胁),claim,manage,trouble,consent(同意),neglect,decide,offer,undertake(着手),demand,plan,volunteer,determine,prepare,want,determined,pretend,wish,endeavor(努力),proceed(继续)等。,I found to answer all the questions within the time given. A. it difficult B. no difficulty C. there was difficulty D. difficult 答案为A。译文:我发现要在规定时间内回答所有的问题是很难的。,如果动词不定式作宾语而后面又跟上宾语补定语,可用it作形式宾语,不定式作宾语补足语,即it在think,find,consider等动词后可变成形式宾语。例如: I think it difficult to adapt myself to the new situation. 我认为我很难适应新形势。,三、动词不定式作宾补,有些动词可跟动词不定式在句中作宾语补足语,其结构为: v.+ sb. + to do。常用的后面接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise,command,force,allow,encourage,instruct, ask,intend,beg,expect,invite,compel(迫使),forbid,like,mean,prefer,tempt(引诱),oblige,remind,urge,order,request,want,permit,teach,wish,persuade,entitle(赋予)等。,The heavy rain compelled us to stay indoors. 大雨迫使我们待在室内。 get作为使役动词有三种形式:get+宾语+to do表示让某人做某事。get+宾语+doing,表示使某物处于某种状态;get+宾语+done表示某事被做,着重动作造成的结果。,Do you think you can get him to finish the work on time? Do you think youll get the work finished on time? We cant get the car going. We need someone to help us.,在think,consider,believe,find,feel,know,declare,guess,prove,suppose,imagine,understand等词后面,常跟“to be +形容词(也可以是名词或反身代词)”结构作宾语补足语,但是在think,consider,believe等动词之后to be常可以省去。例如: They all believed the plan(to be)unreasonable.,四、动词不定式作表语,不定式作表语时,句中作主语的名词通常是:purpose,aim,difficulty,function,plan,principle,problem,rule,task等。例如: Their rule was always to do the business of the day in the day. 他们的规矩总是今天的事今天做。,五、动词不定式作定语,不定式可以放在名词和代词后面作定语。不定式作定语与被修饰的中心名词之间常表现为主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或动状关系。常见的这部分名词有:ability,failure,refusal,agreement,intention,reluctance(勉强),ambition(志向),hope,resolution,anxiety,need,tendency(趋势),attempt,plan,threat,claim(声称),promise,willingness,decision,readiness(乐意),wish,determination(决心)等。例如: We are in need of tutors to teach the children.,We are in need of tutors to teach the children. (主谓关系) He is a pleasant person to work with. (动宾关系) The boy had an impulse to jump over the fence(同位关系) He gave me an hour to make my decision. (动状关系),六、动词不定式作状语,He was ashamed to finish the project. A. to fail B. to have failed C. to be failed D. to be failing 答案为B。本题中,主句的主语即是动词不定式的逻辑主语,而且不定式表示的动作发生在主句动作之前,所以B符合题意。 译文:没能完成那项工程,他感到很惭愧。,不定式作目的状语既可放在句首也可放在句尾。为了加强语气,也可以用so as to或in order to结构作目的状语。in order to既可放在句首也可放在句尾;so as to只能放在句尾。例如: To/In order to catch these animals,we observed their movement. 为了捕获这些动物,我们观察了它们的活动情况。 I got up early so as to/in order to be in time for the first plane. 我很早起来为的是赶上第一班航班。,常跟不定式作原因状语的形容词有:happy,astonished,surprised,glad,amazed,sad,relieve,overjoyed等。例如: She was an idiot not to have realized it. 她真是个白痴,竟然没有意识到这一点。 I am very glad to present myself at this conference 我很高兴能够参加这次会议。,soas to/such as to/enough to;/tooto/only to引导结果状语从句; such as to那(或这)样以致,到如此程度以致。例如: His illness was not such as to cause anxiety. 他的病还不至于达到令人焦虑不安的程度。 The problem is such as to interest only a few people. 这样的问题只能使少数人感兴趣。 We are so fool as to believe him.,不带to的不定式,I have heard both boss and colleagues well of him. A. to speak B. spoken C. to have spoken D. speak 答案为D。译文:我听到老板和同事都在夸他。 1)在使役动词have,make,let和感官动词feel,see,hear,watch,notice,smell,observe等后面,常跟不带to的不定式作宾语补语。表示感觉的动词或使役的动词变为被动语态时要用to。,2)不定式在作介词but和except的宾语时,如果介词前面有实义动词do的任何形式,介词后跟省去to的不定式;否则要跟带to的不定式。例如: There was nothing to do but keep silent.,3)在cannot but,cannot help but,cannot choose but(不得不),had better(最好),would(will)you please,may(might)as well(不妨),would rather,would sooner(宁愿,宁可)等习惯用法中,其后应跟不带to的不定式。例如:,She cannot help but sweep at the painful news. 听到那令人悲痛的消息,她忍不住哭了起来。 I would sooner resign than work under that boss. 我宁愿辞职也不愿在那个老板手下工作。 I cannot but hope that we may have good luck. 我只能希望我们有好运气。,不定式的时态,不定式完成时可表示过去没有完成的工作。be,wish,hope,mean,intend,plan等动词的过去时以及would like,should be与动词不定式的完成时连用,表示过去想做而没做的事。 例如: I intended to have seen you yesterday,but I was very busy. 我本来打算昨天去看你,但却没有空。 He would like to have attended the seminar,but he was ill. 他原打算要参加研讨会的,但却生病了。,“tooto”结构,“tooto”结构表示肯定意义。 He is only too pleased to help her. 他非常乐意帮助她。 They are but too glad to do so. 他们很高兴这样做。 当少数形容词,如pleased, glad, anxious, eager等跟在too后时或当“tooto”前加上not,but,all,only,never等词时,则后面的不定式短语往往有肯定意义,即整个短语不表示否定意义,too表示程度有“十分、极其”的意思。,The headmaster is too easy to get along with. 校长非常平易近人。 She is too ready to suspect. 她疑心很重。 I am too apt to forget. 我很健忘。 当少数形容词,如easy,ready,inclined,apt,eager,willing等跟在too后时,表示“易于”。,第二节 动 名 词,动名词也是一种非限定性动词。它由动词原形加-ing构成,具有名词的特征,在句中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等成分。,一、动名词作主语,动名词通常可以直接被放置于句首作主语,另外,如果动名词有自己的逻辑主语,则常在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构(这时名词或代词的所有格作动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语,动名词作主语常放在句子后面,用it作形式主语。它常在“It is no use/no good/ fun/ a waste of time/ a good pleasure等名词+doing”结构中作形式主语,也常在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile等形容词+doing”结构中作形式主语 It was no good writing to him;he never answers. 写信给他没用,他从来不回信。,动名词也可以在“There is(was)no + doing”结构中作主语。这种句型往往用以说明“不确定,不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在”。类似一种建议、命令。例如: There is no saying when he will come. 很难说他什么时候回来。 There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no denying that Taiwan is a beautiful island. 台湾是一座漂亮的岛屿,这是无可否认的,There is no point in doing sth. 是固定句式,表示“做是没意义的”等意思。 There is no point in arguing about it. 辩论这没有什么意义.,动名词作宾语,英语中有些动词后面只能跟动名词(或名词)作宾语。常见的这类动词有:admit,excuse,postpone,anticipate,fancy,practice,appreciate,finish,prevent,avoid,forbid,propose,consider,forgive,recollect,delay,imagine,resent,deny,involve,resist,detest,keep,risk,dislike,mind,save,dread,miss,suggest,enjoy,pardon,understand,escape,permit,注意: (1)有些动词短语后面也要求跟动名词作宾语。常见的有:cant stand(忍不住),cant help(忍不住),feel like(想,欲),give up(放弃),put off(推迟)等。 She know it isnt important but she cant help thinking about it. 她知道这件事不重要,但她还是忍不住要想。 (,2)有些动词既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语,但其作用完全不同。用于类似结构的动词有:admit,advise,allow,forbid,permit,recommend等。 He doesnt allow smoking in his office and he doesnt allow his family to smoke at all. 他禁止在他的办公室吸烟,而且他也不容许他的家人吸烟。,动名词的逻辑主语,动名词前可加名词所有格、人称代词宾格、形容词性物主代词和名词普通格作动名词的逻辑主语。动名词前可以接名词所有格,也可以接普通格作主语,但有时只能接普通格作主语。,(1)当逻辑主语是无生命的东西时,只能用普通格,不能用所有格。例如: I was afraid of the tent falling down during the night. 我害怕帐篷在夜间倒塌。 I knew nothing about the door being open. 我一点也不知道门是开着的。,(2)当逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词时,只用宾格,不用所有格。例如: She was awakened by someone knocking at the door. 她被某人的敲门声惊醒了。,(3)当逻辑主语是较长的名词词组时,一般用普通格,不用所有格。例如: Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder? 房间后面的人讲话能大点声吗?,在“there be”结构中,be为动名词时,该结构也是一种带逻辑主语的动名词形式。 例如: We can guess there being a lot of fuss about it. 我们可以猜测到人们会对此大惊小怪。,动名词的被动式,Two officers narrowly escaped in the fierce battle. A. to be killed B. to kill C. have kille D. being killed 答案为D。译文:在那次激烈的战斗中,两名军官死里逃生。 当动名词在句子中的逻辑主语在意义上是动名词动作的宾语时,应当用动名词的被动形式,即“being+过去分词”。,动名词主动形式表示被动意义,在动词need,require,want,deserve后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,其用法相当于不定式的被动结构。例如: The church needs repairing. (= to be repaired) This is a good magazine worth reading.(=to be read),动名词与不定式作宾语的用法比较,stop(leave off)to do sth表示“停下来去做另外一件事” stop(leave off)doing sth表示“停止手头正在做的事” mean to do sth表示“打算做某事” mean doing sth表示“意味着” try to do sth表示“设法做某事” try doing sth表示“试着做某事” go on to do sth表示“接着做某事(不同的事)” go on doing sth表示“继续做某事(相同的事)”,She doesnt mean to give up the plan. 她不打算放弃那个计划。 A breakdown on our way would mean our walking for hours. 汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。 After writing,I went on to read. 写完字后,我接着读书。 She went on complaining. 她没完没了,第三节 分 词,分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。它们在语态和时态方面的含义有较大差别。一般来说,现在分词表示的意义是主动和进行;过去分词表示的意义是被动和完成。其中,现在分词和过去分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语及宾语补足语。,现在分词常常表示主动关系或特性,过去分词表示被动关系或表示主语处于某种状态。 通常情况下现在分词意为“令人的”,过去分词表示“感到”。例如: The temperature this summer is disappointing. 今年夏天的气温真让人扫兴。(主动关系),We were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息,我们非常激动。(系表关系) The door remained locked. 门锁上了。(被动关系),作表语的分词,作表语的分词和构成进行时态和被动语态的分词不同。试比较: The present situation is encouraging. 当前的形势令人鼓舞。(分词作表语) The present situation is encouraging us to continue our experiment. 当前的形势鼓舞着我们继续试验。(分词构成进行时态) The glass was broken. 玻璃破了。(分词作表语,表状态) The glass was broken by John. 玻璃是约翰打破的。(分词构成被动语态,表动作),分词作定语,分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语;也可以放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语,其作用相当于一个定语从句。分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。,The money raised(= which has been raised)is mainly used for helping the orphan. 筹集的钱主要用来帮助那些孤儿。 There are many members waiting(= who are waiting)to get examined. 有许多成员在等着检查。,This article,written(= which is written )in simple English,is suitable for beginners. 这篇文章是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者。 This book,dealing(= which dealt)with English composition,was written by a professor. 这本书讲英语写作,是一位教授写的。,有些动词如 see,hear,feel,notice,watch,observe 等既可以跟现在分词也可以跟动词不定式作宾补。它们之间的区别在于:现在分词着重说明动作正在发生;不定式则侧重说明动作的全过程。试比较: I saw her cross the street. 我看见她穿过马路。,“Is there anything you want from town?” “I am going to get .” A. these letters delivered B. delivered letters C. to deliver these letters D. those letters delivered 答案为A。用delivered,过去分词,表示让别人给我们寄这些信。译文:“你想从城里带些什么东西吗?”“我打算把这些信寄出去。” 在have,get,make,want后面常跟过去分词作宾语补足语,表示“请某人做某事,使某事发生”,即have/get sth. done。done的动作不是主语发出,是请别人来做。,分词作状语,分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句;表示方式或伴随状语时可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如: Hearing the knock on the door(= When they heard the knock on the door),they stopped talking. 听见有人敲门,他们停止了谈话。 Confined to bed(= Because he was confined to bed),he needed to be waited on in everything. 他卧病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。,有时为了强调,分词前可带连词when,while,if,though,as if,unless等一起作状语,以使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如: Almost all English prepositions, when turned into Chinese, look like verbs. 译成汉语时,几乎所有的英语介词看起来都像动词。 Though exhausted,she still continued reading. 虽然很累了,但她仍然在看书。,现在分词的被动式,In America the Asians make their influence in businesses large and small. A. feeling B. feel C. felt D. to be felt 答案为C。译文:在美国,大小企业都能感受到亚洲人的影响。,现在分词的被动式表示某一动作正在进行,在句中可作定语、状语和补语。例如: You will find the matter being talked about all over the city.(作宾补) The methods being studied are very useful(作定语),改错题,1. Due to the refraction of light rays,this is impossible for the naked A B eye to determine the exact location of a star close to the horizon. C D 2. The objectives of the sky-lab mission was to studying a persons A B ability to live and work for extended periods in the weightless C D conditions of space.,3.You will never succeed to get at the truth if you A think you know, ahead of time,what the truth B C should be . D 4. Declined population in the

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