翻译的基本步骤与技巧ppt课件

Translation,Warm-up Activity Steps of Translation Approaches to Translation Review and Practice,Warm-up activity,1His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night 译文：他的恼怒无法忍受夜晚宁静的美丽。 面对如此宁静的良辰美景，他的恼怒不禁烟消云散。,2He allowed the father to be over ruled by the judge， and declared his own son guilty 译文：他让法官战胜父亲而判决他儿子有罪。 他做法官的职责战胜了父子的私情而判决自己儿子有罪。 3Im only too glad to see you 译文：我只是太高兴而不能见你。 我很高兴见到你。,4We must insert a new fuse every time a fuse has functioned 译文：每当保险丝起作用后就得换上新的。 每当保险丝被烧断时，我们就得换上新的。,Steps of Translation,Comprehending Stage Expressing Stage Checking Stage,Comprehending Stage,理清句子结构 分析从句，分词，不定式等之间的关系 注意省略，倒装和插入语等语言现象,意译 （2）The electrical age has been with us for many years，and perhaps it will never completely disappear 电器时代和我们在一起已有很多年了，它也许永远不会完全消失。 我们进入电气时代已有很多年了，这个时代也许永远不会结束。,Checking Stage,（1）译文是否忠实于原文； （2）译文在人名、地名、日期、方位、数字等方面有无错漏； （3）修改译文中译错的或不妥的句子、词组和单词，尤其是对于一词多义的关键性单词要反复推敲； （4）要留心英文时态变化的意义； （5）检查译文是否符合汉语表达习惯，必要时做适当调整； （6）标点符号要力求准确无误。,Approaches to Translation,分句法 合句法 顺序法 逆序法 反面表达法 正面表达法 英语无生命主语句子翻译 被动句的译法 定语从句的译法 词性的转化,分句法,1把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 （1）The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child 母亲在谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感，这是可以理解的。（形容词）,（2）The night was chillyit was early NovemberA light drizzle added to my discomfort 夜里冷风飕飕，那是十一月初，天下起了毛毛细雨，令我倍加难受。（名词）,2把原文中一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 （1）She sat with her hands cupping her chin， staring at a corner of the little kitchen 她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，睛睛凝视着小厨房的一角。（分词短语）,（2）I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。（名词短语）,3把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。 （1）His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery 因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。,（2）She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success 她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。,Practice,1Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 行为主义的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大而这些刺激物能够发展其做出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。,2The problem of possible genetic damage to human populations from radiation exposures， including those resulting from the fallout from testing of atomic weapons，has quite justifiably claimed much popular attention in recent years 人类由于面临辐射威胁，包括原子武器试验产生的放射性散落物所造成的辐射威胁在内，因此很可能遭到基因损伤，这一问题近年来已经理所当然地引起了人们的广泛重视。,合句法,1把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。 （1）He was very cleanHis mind was open 他为人单纯而坦率。 （2）The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen. 这个年轻人很惨, 已落到身无分文的地步, 因为他所有的积蓄被窃。,2把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。 （1）When I negotiate，I get nervous. When I get nervous，I eat 我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。 （2）When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people，we are not merely being polite 我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。,3把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。 （1）It was in mid-August，and the repair section operated under the blazing sun 八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。 （2）The time was 10：30，and traffic on the street was light 十点三十分的时候街上来往的车辆稀少了。,Practice,1）His father had a small business in the city of PisaThis city is in the north of Italy near the sea 他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨开小店。 2）It is necessary that he（should）speak 他必须发言。,3）The box broke open when it fell 箱子掉下来摔裂了。 4）The criminal broke away from the policemen who were holding him 犯人从警察的手中逃脱了。 5）From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa，and then it reached the sea 阿诺河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。 6)In 1844 Engels met Marx，and they became friends 1844年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成了朋友。,顺序法,1Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep，electricity is working for us，driving our refrigerators，heating our water，or keeping our rooms air-conditioned 即使在我们关掉了床头灯甜甜地进入梦乡时，电仍在为我们工作：开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。,2It was a Saturday evening，when Tom was lying on the bench of the school listening to a blackbird and composing a lyric，then he saw the girls running among the trees，with the red-cheeked Joe in swift pursuit 那是周六的傍晚，汤姆正躺在学校的长凳上，一面听画眉鸟唱歌，一面写一首抒情诗，忽然看见女孩子们在树林里奔跑，后面紧跟着那红脸的乔。,逆序法,1They remarked how he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend worship 他往常做礼拜的时候，总坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他们发现他不坐在老地方。,2It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型，再往下学似乎就越来越难了，这其中的原因，也许教师比学生更容易理解。,反面表达法,所谓反面表达就是指在译文中使用包括“不”、“非”、“无”、“没（有）”、“未”、“否”等字的词语和句子来翻译英语中不包括“no”、“not”以及否定前、后缀的词语和句子。 1动词或短语动词,1）We arrived late at the theater，and missed the first act of the play 我们到剧场太晚了，第一幕剧没看上。 2）We will live up to what our Party expects of us 我们决不辜负党对我们的期望。 3）He refrained from further words 他没有往下说。,此类动词和短语动词常见的还有：decline，deny， doubt，escape，exclude，fail，forbid，ignore，lack，neglect，overlook，refuse，reject，depriveof，keep from，preventfrom，protectfrom等。,2名词 1）Ignorance of the law is no excuse 不懂法律不能作为免罪的口实。 2）I hate the lack of privacy in the dormitory 我嫌在宿舍里没有独处的机会。 3）Shortage of skilled workers is our main difficulty 熟练工不足是我们的主要困难。,此类名词常见的还有：exclusion，failure，negation，refusal，reduction等。,3形容词及其短语 1）Our ideas on the subject are still fluid 我们对这个问题的看法仍然不固定。 2）What his plans are I am quite ignorant of 我一点也不知道他的计划是什么。 3）Lying is foreign to his nature 说谎不是他的本色。,适合采用反面表达法来翻译的英语形容词及其短语常见的还有：absent from，devoid of（无的，缺乏的），different from，far from，free from of，safe from，short of等。,4副词 1）Little does he care whether we live or die 他根本不在乎我们死活。 2）You evidently think otherwise 。 你显然有不同的想法。 3）It may safely be said that he is the greatest player of the nineteenth century 说他是19世纪最伟大的演奏家准不会错。,这类副词常见的还有：exactly，predictably，too（to），absently等。,5连词 1）He will die of hunger before he will steal他宁愿饿死，也不愿去偷。 2）Id rather you came tomorrow than today我宁愿你明天来，不要今天来。 3）Until he returns nothing can be done 他不回来什么也不能做。 这类连词还有：unless，（rather）than，or等。,6介词及其短语 1）It was beyond his power to sign such a contract他无权签定这种合同。 2）He is above meanness and deceit他不至于做卑鄙和欺骗的事情。 3）When Philip missed the last bus，he was at a loss to know what to do 菲利普误了末班公共汽车，茫然不知所措。 此类介词及其短语还有：against，beneath，except，without，aside from，in place of，other than等。,7习语或词组 1）That little bridge is anything but safe那座小桥一点也不安全。 2）So far from taking my advice，he went and did just what I warned him against他非但不听我的劝告，反而去做了正是我警告他不要做的事情。 3）I like that least of all 我最不喜欢那个。 这类词语和词组还有：the last等,8句子 1）He was more frightened than hurt他没有受什么伤，倒是受惊不小。 2）My guess is as good as yours我的猜测并不比你的高明。 3）If it worked once，it can work twice 一次得手，再次不愁。 这类词语还有：morethan，betterthan等。,正面表达法,所谓正面表达就是指用汉语中肯定的词语和句子来表达英语中包括“no”、“not”以及带有否定前、后缀的词语和句子。 1动词或短语动词 1）She unlocked the door and turned the handle to open it她打开门锁，旋动把手将门打开。,2）We strongly disapprove of the companys new policy我们强烈反对公司的新政策。 3）The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations 虽经他再三解释，疑团仍然存在。,2名词 1）The house was in a state of disorder because of the young children由于有小孩，家里乱七八糟。 2）He was awaiting the outcome with impatience他焦急等待着结果。 3）It was said that someone had sown discord among them 据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间,3形容词 1）He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。 2）He was unlucky in business 他做生意运气欠佳。,4副词 1）I suppose I was indirectly responsible for the whole thing我想我对整个事情负有间接责任。 2）She shook her head hopelessly她绝望地摇了摇头。 3）He carelessly glanced through the note and got away 他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。,5短语或词组 1）The doctor lost no time in getting the sick man to hospital医生立即把病人送往医院。 2）I have no doubt that you will succeed我相信你会成功。 3）Its no distance at all to the school，only a short walk从这儿到学校很近，只需走很短一段路。 4）The whole gun was no longer than eighteen inches 整支枪的长度仅有18英寸。,6句子 1）No parking禁止停车。 2）Nothing escapes you！你真细心！,Practice,About 1840, a canal was constructed across the meadows of the Marsh Farm. Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. Never before has our country been as united as it is today.,He witnessed the sixth post-war economic crisis of serious consequence that prevailed in various fields in the USA. For this reason, our company explained solemnly to your company many times in February last year. 这个县经历了那场中国70年代第四次较为严重的遍及数省的自然灾害。,The three counties underwent the fourth rather serious natural disaster that plagued several provinces in China in the 1970s.,他一直希望自己能成为老板的助手。 这个小孩现在完全能自己走路了。 那个房间的窗户总是关着的。 请勿大声喧哗。 他提前三天到达是我们没想到的。 禁止张贴！ 油漆未干！ 毋庸置疑， 中国的航空航天工业在过去的四十年中已取得了辉煌的成就。,The windows of that room were never open.,The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him.,The child can walk without any help now.,It is beyond doubt that China has made brilliant achievements in aviation and space industry in the last forty years.,Keep quiet.,His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation.,Posters Forbidden!,Wet Paint!,英语无生命主语句子翻译,1His illness prevented him from joining the expedition 他因病未能参加探险。 2When he had to speak to her，his courage suddenly deserted him 当他不得不和她说话时，他突然失去了勇气。,英语无生命主语句子的理解和翻译 1以时间、地点等名词作主语，常用 see，find，witness等动词作谓语的英语句子。 翻译这类句子时一般把原英语句子的主语译成汉语的表示时间、地点的状语，原句的宾语如果是表示某种行为或动作的名词，可译为谓语，原句宾语的定语译为汉语的主语。原句的谓语动词不翻译，因为其实质性内容是它的宾语及其定语表示的。例如：,The year 1949 witnessed the founding of the Peoples Republic of China 1949年中华人民共和国成立。 Shanghai first saw the rise of the movement 这个运动首先在上海兴起。 Bombay witnessed many great historic events 在孟买城发生过许多伟大的历史性事件,2表示生理、心理状态的名词或表示某种遭遇的名词（如：anger，melancholy，courage，desire等）作主语，用 visit，fail，escape，seize等动词作谓语，宾语一般又是表示人的名词或代词的英语句子。 翻译这类句子时可以把原英语句子的宾语译为汉语的主语，而把英语的主语译为汉语的宾语，原英语句子的谓语动词的含义用一个适当的汉语动词来表示。例如：,A profound melancholy seized him 他突然产生了一种深沉的忧郁情绪。 Many troubles visited the poor old man last year 去年这个可怜的老人碰到了不少麻烦。,3具有行为和动作意义的名词作主语，含有使役意义的动词（如remind， make，let等）作谓语的英语句子。 翻译这类英语句子时，一般把原英语句子的主语译为汉语的状语从句，原英语句子的宾语译为汉语的主语。采用“一就”，“只要就”的句型进行翻译。例如：,The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents 一见到那个孤儿，我就想起了他的父母。 The idea that he will go abroad for further study made him excited 一想到要出国深造，他就兴奋不已。,4用it作形式主语，其逻辑主语是后面的短语或从句的英语句子。 翻译这类句子时，可将后面的逻辑主语提升为全句的主语或根据汉语的表达习惯补充出表示泛指概念的主语，如“有人”、“人们”、“大家”等。例如：,It was very wise of you to bring an umbrella 你带了雨伞，真是明智。 It is generally felt that his appointment was a serious mistake 现在大家都觉得当时对他的任命是个严重的失误。,5以there引导的存在句。 在翻译这种句子时，可以把动作执行者提升为整个句子的主语，有时根据汉语习惯可以补充动作的执行者，放在主语的位置，或干脆译为汉语的无主句。例如：,There was nothing at all for him to laugh at 没有什么可供他笑话的事。 There is no denying the fact 谁都不可否认这个事实。,被动句的译法,1译成汉语主动句 1）把英语被动句的主语作为宾语译成汉语主动句。例如： You will be shown our workshop by the secretary 秘书将领你们去参观我们的车间。,2）按照英语主、谓顺序译成汉语主动句。例如： All bolts and nuts will be thoroughly cleaned and well coated with lubricant 所有的螺母螺栓将要彻底清洗，并涂好润滑油。,3）在句中加译“人们”、“我们”、“有人”、“大家”等泛指性的主语，译成汉语主动句。特别是句中有know， see，find，hear等动词构成的被动句时更是如此。 If one or more electrons are removed，the atom is said to be positively charged如果原子失去一个或多个电子，我们就说这个原子带正电荷。 All kinds of measures are taken to prevent corrosion 人们采取各种措施来防止腐蚀。,2译成汉语被动句 如果一个句子特别强调被动动作以及动作的承受者，这时一般应用“被、通过、让、给、遭、为所”等词译成汉语的被动句。例如： The book has already been translated into many languages这本书已经被译成多种语言。 The design for the reservoir will be made by a special group under the guidance of Professor Li这个水库的设计将由李教授领导的一个专门小组制订。 The boy was hurt on his way home from school 这男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤,3译成无主句 为了避免汉语的被动句，在某些情况下，可以将英语的被动句译成汉语的无主句。 No work can be done without energy 没有能量，就不能做功。 A new oil field has been opened up 已经开发了一座新油田。,practice,1. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market. 2. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba. 3. 马路两旁是整齐的椰树. 4. 全国同胞们, 中华人民共和国现已宣告成立。,Fellow-countrymen, the founding of the Peoples Republic of China is proclaimed.,The avenue was lined with neatly-spaced coconut trees.,定语从句的译法,1译成“的”字结构 此译法是指把比较简单的定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰的词前，从而使英语复合句成为汉语的单句。例如： Oxygen is a gas which unites with many substances 氧气是一种能和许多物质化合的气体,2译成并列分句 此译法是指将结构较为复杂的定语从句译成并列分句，该并列分句在译文中常常后置，但有时亦可前置。 21译成后置的并列分句 英语中有许多定语从句，无论是限制性的还是非限制性的，按“的”字结构去译很困难，这时我们便可试着将其译成后置的并列分句。译成并列分句时，有时需要重复关系词所代表的含义，有时则可省略。例如：,She walked briskly to the house with a strange feeling of relief and joy which she was quite unable to account for in any explicable way 她急速朝着那所房子走去，心中怀着一种宽慰和高兴的特殊感情，这种感情是她很难说清楚的。,22译成前置的并列分句 英语中有些定语从句具有很强的描述性或解释性，它们描述或解释的范围包括状态、性质、用途等。这类定语从句在译成并列分句时，除了后置外，还可以前置，即倒译成并列分句。这种译法主要是为了使译文更加符合汉语的表达习惯，更加符合逻辑。例如： The men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles（flowers）， which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet 这些花儿以前一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在他们突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和重要了。,3与主句合译成一个句子 此译法是指将定语从句（尤其是限制性定语从句）与主句融合在一起来进行翻译，从而使译文成为一个句子，如译成（1）“兼语式”，（2）“谓语”，（3）“同位语”，（4）“与先行词融合成一个句子”。,（1）I saw a cow that was grazing under a tree我看到一头牛在树下吃草。 （2）Other scientists have expressed opinions that are somewhat between these two extremes其他科学家的意见介乎于上述两种极端看法之间。 （3）The company commander，who was Captain Madison，assembled his men and an-nounced their mission连长，墨迪逊上尉，把战士们集合起来宣布他们的战斗任务。 （4）A person who sings near a piano may cause the piano strings to vibrate 一个人在钢琴旁唱歌可能使琴弦共振。,4译成独立的句子 此译法是指将非限制性定语从句与主句分开来进行翻译，把定语从句译成一个独立的句子。该独立句可以后置，亦可前置。例如： A well-dressed man，who looked and talked like an American，got into the car 一位衣着讲究的人上了车。他的外表和谈吐都像个美国人。,5译成汉语的偏正复句 英语中有些定语从句兼有状语从句的职能，表示原因、结果、目的、条件等意义。翻译时可根据逻辑关系将这类定语从句译成汉语的偏正复句。 （1）The computer，which seems to play the role of a human brain，is often called an electronic brain 由于电子计算机起着类似人脑的作用，所以常称作电脑。（原因）,（2）The design of this machine was a complex one， which took us a lot of time to do 这台机器的设计很复杂，以致花了我们很多时间。（结果） （3）He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter 他想写一篇文章，以便能引起公众对此事的注意。（目的）,（4）A suggestion which will do a lot of good to the majority of the people is likely to be supported and accepted如果一个建议会给大多数人带来许多益处的话，它就能得到人们的支持，并被采纳。（条件） （5）Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing 现在，人们已经认识到，如果食物中缺少了某些重要成份，那么即使其中不含有任何有害物质，也会引起严重的疾病。（让步）,词性的转化,一、英语名词可转译成汉语的动词、形容词或副词 一般来说，含有动作意义的名词往往可以转译成汉语动词。例如： The book is a reflection of Chinese society in the 1930s 这本书反映了30年代的中国社会。,由形容词派生的名词和一些加不定冠词作表语用的名词往往可以转译成汉语形容词。例如： We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem 我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。,有些意义抽象的名词或名词短语与句子其他成分之间存在一定的逻辑关系时，可以根据其意义转译成汉语副词或相应的状语成分。例如： I had the fortune to meet him 我幸运地见到了他。,二、英语形容词可转译成汉语的副词、动词或名词 由于英汉两种语言表达方式上的不同，有些英语形容词可译为汉语副词，这种转译法在形容词修饰的名词转译成汉语动词时更常用。例如： He was a regular visitor 他以前经常来。 表示心理状态的形容词在联系动词后作表语时常转译成汉语动词。例如： They were not content with their present achievements他们不满足于现有的成就。,可以转译成汉语名词的英语形容词通常有以下两种：一种是加上定冠词表示某一类人的形容词；另一种是用来表示特征或性质的形容词。例如： They did their best to help the sick and the wounded 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 The more carbon the steel contains，the harder and stronger it is 钢的含碳量越高，强度和硬度就越大。,三、英语副词可转译成汉语的名词、动词或形容词 This is where you are wrong 这就是你不对的地方。 I suppose boys think differently from girls 我想男孩与女孩的思维方式不同。 Sometimes we have to pay dearly for mistakes 有时候我们不得不为错误付出昂贵的代价。,四、英语动词可转译成汉语的名词或副词 英语中一些由名词派生或转用的动词，其概念很难用汉语动词来表达，翻译时可将英语动词转译成汉语名词。例如： I weigh less than I used to 我的体重比过去轻了。 英语中有些动词具有汉语副词的含义，翻译时可转译成汉语副词。例如： I succeeded in persuading him 我成功地说服了他。,五、英语介词可转译成汉语动词 具有动作含义的英语介词或介词短语往往转译成汉语动词。例如： Are you for or against the plan？ 你赞成还是反对这项计划？ I paid fifty yuan for an old bicycle 我花50元钱买了一辆旧自行车。,Review and Practice,I词的翻译 a词类转换 翻译下列句子 1The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music 2Brazil has become one of the developing worlds great successes at reducing population growthbut more by accident than design,3He knew there were answers beyond his intellectual reachBut this didnt frustrate him 4The policeman became increasingly suspicious of his movements 5An official statement was that they would reduce the personnel in the government body,b不定式短语 1It requires considerable skill to drill the proper size hole in an exact location 2The peasants chose candidates whom they considered to be the most active and reliable leaders 3To know the theory is one thing；to put it into practice is another,4I worked late into the night，only to find I had not finished half of the job 5To prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction，maintain peace and stability in the Korean Peninsula（朝鲜半岛），South Asia and Middle East and protect the worlds environment，these