武汉大学考博培训班考博英语写作指导.ppt

2011 博士生入学考试冲刺,英语写作,作文水平的划分和定位：,1.大学英语四级写作水平 2.大学英语六级写作水平 3.考研英语写作水平 4.托福英语写作水平 5.写作平分标准： (奖励分取代扣分),应试作文的分类,应试作文大致有如下几类： 一、标题加提纲类； 二、图表加提纲类； 三、图画(漫画)类； 四、规定情景类。 (一)标题加提纲式作文 提纲式是给出题目(title)、提纲(outline)和起始句(opening sentence)。它要求 考生按照题目、提纲所规定的内容，在起始句后续写短文。 (二)图表提纲式作文 考生首先要看懂图，然后将图表所给的信息用文字表述出来，最后还要根据图表所给的信息对趋势做出预测。 (三)图画(漫画)提纲式作文 图画、漫画题第一段须将图画所有信息描述清楚；第二段的写作中需要指明并分析图画的含义或对某一主题、某种现象说明自己的理解并进行进一步的讨论.,考题特点：,（） 作文选材均为热门话题并贴近生活 作文选题范围均为当今社会的热门话题，从电视广告到希望工程，从父母与子女的关系到拥有健康的重要性，从世界烟民现状到环境保护，无不反映了当前公众最为关注的事。 （） 文体多为说明文与议论文 说明文和议论文用途较广，我们平时接触的文章、报纸、信件等等多为这两种体裁。在工作岗位上所撰写的材料大多也是说明或议论文,而这种体裁也是英语四种文体中难度最大的一种。 （） 出题形式是无提纲式命题作文 06年以来的武汉大学的题型为命题作文，没有具体的提纲，难度比以往有所增加。,议论文考题通常可以归纳为两大类：讨论类和分析解决型：,I. 讨论类 讨论类文章分为观点类讨论和优缺点讨论。这两种议论类型所对应的问题模式常见的有：Do you agree or disagree? What is your opinion? To what extent do you agree or disagree?等。,结构分析 单边论证 通常这两类问题所对应的文章可以用以下的五段论结构来完成：引言段(introduction)提出观点，正文(body)三段通过三个理由来对观点进行论证，结尾段(conclusion)重申一下自己的观点。因为此种结构只对自己支持的观点进行论证，因此叫单边论证，可以用下图来表示： Introduction Background + My Opinion Body 1.Reason One + Supporting Sentences (ss表示) 2.Reason Two + SS 3.Reason Three + SS Conclusion: Restatement of My Opinion,双边论证 另一种论证方法称为双边论证。双边论证基本为四段论，它与单边的最大区别在正文，正文两段分别对题干提出的两个观点或优缺点进行论证。我们也通过下图来认识此种结构： Introduction Background+ My Opinion / Layout Body 1. Opinion One/ Advantage Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences + Reason Two + Supporting Sentences 2. Opinion Two/ Disadvantage Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences + Reason Two + Supporting Sentences + Reason Three + Supporting Sentences Conclusion Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages),II 分析解决型 此类问题模式通常会给出一个话题，如juvenile delinquency，要求考生分析产生此问题的原因，并给出一些缓解的方法。如： 1). Crime is increasing in many countries. Discuss some of the reasons for this increase and suggest some ways in which government can combat the problems. 2). Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to solve it.,它们所对应的文章结构见下图。 Introduction Background + layout Body 1.Reasons / Problems Topic Sentence + Reason One / Problem One + supporting sentences + Reason Two / Problem Two + supporting sentences 2. Suggestions / Effects Topic sentence + Suggestion One / Effect One + ss+ Suggestion Two / Effect Two + ss Conclusion: Restatement of the Body,The basic patterns of argumentative writing,Pattern One： （The first part） list phenomena （The second part） analyze the causes （The third part） put forward suggestions Pattern Two： （The first part） explain the reasons （The second part） analyze the causes （The third part） resolutions Pattern Three： （The first part） explain the reasons （The second part） express the position （The third part） illustrate the point,考博题型分析,2010年武汉大学博士 Directions: Recently, more and more grown-up children are living on their parents, for which they are referred to as the “eating-the-old” group. Is there anybody to blamed for this? You are required to make out a comment on this ground phenomenon in about 200 words. Dont forget to give up a little to your comment. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.,Reflections on “Eating-the-old“ Group Recently, more and more grown-up children are living on their parents, they dont earn much money, or even worse they dont work. They are often referred to as the “eating-the-old“ group. Ive ever read a picture which depicts a young man who looks like a college graduate is stretching his hand and asking his parents for moneys, treating them as ATMs. What a ridiculous but thought-provoking cartoon it is! An investigation indicates that no less than 70% of the unemployed young people now live on their parents income. This is the new way the youngsters are living their lives-not in education, employment, or training.,What accounts for this widespread phenomenon? For one thing, most parents are willing to sacrifice themselves because of the deep love for their children. Unfortunately they neglect to foster their offsprings independence so that their children are accustomed to living under the sponsorship of their parents. In addition, with the employment situation becoming increasingly severe the youngsters can hardly get well-paid jobs. Last but not least, in China, there is a tradition that parents always stand in front of their children no matter whatever happened, Which forms a not good habit that so long as parents ere around them, they dont have to worry about their future. Under this kind of situations, the eating-the-old groups are blooming and tend to increase day by day. Admittedly, this problem, which results from changing times, should be coped with immediately and appropriately. Above all, teenagers must realize that living on parents after graduation is a way of life which they ought to be ashamed of. In fact, it is more to their disadvantage in the long run. Furthermore, a society should not only create an excellent atmosphere of “respecting labors“, but also establish good employment channels for graduates.,2009年武汉大学博士 Directions: Suppose youve read an essay that states: “Computer is playing an increasing important role in education so that some scholars get the idea that there will be no need for schools.” Please Write an article on the topic: Will Computer Replace Schools? You should write no less than 200 words.,Will Computers Replace Schools? It is no denying the fact that the computer, a typical representative of high science and technology, has played a dominant role in our daily lives，which has not only made it convenient for us to accomplish complicated tasks，but also greatly improved our work efficiencyIt is also possible for students to stay in front of a computer at home to have the automatic study with the help of the personalized instructive softwares. However, we cannot go to the extreme and come to the conclusion that computers can replace schools to educate students ( autonomous learning ) On the one hand，we are not able to educate students in a proper way without the instruction and enlightenment of those educators. Actually, computers are the apparatus which need people to operateEven those useful learning softwares are designed and developed by human beingsIt is the wisdom and the creative ideas of the teachers that would help the students to broaden their scope of knowledge and enlarged their visionsBesides，if we rely too much on computers，we would be at a loss if they crash or are attacked by hackers,On the other hand，the students cannot make great improvement without the communication and interaction with the teachersEven if the learning softwares are designed in an elaborate way, they cannot take every possible aspect into consideration and would not work if there is something wrong with the computerOn the contrary, the sophisticated and experienced teachers do have the capabilities to tackle all kinds of problems that may occur and make quick response to solve them in an appropriate way All in all，computers can by no means take the place of schools in terms of providing students with sound educationThey could only be used as the tools for the students to make researches，obtain information and improve their abilitiesBut we should always bear in mind that it is the teachers knowledge and wisdom that can help students to make great achievements,2008年武汉大学博士 Directions: Suppose youve read in an essay the key statement: “People should never be satisfied with the existing state of affairs. They should always want something novel and something different.” Write an article entitled Dissatisfactions Propel the Society Forward You should write no less than 200 words.,An old Chinese saying says, people live with dissatisfactions and worries, and die from satisfactions and pleasures. I believe the same is true for a society. Only with peoples dissatisfactions can a society keep going and improving. The apes that are satisfied with raw meat remain animals, while those who became tired of uncooked food and wanted warmth and safety in the night found the use of fire and tools. If the inventor of wheels was satisfied with delivering everything on his shoulder, cars and even carts will be still unknown to humans. A society without any dissatisfaction is a dead heaven, as there will never be anything new and better in it. It will only decay and die slowly and silently in its harmony, while the society seemingly filled with quarrels and complaints marches on to a bright future.,In the past 20 years, we have made many achievements that greatly promoted the development of the society. We invented a lot of new things that greatly improved the quality of our life. It seems that were living a comfortable life and we should feel satisfied with what weve owned. In fact, we should never be satisfied with the present situation. Satisfaction makes people lazy. If a person is satisfied with what he has, its difficult for him to make further progress. So is the society. Only dissatisfaction will propel the society forward. Because of dissatisfaction, people will work harder and drive themselves to do everything better. Only in this way, the society can develop all the way. In a word, dissatisfaction propel people to make progress and therefore drive the whole society forward. We should always check ourselves and find out our shortcomings. Then we can take measures to overcome them and improve ourselves. If everyone make progress everyday, the society will move forward all the way.,Someone defines “happiness” as a state of satisfaction of the life at the present time. However, most people dont agree with them. Satisfaction makes people lazy while dissatisfaction makes people diligent. As a result, dissatisfaction propel society forward. The reasons are as follows. If everyone is dissatisfied with the life, they will work hard for what they want or to make their dreams come true. It is sure that the society makes progresses as well. Take scientists for example. They make great contribution to the society. They worked out the mystery of DNA; they invented a lot of useful things; they try every effort to solve the problem in our life ranging from medical field to education. They are never satisfied with what they have done. They keep working to propel the society forward. So does everyone. On the other hand, if we are satisfied with ourselves, we become lazy. We may not want to do anything because the situation now is perfect. We are satisfied with it. Then what will happen? Everyone stops dreaming. We probably do nothing more for we have all we want. No progress will be made and the society stops developing even drops back, not to mention forward. From these two opposite sides, we can draw the conclusion that dissatisfactions propel the society forward. Only being dissatisfied with ourselves and our life can we make progresses to propel the society forward.,Many people regard dissatisfactions as something that can bring disorder, anger and even disaster. On the contrary, I think dissatisfactions propel the society forward. Firstly, when people get unsatisfied with themselves, they would think out their ways to improve themselves as soon as possible. In that way, their dissatisfactions have actually encouraged them to make progress. As well know, human beings are the most important components of the society. That is to say, dissatisfaction can help to upgrade the society to a higher level all the time. Secondly, when people become unsatisfied with others or the environment around them, they would speak out their unhappiness and try to change the present situation. Without that kind of dissatisfaction, the world will always keep the same condition and develop steadily and slowly, or even just go without development. Only by speaking out peoples dissatisfactions and asking for changes, can the society be propelled forward, fast and hopefully! For instance, lets take a look at our history, we can see that a lot of revolutions that had caused great changes in the world were mostly caused by peoples dissatisfactions with their living environment at that time. Without any dissatisfaction showing up, we are probably still living in a world with extreme autocracy and cruel mighty power! Concluding from the above paragraph, it is obvious that dissatisfactions are unbelievably important for a fast developing society. We do have to admit that dissatisfactions propel the society forward. As a matter of fact, our right attitude towards dissatisfactions should be gratitude, instead of hatred. By that way, we can easily get rid of dissatisfactions and keep the society move!,2007年武汉大学博士 Directions: The age of Information Technology has taken a lot of people by surprise. While it has become a way of life for some, others know very little about it and may be unlikely to learn. Eventually we will have a polarized society and this will lead to serious social problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence. Write at least 200 words.,The age of Information Technology has taken a lot of people by surprise and become a way of life for some people, especially the young. They would make extensive use of telecom services and log onto the Internet whenever possible. In their eyes, the Internet not only presents an opportunity for the advancement of the acquisition and application of knowledge, but also provides them with a virtual existence which is far more appealing than traditional life. For some others, however, the information technology is something abstruse and scary. They know very little about it and may be unlikely to learn. They have difficulty coping with the increased social and technological complexity and overload brought forth by the information technology, therefore preferring to interact with human beings and avoid any contact with computers or machines.,Would information technology polarize the society and lead to serious social problems? I dont think so, since we have to go with the tide. The information technology will transform our society as significantly as the two industrial revolutions. It not only increases human productivity in both our personal lives and the workplace, but also improves education and health care, provides new ways to shop, enables professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeates the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. Once the laggards realize that the information technology will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale, most of them would, and they have to catch up with the time. As for those few people who are so obstinate as to go against the tide, they would be left behind by history. Therefore the society would embrace information technology as a whole rather than be polarized.,2006年武汉大学博士 Directions: You should spend about 30 minutes on this part. Present a written argument or case to an educated reader without specialist knowledge of the following topic. Now many people enjoy emails and other people prefer face-to-face conversation. The title of your composition is “Which Is Better: a Talk or an Email?”. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience to support your opinion. Write at least 200 words.,2005年武汉大学博士 Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled If I Were the Mayor of This City in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines: Outlines: 1. 这个城市现在存在的问题; 2. 假如我是市长的话, 如何解决这些问题; 3. 问题解决后的城市前景.,2004 年武汉大学博士研究生 Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled My View on Terrorist Activities in Some Countries in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines: 恐怖活动日益猖獗的表现; 分析其猖獗的原因; 各国政府应采取的有效措施; 你对我国政府所采取措施的态度或看法.,2003 年武汉大学博士研究生 Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled Looking Forward to the New Reform of College English in China in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines: 有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了; 有些人认为大学英语教师虽然面临挑战，但不可或缺; 我对中国大学英语教学改革的看法与建议.,2002 年武汉大学博士研究生 Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled Pressures on Modern Man in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines: 现代人会遇到各种各样的压力; 压力的来源; 如何减轻自己的压力,应试方法,高分作文四大策略: 1.内容简单化; 2.结构模式化; 3.语言要包装; 4.考前要强化。,三段式提纲模式,提纲模式通常由四种基本的段落组成：说明原因的段落；阐述主题的段 落；提出解决方法的段落；对比观点的段落。当然，并不是每篇文章都有这些段 落，而是由这些段落形成不同的组合。如： 第一种组合： （第一段） 罗列现状 （第二段） 说明原因 （第三段） 提出建议 范例： 。 第二种组合： （第一段） 说明原因 （第二段） 分析原因 （第三段） 解决方法 范例： 。 第三种组合： （第一段） 说明原因 （第二段） 阐明观点 （第三段） 联系实际,作文模板,根据各类应试作文的题材来看,按照内容大致上可以划分为几个主要的方面.在每一个领域里,题目不相同的文章都有许多共同点,文章与文章之间可以相互借鉴. 模仿润色修改后,短文的篇章套路，可举一反三，照葫芦画瓢，甚至只消更换一些词语，就可轻而易举地写出其他内容的短文。例如：,My View on Fate There is no consensus of opinion among people as to face fate. Some people believe that everyone is born to a certain fate that he can not change, while some other people argue that every man is the master of his own life