职称英语(理工类.doc

光盘资料第一部分 考纲解读一、概述总述：全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试是由人事部组织实施的一项国家级外语考试。 综合类理工类专业类别卫生类注：三类考试的共同点和不同点：每个级别的试卷内容，除综合类外，普通英语和专业英语题目各占50%。对于类别的区分意义不大，原则上考生报综合、理工、卫生的任何一类都是可以的，考生可结合自身情况及单位规定进行报考。在正式考试中，50%的题都是一样的。A级B级等级C级总分：100分考试时间：120分钟注：参加考试的考生允许带一本普通的英语字典进入考场。建议参加C级和B级考试的考生可以使用牛津英汉双解词典（中级），参加A级考试的考生适用牛津英汉双解词典（高级），还可以同时考虑准备一本牛津英语同义词词典。二、评价目标总目标：A级B级C级2小时内3000词2200词2600词能正确理解所读材料的内容要求：（一）词汇量词汇量A级C级B级6000词和短语5000词和短语4000词和短语注：可以主要掌握2000个左右的核心单词和短语结构。实际考试中出现的超纲词一般都会给出中文注释。（二）语法知识语法知识句子的基本语序及其意义时、体的形式及其意义句子的结构和常用句型从句的构成及其意义句子中词语的所指、省略、替代、重复，以及句子之间的意义关系注：不直接考查语法，对基本语法的考查融入到各类考题中，进行间接考查。（三）阅读理解能力阅读能力主旨和大意猜测词汇和短语的意义理解句子和上下文之间的意义关系判断和推论事实和细节作者的观点和意图 三、考试内容与试卷结构总述：A、B、C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难以程度不同。 考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。阅读理解45%概括大意与完成句子8%阅读判断7%词汇选项15%完形填空15%补全短文10%试卷结构及考查目的（总题量65题，满分100分）题型材料类型答题要求考查目的题量分值第一部分词汇选项（四选一）15个句子给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。在一定语境下理解单词或短语的意义。1515第二部分阅读判断（三选一）1篇短文（300450词）给出7句话，要求应试者根据文章内容做出判断（正、误、没有直接或间接提到）。识别和判断文章信息。77第三部分概括大意与完成句子(选择搭配)1篇短文（300450词）分两部分：1.概况大意（6选4）；2.完成句子（6选4）。抓大意，掌握细节。88第四部分阅读理解（四选一）3篇短文（各300450词）每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项，要求应试者从中选择1个最佳答案。抓主旨，掌握细节，做出判断。1545第五部分补全短文（选择搭配）1篇短文（300450词）短文中有5处空白，要求应试者通读短文并将移出的部分重新放回短文的相应位置（6选5）。把握文章结构、作者思路。510第六部分完形填空（四选一）1篇短文（300450词）短文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，要求应试者从中选出1个最佳答案。正确理解文章内容。1515注：A级考题中每篇文章长度为350450词左右；B级考题中每篇文章长度为300450词左右；C级考题中每篇文章长度为250400词左右。四、命题原则（一）合理安排测试项目的层次结构。（二）合理安排测试项目的难度结构。五、答题及计分方法答题：1. 均采用客观性试题；2. 在答题卡上作答；3. 每题只选择一个答案；计分方法：只计算答对题的数目，答错不倒扣分。第二部分 答题技巧一、词汇选项1. 题型及命题方式题型：给出15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，要求应试者从所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。命题方式： 命题方式主要考查次要考查对大纲指定的词汇的认知，包括动词、形容词、名词、副词及短语。1.构词法2.同义词、近义词辨析3.易混淆词汇辨异4.借助语境判断划线词/短语含义的能力5.借助划线词/短语的前后搭配推测划线词/短语含义的能力2. 做题技巧构词法合成法派生法转换法两个或两个以上的词一起出现，合成一个新词的方法。在一个词干（或词根）前或后加上一个词级（前缀或后缀）以构成一个新词的方法。不给单词添加任何前后缀，使单词从一种词性变为另一种词性的方法。afternoon= after+noonbi “两个”：bicycle 两轮车/自行车book(n.书) book (v. 预定) 1）借助单词构词法记忆单词2）借助单词读音与拼写之间的关系记忆单词英语单词中的一些字面组合有其通常对应的读音，因此通过记住单词的读音也就能“联想”起该单词的字母组合形式，借助单词的读音记忆单词是学习和记忆单词的基本方法。元音字母组合：ai/ei/ wait paint oo /u/ book foot good辅音组合：tr/tr/ tree train truck dr /dr/ dress drive3）联想记忆法记忆英语单词时展开联想，使某一英语单词的拼写，读音或词义与你所熟悉的生活经历，你的知识或与你已经掌握的其他单词发生关系，从而形成对单词的形象记忆，如：man （男人）woman (女人)联想：妇女除了上班以外，还得做家务，所以妇女要做的工作比男人要做的工作多，因此需要在man的前面再加上wo(rk)。对比：adapt （使适应，改编）/ adopt （采用，收养）这两个单词的拼写的差别在第3个字母上，adapt的第三个字母是a, adopt 的第3个字母是o。联想：要“适应”一个新的环境，需要从头做起，a 这个排列在字母表中的第一个字母就是英语字母的“头”，所以“使适应，改编”所对应的单词拼写应该是adapt；“采用，收养”应该是adopt。3. 实例验证理工类2007年B级考题They have the capability to destroy the enemy in a few days.A. possibility B. necessity C. ability D. probability解析：被选项A和 D互为近义词，都可以表示“可能性”，因此首先排除掉。划线词是派生词：capabl(e)（能干的，有可能的）+ity（性质），词义为“（实际）能力，容量”， Necessity【necess(ary)+ity（性质）】是“必要性，必需品”。 因此C（能力）是答案。二、阅读判断1. 题型及命题方式题型：给出一篇300450词的短文，短文后列出7个句子（以下称判断句），有的句子提供的是正确的信息，有的句子提供的是错误的信息，有的句子提供的信息在原文中并未直接或间接提及，要求应试者根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。命题方式：阅读判断题考查应试者判断识别文章所提供的信息的能力，其中既包括文章中明示的信息，也包括需要考生推断的隐含信息。该题主要考核应试者的细节信息的查找与确认能力、推断能力、上下文意义关系理解能力、近义结构识别能力、主旨大意概括能力。2. 做题技巧第一、阅读判断句，确定句子中的关键词，然后寻找关键词在文章中所在的句子及段落。第二、判断，阅读理解分析后确定正确答案。3. 实例验证理工类2007年C、B级考题（Black Holes）判断句为：Black holes are part of space. 解析：关键词为a part of the space (太空的一部分)。依据此关键词，可在文中第一段找到相关语句：A black hole in the universe is not a solid object, like a planet, but it is shaped like a sphere (在宇宙中，黑洞并不是像行星一样实心的固体，而是像球体一样)。由此可以看出，黑洞不是独立存在的一个实心结构的行星，而是宇宙太空的一部分。由此作为判断的依据，故此题为“正确”的。三、概况大意与完成句子1. 题型及命题方式题型：本部分为一篇300450词的短文，有两项测试任务：(1)短文后有6个段落小标题，要求应试者根据文章的内容为其中指定的4个段落各选择一个正确的小标题；(2)短文后有4个不完整的句子，要求应试者在所提供的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子。不同于传统的阅读理解简答题，这两种题型都不需要考生写出问题的答案，而是给出了几个选项，让考生从中选择搭配。命题方式：该题型的考查目的是抓大意、掌握细节，从宏观和微观两个角度全面考查阅读技能。其中概括大意主要考查考生归纳段落主题思想的能力；完成句子主要考查考生掌握短文细节内容的能力。考生在解答这类题目时，既要学会抓住中心大意，找出关键词，又要能够运用多种阅读技巧，把握文章的重要事实和细节。2. 做题技巧（1）概括大意解题技巧A. 找段落主题句 B. 确立小标题（2）完成句子解题技巧A. 找出题目中的关键词，定位到原文中具体段落B. 快速阅读选定段落，确定正确答案3. 实例验证（1）概括大意理工类2008年C级（What Do Dreams Tell Us）第二段： We certainly do not now believe that dreams foretell the future. Most scientists believe that dreams are based on events in our own life and on our feelings. The events are usually very recent, mostly within the last two days. Our emotions, on the other hand，our wishes，hopes and fears, may go back many years, even to early childhood. 第二段的第一句为主题句，意为：我们现在不相信梦能预测未来，E项Dreams cannot foretell the future（梦不能预测未来）与主题句意思吻合，故选E。（2）完成句子第一段：Why do we dream? Do dreams have meanings? These are questions which have troubled man for thousands of years. The oldest surviving book on the interpretation of dreams is Egyptian and is nearly 4,000 years old. In ancient Greece，it was thought that people who were ill could be cured by telling their dreams. They would relate their dreams to their doctors who would tell them what they meant, and then give them medicine to make them well. The ancient Chinese believed that if a pregnant woman dreamed of a bear，she would have a son, and if she dreamed of a snake，she would have a daughter. There are many stories about dreams foretelling（预言）the future. 27. The ancient Greeks believed that their could be cured by telling their dreams. 解析：关键词是ill。然后找到关键词所在的句子或段落，即：“在古希腊，人们认为生病的人可以通过讲述他们所作的梦而治愈”， E项中的“diseases（疾病）”与原句意思相符，故选E四、阅读理解1. 题型及命题方式题型：本部分为三篇300450词的短文，每篇文章后有5道题，要求应试者根据文章的内容，从每道题所给的4个选项中选出1个最佳答案。文章题材广泛，包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，所涉及的背景知识学生一般都可以理解。文章体裁多样，包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等，语言难度及词汇量符合大纲规定的范围，对于超纲的词汇均会标出汉语意思。命题方式：考查应试者对文章主旨和细节信息的理解能力。考核题型常设计为文章主旨题、事实细节题、推理判断题、归纳总结题和猜测词义题。2. 做题技巧（1）掌握文章的主旨和大意（2）了解阐述主旨的事实和细节（3）根据上下文判断某些词汇和短语的意义（4）理解个别句子的意义以及上下文的逻辑关系（5）对文章进行判断、推理和引申，领会作者观点和意图3. 实例验证理工类2007年C级（Motoring Technology）1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.31.To reduce car crash rate,many scientists are working hard toA.design fully automatic cars.B.develop faster electric vehicles.C.analyze road deaths occurring worldwide each year.D.improve the safety of cars and develop new fuels.解析：31. D 题意：为了降低撞车率，许多科学家正努力提高车的安全性和开发新燃料。第一段第二句提到“为了降低撞车率，现在很多研究都把注意力集中在安全性和新燃料上”，故选D。要做好上面这道题，考生需了解阐述主旨的事实和细节，即文中划线部分。五、补全短文1. 题型及命题方式题型：补全短文为一篇300450词的短语，文中有5处空白，文章后面有6组句子，其中5组取自文章自身。要求应试者根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其放回相应位置，以恢复文章原貌。命题方式：补全短文题旨在考查应试者把握文章结构、掌握作者思路的能力，分析判断能力和阅读理解能力。这种题型对应试者的阅读能力很高，同时也注重对基础知识，如句法和词汇知识的考查。应试者要能够从宏观的角度把握文章的内容和结构，在具体段落中搞清文章的前后逻辑关系，从语篇的角度搞清楚文章的脉络，吃透文章的意思，运用常见的语篇衔接手段补全语句。2. 做题技巧应试者在做补全对话时可以遵循以下步骤：(1) 先看空格处两端的邻居，判断该空格处需要什么样的语法结构，从而借助搭配结构从语法上筛选答案。(2) 再看空格处两端的邻居（主要是空格前的邻居），从而借助语义筛选答案。(3) 有必要时，再看全句，甚至周围的句群的语义。做到以上几点，就要求应试者首先要通读全文，掌握文章的中心思想，了解文章的大概内容。并且了解每道题的测试目的，也就是了解该题要考词汇，句法还是逻辑，常识。确定解题重点。回答完毕时，应再次通读全文，查错补漏。3. 实例验证理工类2008年C级（Canada Ikea: What a Great Place to Shop）There are many different stores that people go to in order to buy various household goods. _(56) The Canada Ikea is not confined to one city alone in that country. Instead you will find there are many different branches spread out in many different localities.E. One such store that you can find in many different countries including that of Canada is that of the Ikea(宜家) chain of stores. 解析：56. E 句意：在包括加拿大在内的许多不同国家，宜家就是这样一个连锁家具店。空白处前一句话提到，人们买家具需要去不同的商店，空白处后面的内容是关于加拿大宜家的具体情况，由此可推断空白处是一个介绍宜家家具店的句子，故选E。六、完形填空1. 题型及命题方式题型：完形填空为一篇300450词的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给了4个选项，要求应试者根据根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。命题原则：考查考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解基础上对篇章结构、语法和词汇知识的运用能力。2. 做题技巧（1）细读标题和首句，推测全文（2）通读全文，把握大意（3）逐题斟酌，初选答案（4）重读原文，核对答案3. 实例验证理工类2007年C级（An Intelligent Car）Driving needs sharp eyes,keen ears,quick brain,and coordination（协调）between hands and the brain. Many human drivers have all _（51）and can control a fast-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself? h51. A. these B. them C. t is D. that51. A 本题考查指示代词。第一段第一句中提到 sharp eyes, keen ears等，故应该用指示代词的复数形式these, 而this, that是单数形式，不能选C、D项。all them不符合英语表达习惯，也不能选B项，故选A。第三部分 冲刺模拟2013年职称英语等级考试模拟题一（理工类C级）第1部分：词汇选项(第115题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。1. I have been trying to quit smoking.A. give up B. pick up C. build up D. take up2. Relief workers were shocked by what they saw.A. moved B. touched C. surprised D. worried3. The weather is a constant subject of conversation in Britain.A. question B. problem C. title D. topic4. This is not typical of English, but is a feature of the Chinese language.A. particular B. characteristic C. remarkable D. idiomatic5. It is virtually impossible to persuade him to apply for the job.A. simply B. almost C. totally D. completely6. These are defensive behavior patterns which derive from our fears.A. stem B. rely C. develop D. grow7. Only a small minority of the mentally ill are liable to harm themselves or others.A. easy B. possible C. likely D. difficult8. They have the capability to destroy the enemy in a few days.A. possibility B. necessity C. ability D. probability9. We have never seen such gorgeous hills.A. beautiful B. stretching C. spreading D. rolling10. The leaves have been swept into huge heaps.A. loads B. layers C. pyramids D. piles11. The news will horrify everyone.A. attract B. terrify C. tempt D. excite12. The article sketched the major events of the decade.A. described B. offered C. outlined D. presented13. I wont tolerate that kind of behavior.A. bear B. receive C. admit D. take14. Their style of playing football is utterly different.A. barely B. scarcely C. hardly D. totally15. Her sister urged her to apply for the job.A. advised B. caused C. forced D. promised第2部分：阅读判断(第1622题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Irish Dolphins May Have a Unique Dialect Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other. The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation (SDWF) has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed near the River Shannon. As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1, 882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories. Of the categories, he found most were used by both sets of dolphins but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins. “We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves,” project leader Simon Berrow said. “Essentially we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make.” Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. “They do a whole range of other sound like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot,” he said. “The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.” “When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason as the sperm whales.” Borrow said. References in local legend indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century. They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannon ferry and an estimated 25, 000 tourists every year take special sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them. 16. The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF scientists. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17. Ronan Hickey analysed almost 2,000 different dialects of the bottle-nose dolphins. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 18. Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 21. As early as the 6th century, Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. Irish dolphins attract tourists and over 25, 000 people come to see them every year. A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第2330题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为第14段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第2730题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Washoe Learned American Sign Language An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language. Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoes progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, “Who is coming to play?” Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed. However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoes keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive. Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time. Debate continues about chimps understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sureWashoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.23. Paragraph 1 24. Paragraph 2 25. Paragraph 3 26. Paragraph 4 A. Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research NowadaysB. Report about Washoes Progress in Learning Sign Language C. General Information about WashoeD. The Gardeners Contributions RecognizedE. Debate on Chimps Intelligence F. Washoes Love for Three Young Chimps27. Washoe could make signs to communicate . 28. Some scientists doubted .29. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language . 30. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent .A. if the Gardeners argument was sound B. because she was cleverer than other chimps C. when she wanted to eat D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg E . because she could use sign language to ask for fruits F. while Washoe was learning sign language第4部分：阅读理解(第3145题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇Food Fright Experiments under way in several labs aim to create beneficial types of genetically modified (GM) foods, including starchier potatoes and caffeine-free coffee beans. Genetic engineers are even trying to transfer genes from a cold-water fish to make a frost-resistant tomato. A low-sugar GM strawberry now in the works might one day allow people with health problems such as diabetes to enjoy the little delicious red fruits again. GM beans and grains supercharged with protein might help people at risk of developing kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor, a disease caused by severe lack of protein, is common in parts of the world where there are severe food shortages. Commenting on GM foods, Jonathon Jones, a British researcher, said. “The future benefits will be enormous, and the best is yet to come.” To some people, GM foods are no different from unmodified foods. “A tomato is a tomato,” said Brian Sansoni, an American food manufacturer. Critics of GM foods challenge Sansonis opinion. They worry about the harm that GM crops might do to people, other animals, and plants. In a recent lab study conducted at Cornell University, scientists tested pollen made by Bt corn, which makes up one-fourth of the U. S. corn crop. The scientist sprinkled the pollen onto milkweed, a plant that makes a milky juice and is the only known food source of the monarch butterfly caterpillar. Wit