动词的时态和语态(一).doc

动词的时态和语态一.如何应对动词时态和语态的考查动词时态和语态的考查往往结合在一起。解题时，应当要结合时间状语或上下文提示，分析题干句子的语境，确定正确的时态。涉及语态的问题应考虑是不是主动表被动的情况。 (2010湖南) This coastal area _ a national wildlife reserve last year. A. was named B. named C. is named D. names 动词时态1一般现在时(动词用原形或第三人称单数)(1)The geography teacher told us the earth moved around the sun. 改错(2) We always care for each other and help each other.(3) All the students here is belonging to No.1 Middle School. 改错(4) The shop will close at 11：00 pm. 改错(5) The harder you study, the better results you will get.(6) See to it that you are not late again.规则1：表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)，如：(1)中的“move”。规则2：表示现状、性质、状态时，多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作时，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用，如：(2)。规则3：表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等常用一般现在时，如：(3)。规则4：少数用于表示起止动作的瞬间动词，如：come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop用一般现在时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，如：(4)。规则5：在the morethe more句型中，前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，如：(5)。规则6：在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时，如：(6)。【注意】在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。2. 一般过去时(动词用过去式：v.ed或不规则变化)(1) I met her in the street yesterday. I think the film would be interesting, but it isnt. 改错 (thinkthought)(2) He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 规则1：一般过去时，表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；如(1)中的met。用于表达过去的习惯，表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事，如：(1)。规则2：如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式，如：(2)。3. 一般将来时(1) Well die without air or water.(2) Its said that he is coming this afternoon. (3) Youve left the light on. Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off.(4)Work hard, and you will pass the exam.(5)A meeting is to be held at 3：00 this afternoon.规则1：表示未来的动作或状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等。规则2：表示一种趋向或习惯动作。如：(1)。规则3：表示趋向行为的动词，如：come，go，start，begin，leave等，常用进行时的形式表示将来时，如：(2)。【注意】 be going to与will, shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：(1)shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定，如：(3)。2) 在祈使句and/or陈述句句型中，陈述句中只能用will /情态动词动词原形，如：(4)。(3) be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；be going to不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。be going to 还表示有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。If it is fine, well go fishing.()If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.()The dark clouds are gathering. Theres going to be a storm.(4) be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等，如：(5)。(5) be about to do sth.表示“即将，就要”，在时间上指最近的将来，后面不能接时间状语。4现在进行时 (am/is/arev.ing)(1) He is teaching English and learning Chinese. (2) The girl is always talking loud in public.规则1：表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作或表示现阶段或近期某特定的安排或计划，如：1)。规则2：与always, often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩，如：(2)。【注意】 一般情况下，下面4类动词不宜用现在进行时1)表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(2) 表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。(3) 表示瞬时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(4) 表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。5现在完成时(has/havev.ed)(1) Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years.(2)I have kept the computer for a year.(3) Dont get off the bus until it stop. 改错(stophas stopped)规则1：表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since时间点，for时间段及介词短语：during / in / over the last (past) few years (months, weeks), in recent years等连用，如：(1)。规则2：表示到现在为止已完成的动作，强调结果对现在造成的影响。规则3：非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时态，在肯定句中不能与for 或since 等引导的段时间连用，要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。但其否定式可与这类时间状语连用，如：(2)。 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：(1)虽然动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。I have closed the door. (强调现在门还是关着的)I closed the door. (强调过去曾发生关门的动作)2) 下列句型中常用现在完成时： It is (has been) 一段时间 since从句 This(That / It)is the first(second)time that现在完成时 This(That / It)is the onlythat现在完成时 This(That / It)is the best / finest / most interesting that现在完成时。(3)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时，如：(3)。6过去完成时(had ved)(1) By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.(2) When Jack arrived, Mary had_been_away(离开) for almost an hour.(3) I had_hoped_to_send_him(本打算送给他的) a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so.(4)He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.5)We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. No_sooner_had we been_seated than the bus started.(6) After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.(7)It was the second time that he had been out with her.(8) We arrived earlier than we had expected.规则1：在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”，如：(1)。规则2：表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”，如：(2)。规则3：表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expectedto do或用上述动词的过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned to have done，如：(3)。【注意】(1)“时间名词 before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时，如：(4)。(2) 表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly/scarcelywhen (before)No soonerthan如：(5)。3) 在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时，如：(6)。(4) It/That/This was the first(second, third)time that (从句中用过去完成时态)，如：(7)。(5) than sb. had thought/expected/hoped/wanted，如：(8)。7. 过去将来时(would do, was / were going to do) (1) I said I would arrange everything.(2) I was about to leave when the telephone rang.规则：过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情，如：(1)。【注意】(1) was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来， was/were about to do sth.常与when搭配，如：(2)。(2)come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。8. 过去进行时(was/were v.ing)(1) During the summer of 2010 she was traveling in Europe.(2) I met Diana while I was shopping this morning.(3) I was wondering if you could give me a lift.规则1：过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生，如：(1)。规则2：某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，常用于由while引导的时间状语从句中，如：(2)。规则3：过去进行时可以表示委婉语气，如：(3)。被动语态(1)His wallet got stolen on the bus to the office. (2) Street lights are often turned on at six in winter. (3) This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.(4) The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.Some advice _was_given_to_ the pupils by the pianist.(5)The boss made them work ten hours a day._They_were_made_to_work_ ten hours a day by the boss.(6) Paper is known to have been first made in China.It is known that paper was first made in China. (7)These books _are_going_to_be_posted_(post) tomorrow.(8) We havent been invited to the party.(9)The problem is being discussed by the students.(10)Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.(11)These novels wont sell well.12)The house requires _cleaning_(clean) at once. (13)The girl isnt easy to get along with.(14)He is seated on a bench.He _seats_(seat) himself on a bench.(15)He was hidden behind the door. He hid himself behind the door.(16)The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动语态)The book is well sold. (系表结构)构成：助动词be/get及物动词的过去分词。用法：(1)动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态，如：(2)。(2) 当强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态，如：(3)。【注意】(1) 带双宾语动词的被动语态，若将间接宾语变为被动语态中的主语，直接宾语则保留不变；若将直接宾语变为被动语态中的主语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for，如：(4)。2) 动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，动词不定式不带to；但他们变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to，如：(5)。(3) 当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report, suggest, think等时，被动语态有两种形式： 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。 用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面，用主语从句来表示，如：(6)。被动语态的时态：(1)一般现在时 助动词am/is/are 动词的过去分词，如：(2)、(3)。(2) 一般过去时助动词was/were 动词的过去分词，如：(4)。(3) 一般将来时 will 或be going to be 动词的过去分词，如：(7)。(4) 现在完成时 助动词have/has been 动词的过去分词，如：(8)。5) 现在进行时be being 动词的过去分词，如：(9)。(6) 带有情态动词的被动语态情态动词 be 动