考研英语长句翻译.doc

句子一：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for., and thus do not tell.2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances第三、词的处理：hey 指示代词，测试compensate for 弥补gross social inequality 明显的社会不公and thus 因此ell 说明underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下参考译文：例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。句子二：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted.第二、句子主干结构是：1)How well.引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon.and on.3) the information used是名词+过去分词作定语4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information第三、词的处理：be validated by 为所证实depends upon 取决于reliability 可靠性appropriateness 适应性interpreted 解释参考译文：这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。句子三：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use., or both.引导主语从句，depends是句子谓语，upon. and upon.是并列结构的双宾语。第三、词的处理：Whether to., or 是还是both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of informationin a particular situation 在某一特定情况下therefore 因此the evidence from experience 经验依据concerning 与有关的comparative validity 相对效度such factors as. 诸如等因素参考译文：因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。句子四：Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that.2)that引导的是宾语从句3)as part of.是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。第三、词的处理：argue 论证a social contract 社会契约as part of 作为(是)的一部分entitlements 利益，权利参考译文：有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。句子五：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.第二、句子的结构是：1)it invites you to think that.后面是宾语从句。2) animals should be treated either with., or with.要么要么，是表示选择的方式状语。3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。第三、词的处理：leads .to extremes 引向极端at the outset 从一开始invites you to think 使人们认为consideration 关切，体谅humans extend to other humans 人对待人参考译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。1. It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.译文：即使我们适应了打电话这种看不见对方的交谈方式，这种看不见也触摸不到对方的对话还是让人感到很不自在。2. To American, being on oness own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.译文：对美国人来说，个人的自立就是指这个人在集体中完全独立并且又能发挥作用。他有能力而且也愿意作出自己的选择。3. In their hearts, women think it is mens business to earn money and theirs to spend itif possible during their hunsbands live, but, at any rate, after his death.译文：女人们从心底认为：挣钱是男人的事情，女人只管话花钱可能的话丈夫在世时就花;不行的话，那就在丈夫去世后再花。4.I can accept this fact because I know that if I wasnt able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either.译文：我可以接受这个事实，因为我明白如果我都不能避免出错，那么其他的外科大夫出错也就难免了。5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.and have.译文：凭借坚强的意志，人类能够移山填海。而事实上人类已经做到。6.The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died.译文：战争终于结束，但却是在千万人在战争中丧生之后才结束。1. Scientists have found that although we are prone tosnapoverreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses. (2013. 阅读. Text 3)【译文】科学家已经发现：虽然我们易于快速地做出过度反应，但是如果我们花点时间考虑一下我们可能做出的反应，就可以减少甚至是消除我们快速、本能的反应所带来的消极影响。【析句】多重复合句，主句为Scientists have found, 余下的句子整体上属于that引导的宾语从句。从句的主句为we can reduce or eliminate.responses, 前面是两个从句，although引导让步状语从句，if引导条件状语从句。2. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely familyfriendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europes top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. (2013. 阅读. Text 4)【译文】企业的职场尤其如此，如果女性不参与高层决策，企业职场将永远不会彻底地为家庭着想，并且绝大多数的欧洲顶级企业管理职位仍然是被男性所占据。【析句】本复合句的主干有and连接两个并列的句子，前句为the corporate workplace will never be.,until women are part of senior management decisions作时间状语从句；后句为Europes top corporate-goverance positions remain male简单句。3. Quotas get action: they open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling, according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions. (2013. 阅读. Text 4)【译文】定额让人们采取行动，按照雷丁的说法，它们“开辟了平等之路，突破了玻璃天花板的限制（注：玻璃天花板是指企业里下层员工的天花板和上层员工的地板，象征企业里限制女性、少数民族等体群难以晋升到高级职位的障碍）”。法国和其他的一些国家制定了具有法律约束力的条款要求让女性进入企业高级职位，这些国家已经看到了上面提到的结果。【析句】引号内是Quotas get action的具体内容。引号内复合句的主干为the open the way.and they break through the glass ceiling，a result seen in France and other countries为同位语，其中过去分词seen作定语，最后，with legally binding provisions.是with伴随结构1. Davidsons article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker. (2013. 阅读. Text 1)【译文】近来发表的若干类似戴维森所写的文章，它们都表明了这样一种看法：之所以失业人数居高难下和中产阶级收入持续下降，原因是全球化与信息技术革命已经取得了诸多进步，使得机器和国外员工在取代本国劳动力方面比以往任何时候都要迅速。【析句】多重复合句。主句为Davidsons article is one of.pieces,紧跟其后的that have recently appeared作定语从句修饰pieces，定语从句中，making the point是动名词起定语作用，后面是that引导的同位语从句，对the point的进一步解释说明，that同位语从句的主句为the reason is because of.revolution,reason后we have such.incomes作原因状语从句，最后which are more rapidly.是非限制定语从句。2. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment. (2013. 阅读. Text 1)【译文】因此，每个人都需要找到自己独特的价值，做出独特的贡献，从而在职场中脱颖而出。【析句】本复合句的主句为everyone needs to find.value contribution, 后面紧跟的是that引导的定语从句makes them stand out in., 而whatever istheir field of employment为宾语从句。3. In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education. (2013. 阅读. Text 1)【译文】生活在彻底告别平庸的世界中，我们需要采取诸多措施来扶持就业，但其中最重要的是通过21世纪的“士兵教育促就业法案（于1944年通过）”，以确保每个美国人都有机会接受“后高中”教育。【析句】多重复合句，主干由but引导两个成转折关系的句子组成，前句主句为there be结构，we need to do作many things的定语从句，时间状语in a world后也包含where引导的定语从句；后句中，主句为nothing would be more important than.,主句中又包含定语从句that ensures修饰G.I. Bill，ensures后则是that引导的宾语从句。1. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become lessmaterialisticand more financiallywprudent/w; they were more aware of the struggles of others. (2012. 阅读. Text 4)【译文】很多人认为，尽管失业令人十分痛苦，但也在某种程度上改善了他们的生活：他们不再那么物质化，花钱不再大手大脚，对他人的煎熬也更加感同身受。【析句】主句Many said,重点在that宾语从句上，即说话的内容。从句共有三个分句，第一句unemployment had improved them in some ways,while extremely painful作让步状语从句，省略了it is;第二、三句都为简单句。2. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economicstagnationor decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. (2012. 阅读. Text 4)【译文】经济历史学家Benjamin Friedman在经济增长的道德结果一书中，他认为不管美国还是其它国家，长期经济滞后或下跌总是使得社会人民更加小心眼，不能全面看问题，经常使得人权和自由的停滞不前或者倒退。【析句】多重复合句，主句the economic historian argues与上例相似，重点都在that宾语从句上。从句主干为lenthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have left society more mean-spririted and less.,and have stopped or reversed.,有多个and、or等连词，连接形容词或动词，非从句，因此无较大难度。3. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind. (2012. 阅读. Text 4)【译文】哥伦比亚大学经济学家Till Von Wachter的研究表示，不是所有人一毕业就进入萧条，就看到自己的人生机会渺茫：从精英大学毕业的人会快速赶上他本该拥有的职位；落后的人不是别人正是他们底下的普通大众。【析句】主句The research of Till suggests为简单句，例句3的重点同在that宾语从句中。从句主句为not all people see their life chances dimmed,修饰people的graduating into a recession是动名词作定语，相当于who graduate。冒号后对前句进行进一步解释说明，有两个分句。前句主干为those catch up to where they would have been if they had graduated in better times，if引导条件状语从句，而where引导宾语从句从属于主句；后句为简单句。1. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision， ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genes that help forecast a womans risk of breast cancer. (2012. 阅读. Text 3)【译文】联邦上诉法院推翻了前面的判决，认为Myriad Genetics的确可以持有的两个帮助预测女性乳腺癌的基因专利。【析句】多重复合句，主句为A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision,ruling that.为动名词引导定语从句，定语从句Myriad Genetics could holb patents to two genes中又包含that引导的定语从句修饰two genes.2. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case， arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature. than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”(2012. 阅读. Text 3)【译文】十月，司法部在Myriad案中发表声明，单个DNA分子和从棉籽上分离出来的棉纤维一样，都是自然的产物。【析句】多重复合句，与例句1结构相似，都是主句后动名词引导定语从句arguing that.，定语从句中，主句为an isolated DNA molecule is no less.than.，注意than后为倒装结构。that have been separated from cotton seeds作定语从句修饰cotton fibres。3. Firms are now studying how genes interact,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drugs efficacy. (2012. 阅读. Text 3)【译文】公司正在研究基因是如何相互作用的，基因的相关性可以用来判断疾病的起因或者预测药物的功效。【析句】主句为Firms are studying.,looking for.两个具有顺承关系的动词studying和looking for。studying后how genes interact作宾语从句，而looking for correlations后that引导定语从句修饰relations.1. It is not that pink isintrinsicallybad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls identity to appearance. (2012. 阅读. Text 2)【译文】不是粉红本来不好，但是它是彩虹的一小份而已。虽然从某个程度上来说有助于烘托女孩，但它也会不断融化女孩们的特征。【析句】从句子的内容看，可将复合句分为前后两部分，前半句It is not that+表语从句 but.,前后两部分由and连接，后半句主句为it also fuses girls.,还有though引导的让步状语从句。2. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them.(2012. 阅读. Text 2)【译文】20世纪初期前的孩子们原来根本不分颜色：在家用洗衣机问世之前的时代里，所有的婴儿都穿白色，因为要让衣服干净的唯一方法是煮沸衣服。【析句】主句为Children were not.century，冒号后的内容是对主句的进一步解释说明，由主句all babies wore white.和since引导原因状语从句组成。3. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant childrens marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.(2012. 阅读. Text 2)【译文】直到80年代中期，年龄增大和两性差别成为幼儿用品市场的主要销售战略时，粉色才开始受到女孩的青睐，成为定义女性特征的一部分，至少在起初的那几个关键年份女孩们都这样。【析句】多重复合句，句子主干为Iit was not until.that，短语not until的强调句句型，it was.that可省略，即not unti the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became.strategy, pink fully came into its own,when it began to.girls, part of what.。由此可见，真正的主句是pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem attractive to girls作定语从句修饰前面整句话。再看not until引导某个时间，后面也跟有when引导的定语从句修饰the mid-1980s1. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a students academic grade. (2012. 阅读. Text 1)【译文】不幸的是，洛杉矶学区通过了一项不可变更的政策：除了高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不可以超过10%。【析句】多重复合句，主句为L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy,which mandates作policy的定语从句，mandates后是that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句中主句为homework may no longer count for.,with the exception of .是介词短语作伴随。2. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children. (2012. 阅读. Text 1)【译文】但如果该学区因为学生家庭复杂而不做家庭作业就给他通过的话，那么这就意味着对于贫穷孩子，标准要降低。【析句】多重复合句，主干包括主句和if引导的条件状语从句。主句为it is going riskily close to the implication,that standard need to be lowered.是implication的同位语从句；if引导条件状语从句中，又包括who do not do their homework作students的定语从句。3. The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. (2012. 阅读. Text 1)【译文】学校董事会是教育政策的制定者，在它调查此事并进行公众意见听证会的时候，家庭作业的规则应该暂停实施。【析句】The homework rules should be put on hold是主句，while引导时间状语从句，逗号后，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰逗号前的整句话，定语从句中有三个并列的动词，is responsible，looks into.和conducts。1. Markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation. (2011. 阅读. Text 4)【译文】人们曾相信，欧元区经济体，无论弱国或强国，只要本着使用统一货币的原则，就能避免了那些缺乏竞争力的国家采取货币贬值这一权宜之计，就能有朝一日实现统一。如今市场已经丧失了这种信念。【析句】多重复合句，主句为Markets have lost faith,faith后紧跟that引导宾语从句，从句的主句是the euro zones economies will converge thanks to.，逗号后是which引导定语从句修饰the discipline of.。注意，从句中的weaker or stronger作插入语，而thanks to是介词结构。2. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference. (2011. 阅读. Text 4)【译文】德国主张经济合作应该包括所有27个欧盟成员国。但欧盟中有一半多一点的国家信奉自由市场主义和严格的经济政策。就欧盟核心成员国而言，德国担心上述国家会支持法国的干预。【析句】多重复合句，句子的重点放在insists后的宾语从句上。从分号可以看出，从句有两个分句构成，前者的主句为economic co-ordination should involve.the EU club, among whom介词+先行词引导定语从句，whom指代the EU club;第二个分句的主干为German fears a small majority favour.,fears后是省略了that的宾语从句。3. It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies. (2011. 阅读. Text 4)【析句】陷入僵局原因在于，欧元区的两大主导力量法国和德国一致同意有必要在欧元区内实现更大的协调统一，但在对哪些方面进行协调统一这个问题上又存在分歧。【析句】多重复合句，主句很简短It is stuck,重点在because引导原因状语从句，从句的主句为the euro zones dominant powers agree on.but disagree about.。英语句子中，当前后两个动作的主语相同，第二个动作可省略主语，使行文更简洁，衔接更紧凑。1. We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus. (2011. 阅读. Text 3)【译文】我们一般认为二战之后的几十年是繁荣和成长的时期，数以百万计的士兵返回家园，按照军人安置法案去上了大学，并登记结婚。【析句】多重复合句，主句为We tend to think of.as.,immediately following WWII是现在分词作定语修饰decades；with soldiers returning.,going off.and lining up.为伴随结构。2. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.(2011. 阅读.Text 3)【译文】在大萧条和战争期间，美国人早就学会了在空间有限的房子中居住，美国人民的这种自我约束以及战后对未来生活的自信，使得小而有效的房子成为流行趋势。【析句】本复合句由and连接两个具有并列关系的简单句构成，第一句为Americans had learned to live with less.,第二句为that restraint made small.stylish，注意in combination with the postwar.不是主句。3. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig