高中英语非谓语动词详解.doc

非谓语动词一、动词不定式一）、不定式结构作主语To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times. To persevere means victory! 注：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure to be here. It is not an easy thing to master a language. 注：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如： It took us five hours to get there. It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.注：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组” 来表示，如： It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work.注：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如： Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its very nice of you to be so considerate. Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. It was careless of her to make such a mistake. 二）、不定式结构作表语1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如： My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. 注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如： All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram. 三）、不定式结构作动词宾语1“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如： Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock. I didnt expect to find you here.2“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。 疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如： I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not.We must find out what to do next / where to put it.注 ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注 ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合, 即在含有否定意义的带有介词 except 或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，例如： He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing. He will do anything for you except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive. 注意不定式符号的省略问题！ 四）、不定式结构作定语1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如： Its time to go to bed. He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation.2能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如： I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如： He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious.4不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如： He has a large family to support (= that he must support).注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如： She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. Lets first find a room to put the things in.5有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for + 名词词组，如： Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in. 五）、不定式结构作状语不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。1表示目的： They ran over to welcome the delegates. He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother.注：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句)，但也有例外的情况，例如： I stopped for him to speak to me. He opened the door for the children to come in. He brought a porter to carry the boxes / bags. They sent a man to mend the window. He stood up to be seen better.注：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如： He came here in order to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. He went early in order not to miss the train. I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.注：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，如： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. (In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.) To get the best results, use clean water. 2. 表示结果：What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型： so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义： Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.) I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) only too (adv.) 极; 非常; 太;很 有时，不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作，相当于一个并列限定动词词组，这种不定式结构也表示结果，如： She woke early to find it was raining. He got home to learn that his father was ill. 这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点： 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的，相当于一个限定动词词组，如： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. He arrived late and found the others had gone home. 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开。 He left his native country (,) never to return. He returned home (,) to find his father lying sick in bed. 不定式所表示的结果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不愉快的结果”较为常见。（有时也可以表示令人愉快、惊喜的结果），如： He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him. 不定式之前有时可以加上only或but only，以加强语气，如： He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.注：不定式结构表示结果或表示目的，往往形式相似，这时，须根据词汇意义认真加以区别，试比较： He arrived late to find the others had gone home. ( = He arrived late and found the others had gone home.) He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert. ( = He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.) He got to the station only to be told the train had gone. He went to the station to inquire about the times of trains. ( = He went to the station in order to inquire about the times of trains.)3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作） She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us.六）、不定式结构作宾语补足语Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say. He believed the earth to be a globe. Did you see a young man enter the house?1只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词： 表示“希望”“愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。 What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady. 含有“让”“允许”“促使”“致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。 We mustnt let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep. 带有“请求”“恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。 He begged me not to tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.含有“建议”“劝告”等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。 He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.含有“命令”“强迫”“禁止”等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。 He required us to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again.其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。 He promised to teach me to swim. We should train them to make use of reference books. We are waiting for the train to stop.2既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词： see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have; imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set Did you see anyone enter the house? Dont imagine yourself to be always correct. We find him to be dishonest. He set the boys to carry water. Ill leave him to solve the problem for himself.注：有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如： Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to：let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the car. Did you notice him leave the room?feel 一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to；在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，如： He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake? help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 to，如： Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略，如： The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night.不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生例如：Who heard him say that? They invited us to go there this summer. 如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如： Im glad to have seen your mother. (cf. Im glad to see you. )七）、不定式的完成式有下列用法1构成复合谓语，如： He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.) She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)2在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如： You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert. (=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.) Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. (=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.) She was very glad to have done something for the people.3在某些动词后作宾语，如： He pretended not to have seen me. I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.4有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如： It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主语） So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定语） They thought it a pity not to have invited her.（复合宾语）She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （复合宾语） 如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。八）、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法1构成复合谓语，如： They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too.2在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如： We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3在某些动词后作宾语，如： He pretended to be listening attentively.4有时可以作主语或状语，如： I am glad to be working with you. (状语) Its nice of you to be thinking of us. (主语) 九）、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如： They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. She wished to have been training as hard as the others. Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。十）、 不定式的被动形式有下列用法1作主语： It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.2作宾语： She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.3构成复合宾语： He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.4构成复合谓语： The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.5作定语： Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office?6作状语： She was too young to be assigned such work.十一）、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式，在句中作主语、宾语、定语，或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等，如：It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语)）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）The book is said to have been translated into many languages. （复合谓语）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. （定语） 十二）不定式作独立成分。To tell (you) the truth, he doesnt agree with you. To begin with, Beijing is a very beautiful city. 1.We were surprised to hear the news.2. We have to get up early to catch the first train.3. He is considered to be a great scientist.4. To see is to believe.5. I have a lot of words to say.6.Its impossible for him to go alone.7.She promised to make no mistakes at all.8.I find it difficult to understand him.9. To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi.十三）、动词不定式省略to 的情况归纳*1 当动词不定式作宾语补足语时，如动词是 make, let , have 或 look at , see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel 、等，不定式不带to.*2. 在下列结构后 had better, would rather, would ratherthan, cannot but（不得不 ，必然，不能不）, cant help but 等*3. Why. 或 why not 表建议*4. 在介词 but , except 之后，如果其前有 实义动词do 的某种形式，不定式不带to,反之须带to .*5 不定时作表语时，如果解释do的具体内容时，to可以省去。*6 动词help或help+宾语之后，可用带to的不定式，也可用不带to的不定式，但在help+宾语+不定式结构中，如果用不带to的不定式，表示主语参与了不定式所表示的动作；如果用带to的不定式，表示主语没有参与不定时所表示的动作。分 词一、形 式 现在分词： 过去分词只有一种形式。二、 功 能1作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She looked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. Dont get excited.注：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite，有时也可用very much，如： Im very much pleased. Hes very much worried about his health.注：过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。 系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：系表结构：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语； c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。被动结构：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；b. 可以带时 间、方式或 by 短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2作定语： 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如： Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如： Is this the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. He is a man loved by all. I hate to see letters written in pencil. 注：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting being held is very important. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.注：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较： All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如： Those being busy dont have to go. (应改为Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is) 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (应改为which/that died) 3作状语： 现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.注意：a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语之后；e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。 现在分词作状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c），如： Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 现在分词作状语，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注：如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to writ