英语中宾语语法问题精心总结《宾语》和《复合宾语》《巧识复合宾语.doc

欢迎讨论宾语和复合宾语，巧识复合宾语与双宾语，宾语补足语和主语补足语，宾语从句含练习宾语复合宾语 1.宾语是在及物动词或介词后,接受某一动作、方式、状态或性质等具有名词性质的字、短语或从句。He speaks Japanese.他讲日语。专有名词Japanese作宾语。I am good at swimming.我擅长游泳。动名词swimming作介词at的宾语。I dont know the phone number.我不知道电话号码。名词短语the phone number作宾语。She doesnt know me.她不认识我。代词me作宾语。I want to know the answer.我想知道答案。不定式短语to know the answer作宾语。Do you understand what I mean?你明白我的意思吗?名词从句what I mean作宾语。2.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是完全及物动词,后面必须接宾语。He cant speak Chinese.他不会讲中文。speak当完全及物动词,后接宾语Chinese.3.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词,后面除接宾语外,还要接宾语补语。His mother named him Tommy.他的母亲给他起名叫汤米。named是不完全及物动词,后接宾语him句意表达不完整,还要接宾语补语Tommy。4.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词,而后面接的宾语是短语或从句,后再接宾语补语时,必须将作宾语的短语或从句放在宾语补语之后,把it放在它的原来位置,这时it是形式宾语,短语或从句是真正宾语。I think it is wrong to tell lies.我认为撒谎是错误的。it是形式宾语,不定式短语to tell lies是真正宾语,wrong是宾语补语。Did you make it clear why she didnt come?你弄清楚她没有来的原因了吗?it是形式宾语,名词从句why she didnt come是真正宾语,clear是宾语补语。5.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是与格动词,后面要接两个宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语,其中直接宾语是所给与或告知的事物,间接宾语是接受事物的人。直接宾语与间接宾语时常可以互换位置。I bought him a birthday present.我给他买了一件生日礼物。bought是与格动词,后接间接宾语him,再接直接宾语a birthday present。I wrote my friend a letter.I wrote a letter to my friend.我给我的朋友写了一封信。The student asked me a question. (No change)学生问了我一个问题。（无法变化）6.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,因为句意已表达完整。The sun rises in the morning.太阳在早上升起。rises是完全不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,in the morning是副词短语,作修饰语。We are students.我们是学生。are是连系动词,后面不可接宾语,students是主语补语。复合宾语在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语.例如：We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。 这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语 They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席. 这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语. 巧识复合宾语与双宾语同学们对下面两种句型常常混淆： 及物动词+宾语+名词宾补（即复合宾语） 及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（即双宾语） 我们讨论识别这两种结构的方法。请看下面的例子 They made him captain of the ship. She told the children an interestingstory. 在句中，him与captain之间在逻辑上有主语和表语的关系，即“Hewas captain.“句中him为宾语，captain为宾语补足语，两者合称“复合宾语”。 在句中，children与story之间的关系是及物动词与涉及到的人与物之间的关系。一般表示人的(children)为间接宾语，表示物的(story)为直接宾语，两者合称“双宾语”。可以看出，间接宾语与直接宾语在逻辑上没有主语与表语的关系，即不能说：“Thechildren were story”，但可以改写成：“She told an interesting story to thechildren”，即间接宾语可以加介词to（或for）后置，而“复合宾语”不能。 综上所述，识别“复合宾语”和“双宾语”的方法有二： 其一，看宾语与它后面的词在逻辑上的关系，能改写为主语和表语关系的，是“复合宾语”；若不能，只是及物动词所涉及到的人与事物之间的关系，并且表示人的宾语可以加介词后置的，则为双宾语。 其二，英语动词在使用中要符合句型表达习惯。能充当宾语补足语的成分很多，如不定式、分词、形容词、介词结构、名词等。从上面例子可以看出，其中只有名词作宾补时，才有可能引起与“双宾语”结构相混。而能带名词作宾补的动词并不多，中学课本常见的有：call,name, make, elect, think, consider, keep, leave,find等。同样，能带双宾语的及物动词在英语中也有一定的范围，如：ask, tell, find, teach, build,make, get, buy, pass, send, sing, spare, show, hand, write, return,read, lend,do等。如果分别记住这两组及物动词，再配合前面提到的第一种方法，识别“复合宾语”与“双宾语”就不会太难了。宾语补足语简介:在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有一个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。比如说： I heard Jean singing this morning. 句子中的Jean显然是宾语。但是主语I听到的并不是Jean，而是Jean singing。singing 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是Jean执行了singing的动作。 句子中的singing是现在分词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。 比如： I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补） I saw the kite up and down. （up and down是副词做宾补） Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式） *常跟复合宾语的动词有：call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(任命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard, see, recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce, employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express【注意】当感官动词和实意动词，如： see hear notice watch hear feel observe(感官动词) make have let(实意动词) 接宾补时，不定式的符号to必须省略。 在help后,不定式可以带to,也可不带。 补充:简单句常见结构有: 主+谓结构: 句子由主语和谓语两部分构成,谓语动词是不及物动词. 主+谓+宾结构:谓语动词是及物动词,后面接有宾语. 主+谓+宾+宾补结构:有一些句子有了前3个成分后,还需要有一个宾语补足语对宾语做出补充说明,表明宾语的身份,特征等,使句意完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语. 如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的动宾关系，则宾补须用过去分词形式。如：Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period. 四、什么动词后可有宾语补足语： 1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。 这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是to be+形容词或名词结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师。 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见到她的时候就认为她人很好，很诚实。 2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。 这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 Id prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。 I dont want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。 3. 注意：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。 I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。 I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。 He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建议她不要独自去那里。 主语补足语主补即主语补足语即被动语态中的宾语补足语。 eg.They caught boy stealing. 被动语态 The boy was caught stealing. stealing 即为主语补足语 被动语态后的主语补足语 对于主语补足语，语法家们各有不同的看法。有的把连系动词后面的部分称作主语补足语；有的又把被动语态后的补足语称作表语，与被动语态一起称作复合谓语。笔者通过教学体会到，还是把被动语态后面的补足语称作主语补足语好些。这是因为学生很容易接受“宾语补足语”，而如果把带有宾语补足语的句子变成被动句，原来补充说明宾语的部分就变成补充说明主语了。 一、被动语态的主语补足语与主动语态的宾语补足语是密切相关的。例如： (1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday. (2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday. 句（1）中的含义不是我看见他，而是我看见他正在打篮球。playing basketball是宾语him的补足语。所以叫宾语补足语。 句（2）中的含义也不是他被看，而是别人看见他正在打篮球。这里的playing basketball是主语he的补足语，故称作主语补足语。主语和主语补足语一起称作复合主语。所以含有主语补足语的句子一般是被动语态，谓语动词是可以接复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）的及物动词。句首的主语就是主语补足语的逻辑主语。 二、主语补足语形式种种 1. 动词elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名词用作主语补足语。例如： The dog is called Karl. Coal is sometimes called stored-up sunlight. He was found the right man for the job. 2. 动词keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容词用作主语补足语。例如： The door was painted white. The old man was found weak. The classroom is always kept clean every day. 3. 动词see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分词用作主语补足语。例如： He is often heard reading English. The professor was seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab. The glass was found broken. The classroom was found crowded with people. 4.感官动词see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接带to的不定式用作主语补足语。例如： He was seen to come upstairs. Ice is known to be in a solid state. The spy was ordered to be hanged. 5. 介词短语用作主语补足语。例如： The books in the study must be kept in good order. He was found in good health. English is considered of great importance for us. 6. as后面接名词、形容词、分词等用作主语补足语。例如： English is taken as a useful means for research work. The news is considered as true. The stool is usually thought as having four legs The vase is thought as broken. 7. 由what引导的名词性从句用作主语补足语。例如： The boy has been made what he is. 三、 主语补足语的判别 1.看句中的动词是不是可接复合宾语，而且是不是被动语态，与此同时还要看其后部分的逻辑主语是不是句子的主语。 2. 另一种最简单的方法是：如果还不能看出来就可以把全句改成主动语态，加上一个主语we或people等。改成主动语态后，看后面是不是变成了“宾语+宾语补足语”了，这样我们就可以判别原句后面是不是主语补足语。例如： 被动句：She was found reading in the library. (主语补足语) 主动句：We found her reading in the library. (宾语+宾语补足语) 被动语态 一、 被动语态的用法： 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词； 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We cant laugh him. He cant be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. 补充： 系动词连接了主语和补语。这种结构中的补语是说明主语性状的，所以称为主语补足语。系动词作为实义动词的一类，具有本身的意义，但是在起到桥梁作用的同时，有些系动词会保持本身具有的意义，有些意义则会减弱或消失。例如： 1. I tasted the soup. ( taste 为及物动词，意思为“品尝”。) 2. The soup tastes wonderful. (taste 为系动词，意思为“尝起来，吃起来”，意思基本未变。) 3. He went to the cinema yesterday evening. ( go 是不及物动词，意思为“去，走”。) 4. At the news, he went mad. (go为系动词，失去了“go”的原义，意为“变得”。) 另外，英语中还有一定数量的不及物动词，完全保留了本身的词汇意义，同时又发挥着系动词的功能。它们与主语补足成分连用，所以这类词被称为“准系动词”(quasi-linking verb or half-linking verb)。用于“S+Vi+Cs”(S代表主语，Vi代表不及物动词，Cs代表主语补足语)这一句式的动词都属于这种用法。有时，主语补足语不紧跟系动词，有可能被其它状语成分隔开。以“go”为例： 5. At twenty-four, Tom went half-bald. ( go 为系动词，失去原义。) 6. After midnight, Tom went home bored.( go 为准系动词，保留原义，但同时又连接主语“Tom”和主补“bored”，“home”为副词，表示地点状语。) 用于这一句式的补语可以为各种形式，如名词词组(NP)，形容词词组(AP)，介词词组(Pr.P)，和分词短语(PP)等。现举例如下： Type1: S + Vi +Cs (NP) 7. We parted the best friends. = We were the best friends when we parted. 8. I stand before you today the representative of a family in grief. = I am the representative of a family in grief when I stand before you today. 类似的动词包括： come (back), die, fall, go, leave 等。 Type2: S + Vi +Cs (AP) 9. They were born poor, lived poor, and poor they died. = They were poor when they were born; they were poor when they lived; they were poor when they died. 10. She married young. = She was young when she married. 11. The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm at night. = When the morning dawned after the storm at night, it was fresh and clear. 类似的动词包括：arrive, come (back), dawn, fall, leave, lie, marry, return, sit, stand, turn out 等。 Type3: S + Vi +Cs (Pr.P) 12. The parcel arrived in good condition. = When the parcel arrived, it was in good condition. 13. They separated with feelings alienation. = They had feelings alienation when they separated. 类似的动词包括：come, die, fall, go, leave, lie, part, return, sit, stand等。 Type4: S + Vi +Cs (P.P) 14. They stood listening to him. = They stood while they were listening to him. 15. He came home convinced that she was telling the truth. = He came home and he was convinced that she was telling the truth. 类似的动词包括：arrive, die, fall, go, leave, lie, return, sit 等。 宾语从句宾语从句（版本一）一、宾语从句的连接词二、动词的宾语从句三、介词的宾语从句四、形容词的宾语从句五、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that七、宾语从句的否定转移八、宾语从句的时态和语序宾语从句（版本二）1.连接词2.判断时态情况：宾语从句（版本三）(1)主、从句时态一致：（2）否定前移，及完成反意问句（3）运用虚拟语气的情况（4）宾语从句后置情况（5）宾从中that不可省略的情况宾语从句（版本四）一、定义和宾从例句分析二、带有宾语从句的复合句的构成三、注意宾语从句（版本一） 一、宾语从句的连接词 二、动词的宾语从句 三、介词的宾语从句 四、形容词的宾语从句 五、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that 七、宾语从句的否定转移 八、宾语从句的时态和语序宾语从句（版本二） 1.连接词 2.判断时态情况：宾语从句（版本三） (1)主、从句时态一致： （2）否定前移，及完成反意问句 （3）运用虚拟语气的情况 （4）宾语从句后置情况 （5）宾从中that不可省略的情况宾语从句（版本四） 一、定义和宾从例句分析 二、带有宾语从句的复合句的构成 三、注意 编辑本段宾语从句（版本一）时态：1.主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。2.主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。3.主句用过去时，从句是客观真理时，只用一般现在时。一、宾语从句的连接词从属连词连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that,if,whether.that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.He told me that he would go to the college the next year他告诉我他明年上大学.I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车.Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没人知道他是否会通过考试.连接代词连接代词主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏？The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?连接副词连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.二、动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us that they would help us though the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中,他都会帮忙的. 部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?动词短语也可以带宾语从句常见的这些词有:make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater. 我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要. 有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.He will have it that our plan is really practical.他会认为我们的计划确实可行.We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的.When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.若宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it代替We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有用的.三、介词的宾语从句用wh-类的介词宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的.用that,if引导的介词宾语从句有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.四、形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.五、if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if 少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. 在不定式前只能用whether.（如：I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） 避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if.六、哪些宾语从句不可以省略引导词that当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;当宾语从句较长时;当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.七、宾语从句的否定转移主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致.I dont think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he wont come to my party.我认为他不会来我的舞会.I dont believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是?如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式.We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课,是不是?八、宾语从句的时态和语序当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响.当主句为过去时从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didnt know what country he was in.我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家.He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读