英语语法专题名词和冠词ppt.ppt

Revision of the Sentence Structures 句法结构复习 高三高三英语第一轮复习英语第一轮复习 简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型 句型种类类主语语谓语谓语 部分 谓语动谓语动 词词 表语语宾语宾语补语补语 S+Vi (主+谓谓) Patarrived. S+Vt+O (主+谓谓+宾宾) Sheplaysthe piano. S+Link.V+C (主+系+表) Theyare (系动词动词 ) heroes. S+Vt+InO+DO (主+谓谓+双宾宾) Iofferedhim 5 dollars. (人间间物直) S+Vt+O+Oc (主+谓谓+复合宾语宾语 ) Annmademecry. 句子成分详解句子成分详解 句子成分意义义充当词类词类例句 主语语表示句子说说的是什么人或什么 事 名，代，数，不定 式，动动名词词，短语语或 句子 We study in HuangQiao Middle School. 谓语谓语说说明主语语做什么，是什么或怎 么样样 动词动词 或动词词组动词词组She is dancing under the tree. 宾语宾语表示动动作行为为的对对象同主语语Both of us like English. 表语语与联联系动词连动词连 用，一起构成 谓谓 语语，说说明主语语的性质质或特征 同主语语Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable. 定语语用来修饰饰名词词或代词词形，代，数，名, 副，介词词短语语或句子 We have eight lessons every day. 状语语修饰动词饰动词 ，形容词词，副词词， 表 示动动作发发生的时间时间 ，地点， 原 因，目的，方式，结结果等 副词词，介词词短语语或句 子 He works very hard. They held a party in Hollywood. 宾语宾语 补补足语语 逻辑逻辑 上与宾语宾语 是主谓谓关系形容词词，名词词，介词词 短语语等 She always keeps the house clean. 主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！ 句子的分类句子的分类 分类类说说明例句 简简 单单 句 由一个主语语或并列主 语语和一个谓语谓语 或并 列 谓语谓语 构成的句子。即 一套主谓谓关系。 1. Tom and I found her there. 2. We all breathe, eat and work. 并 列 句 由并列连词连词 （and,so,but, or等） 把两个或两个以上的 简单简单 句连连在一起而 构 成的句子。 1. He likes eggs, but he doesnt like chickens. 2. Work hard or you will fall behind. 复 合 句 由一个主句和一个或 一个以上的从句构成 的句子 1. I believe you are right. 2. If you study harder, you will pass the exam. 复合句的种类复合句的种类 1. _ makes this shop different is that it1. _ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. offers more personal services.（0606辽宁）辽宁） A. What A. What B. Who B. Who C. Whatever C. Whatever D. Whoever D. Whoever 2. See the flags on top of the building? That2. See the flags on top of the building? That was _ we did this morning. was _ we did this morning. （0606全国全国I I） A. when B. which C. where D. whatA. when B. which C. where D. what 复合句的种类复合句的种类 3. Please remind me _ he said he3. Please remind me _ he said he was going. I may be in time to see was going. I may be in time to see him off. him off. （ 0606全国全国I I ） A. where B. when C. how D. whatA. where B. when C. how D. what 4. Engines are to machines _ hearts4. Engines are to machines _ hearts are to animals. are to animals. （ 0606山东山东 ） A. asA. as B. that C. what B. that C. what D. which D. which 复合句的种类复合句的种类 5. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, 5. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning _ his without mentioning _ his teammatesteammates had done. had done. （ 0606上海上海 ） A. what B. which C. why D. whileA. what B. which C. why D. while 6. - Its thirty years since we last met. 6. - Its thirty years since we last met. - But I still remember the story, believe it - But I still remember the story, believe it or not, _ we got lost on a rainy night. or not, _ we got lost on a rainy night. A. which B. that C. what D. whenA. which B. that C. what D. when 复合句的种类复合句的种类 7. Nobody believed his reason for beingNobody believed his reason for being absent form the class _ he had to meet absent form the class _ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. his uncle at the airport. （ 0606重庆重庆 ） A. whyA. why B. that B. that C. where D. because C. where D. because 8. The other day, my brother drove his carThe other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed. dangerous speed. A. as A. as B. which B. whichC. whatC. what D. that D. that 复合句的种类复合句的种类 9. _ leaves the room last ought to_ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. ( 88 ) turn off the lights. ( 88 ) A. Anyone B. The person A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever C. Whoever D. Who D. Who 10. 10. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. A. it B. that C. when D. which 高中英语语法复习专题之02 名词和冠词 海丰县梅陇中学 许玮俊 专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns） 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称， 如Beijing，China等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词， 如：book，sadness等。 名词的分类 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的 个体，如：apple。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的 集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实 物，如：milk。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、 感情等抽象概念，如：work。 普通名词又分为四类 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns） 物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns） 所以一般情况下我们所说的名词复数指的就是可数名词的复数问题 归纳表格如下 | |专有名词 | | | 名 | | 个体名词 | | | | | | 可数名词 | | | | 集体名词 | | | |普通名词 | | | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | | | | | 不可数名词| | | | 抽象名词 | | 一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/ map-maps book-books 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags car-cars 名词复数的规则变化(1) 以s, sh, ch,x 等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches bridge- bridges 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ exercise-exercises 名词复数的规则变化(2) 以y 结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加-s变复数： two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 以辅音字母+y 变y 为i 结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby-babies 名词复数的规则变化(3) 以f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加-s roof-roofs b. 去f, fe 加-ves half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves life-lives thief-thieves c. 均可 handkerchief - handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 名词复数的规则变化(4) 一个首领(chief)带着一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof) 上面有个保险箱(safe)。 一个贼人(thief)的妻子(wife)冒着生命(life)危险用半(half)片树叶(leaf)似的小刀(knife) 杀死了一只狼(wolf)。 a tomatosome tomatoes some potatoes some heroes Heroes love tomatoes and potatoes. 名词复数的规则变化(5) foot - feet child - children tooth - teeth mouse - mice 名词复数的不规则变化(1) 名词复数的不规则变化(2) man - men woman - women men doctors women teachers a German some Germans American -Americans Australian-Australians Canadian-Canadians some policemen a policeman Englishman Englishmen Frenchman - Frenchmen 一些需要强调的表示人的名词复数 one sheep two sheep a Chinesetwo Chinese a Japanese several Japanese 名词复数的不规则变化(3):单复数形式相同 one fish 一条鱼 fishes 不同种类的鱼各种 各样的鱼 three fish 三条鱼 some fish一些鱼肉 可数名词 不可数名词 名词复数的不规则变 化(4):好玩的 “fish” 有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。 papers(报纸，稿件) works(工厂，作品) times(时代) drinks(饮料) manners(礼貌) 部分物质名词可以用复数表示种类。 silks fruits foods word用做“消息”“通知”不与冠词连用，也不用 复数。 Word came that the meeting would be held on Friday. keep ones word have a word/a few words with sb. have words with sb. leave word in a word in other words 备注：有些名词只有复数形式。例如。 goods(货物) glasses(眼镜) compasses(圆规) thanks(感谢) clothes(衣服) remains (遗物，遗体) trousers(裤子) 守信 与某人说句话 与某人吵嘴 留言 简而言之换句话说 必须注意的若干名词方面的问题(1) a.有些词既可数又不可数但意思不同: paper 报纸/试卷/文件/讲义 纸张 time 次数/倍数 时间 glass 玻璃杯 玻璃 room 房间 空间 fish 鱼 鱼肉 b.有些词虽以-s结尾但却是单数: news , math(s) , physics , politics, . c.有些词始终是复数形式: people(人们), clothes, trousers, glasses(眼镜) , works(著作), goods(货物), times(时代). 有些词通常都是复数形式: shoes, gloves, d. people有两种意思:人/人们;民族 There are 56 peoples in China. 民族(加-s构成复数) There are 56 people in the room. 人(们)(本身就是复数) e.这些是最常见的不可数名词,一般都没有复数形式 news, information, weather, work(工作), bread, knowledge, advice, fun 但是可以加上一些表示单位的名词来够成短语: a _ of paper / bread / meat / work / advice a _ of tea / coffee a _of water / milk a _ of glasses / trousers / gloves 必须注意的若干名词方面的问题(2) piece cup glass/bottle pair a.“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时该名词用单数形式 a two-month holiday an 8-year-old boy 试比较 the boys 400-metre race the boys 400 metres 必须注意的特殊用法 b.关于几个表示数量的单位词 hundreds / thousands / millions of people (表示约数时) 9 hundred / thousand / million people (表示准确数量时) 名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有或所属关系，带这种词 尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book。名 词所有格的规则如下：（修饰有生命的名词用s，无生命的一 般用of结构） 1） 单数名词词尾加 s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如 the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所。 专有名词s结尾（一般应加s）Charless job 2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加s，如：the workers struggle 工人的斗争。 3） 凡不能加“s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构 来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。 4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的 后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barbers 理发店。 5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只 有一个s，则表示共有。 如：Johns and Marys room（两间） John and Marys room（一间） 6） 复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如：a month or twos absence 双重所有格 在英语中，-s所有格与of所有格放在一起使用所构成的 结构叫双重所有格。例如： Some photos of my parentswill be put away. An old friend of hers wrote a letter to her last week. A lot of clothes of my aunts were bought in Shanghai. 双重所有格的用法 （1）of前面的名词之前通常有一个限定词，如a/an, any, some, no, few, several, two等。例如： some books of Lu Xun s 鲁迅的一些作品 a few friends of mine 我的一些朋友 several toys of the child s 这个孩子的几件玩具 （2）of前面的名词通常可以用指示代词this, that来强调某种感情色 彩。如This ball of Hu Pings is not expensive.胡平的这个球不贵。 Im not pleased with that answer of hers.我对她的答案感到不满意。 （3）of后带-s的名词通常是表示具体的人的名词，或是名词性物 主代词。例如： That s the spirit of the workers. This is a daughter of theirs. 3）of所有格与双重所有格结构的区别 （1） 侧重点不同。试区别： She is a sister of my fathers. (侧重说明父亲的妹妹不止一个) She is a sister of my father. (侧重说明“她”是父亲的惟一一个妹 妹) （2）当of前的名词是picture等词时，含义不同。试区别： It is a picture of my mothers. 这是我妈妈收藏的一幅画。 It is a picture of my mother. 这是我妈妈的一张照片。 名词的句法功能: 名词在句中可以做主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语 ，定语，状语，同位语和呼语等如： Yesterday a boy came to see you. (主语) Edison was a world-famous inventor. (表语) Would you like some bananas? (宾语) We chose him monitor of our class.（宾语补足语） They will meet at the school gate. (定语) The new film will last two hours. (状语) Mr Smith, my first teacher, died yesterday.(同位语) Boys and girls, please look at the blackboard. (呼语) 高考题选： 1. I wrote a letter to show my _ of his thoughtfulness. A. achievement B. agreement C. attention D. appreciation 2. We all know that _ speaks louder than words. A. movements B. performances C. operations D. action 3. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion 4. The new law will come into _ on the day it is passed. A. effect B. use C. service D. existence 高考题选： 5. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness 6. Who did you spend last weekend with? -_. A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The palmers 7. Ill look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little _. A. wait B. time C. patience D. rest 8. The number of people invited _ fifty but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were 高考题选： 9. As a result of destroying the forests a large _ of desert _ covered the land. A. number, has B. quantity, has C. number, have D. quantity, have 10.Here is my card. Lets keep in _. A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship 11.We have missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi. A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection 12. We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _. A. fact B. reality C. practice D. dead 13. How can I repair it? -Well, look at the _. A. explanations B. expressions C. instructions D. introductions Revision of the Articles 冠词复习 高三高三英语第一轮复习英语第一轮复习 语法专题之语法专题之0202 1(2005.湖南)I cant remember when exactly the Robinsons left _ city. I only remember it was _Monday. A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a 2 (2004.全国) If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 percent off _. A. a price B. price C. the price D. prices 说听双方均知晓的事物或定指的事物用定冠 词；泛指用不定冠词 考点考点1 1考查不定冠词和定冠词的基本用法考查不定冠词和定冠词的基本用法 不定冠词的特殊考查要点1 1 (2006.I) Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith? Sorry, wrong number. There isnt _ Mr. Smith here. 2 (2004)John, there is _ Mr. Wilson on the phone for you. Im in the bath. A. / B. a C. the D. one 1、不定冠词放在姓名前a certain， 意为“某一（个）”。 不定冠词的特殊考查要点2 John had made up his mind to give it up, but on _ second thought he determined to try _ third time. A. /; a B. /; / C. a; a D. the; a 2、不定冠词放在序数词前表“再一， 又一”。 1 One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation. A. / B. the C. a D. one 2 China first-ever F1 race has proved _ great success. It provides _ platform for Chinese companies to connect with the international market. A. a; a B. /; a C. /; the D. the; the 不定冠词的特殊考查要点3 3. 抽象名词具体化和不可数名词具体话常加定冠词a success/failure/shame/surprise/honor/pleasure 1. (2005安徽）After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ ride to the Capital Airport. 2. The driver was at _ loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive for speeding. A. a; B. / C. the D. one 不定冠词的特殊考查要点4 4、常用于一些固定搭配中 常考不定冠词使用搭配 a most important tip, a 17th century cottage, have a gift for, a collection of, a world of, give sb. a ride(载某人一程), keep up a good state of mind（处于良 好的状态或情形), be at a loss, in a mess, a means of, make a living, have a better understanding of, there was a time when, make a discovery, without saying a word, 常考不定冠词搭配 on a second thought, have a break, make a study of, make a stir(产生轰动), take/have a walk, all of a sudden, keep it a secret, develop an interest in, in a hurry, pay a visit to, an average of., many a +n(不 止一个） 定冠词的特殊考查要点1 1 (2005安徽) After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ ride to _ Capital Airport. A. the; a B. a; the C. a; / D. the;/ 2 (2004重庆) The most important thing about cotton in history is _ part it played in _ Industrial Revolution. A. /; / B. the; / C. the; the D. a; the 1、由普通名词构成的专有名词前加定冠词 。the great wall, the WHO等 (山东模拟）In China, _ car is becoming _ popular means of transportation. A. the; a B. a; / C. the; the D. a; the (2004广东) While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made _ discovery which completely changed _ mans understanding of color. A. a; / B. a; the C. /; the D. the; a 定冠词的特殊考查要点2 2、the可数名词单数特指某一类别。 注意：man表示“人类”时只能用单数， 不能加冠词。 Who invented _ computer? I dont know. A. a B. the C. / D. one 定冠词的特殊考查要点3 3、发明创造物前加定冠词the。 （2000北京春）Summer in _ south of France are for _ most part dry. A. /; a B. the; / C. /;/ D. the; the 定冠词的特殊考查要点4 4、表示方位的名词前加定冠词the。但 在a town east of Chongqing等结构中 方位名词前不用冠词。 The cleaning women get paid by _ hour. A. / B. the C. an D. one 定冠词的特殊考查要点5 5、按.方式的表达中。 get paid by the hour/the day 注意：be sold by weight/time by the +度量衡单位名词in名词复数 by +度量衡名词 This is out of _ question an example of an important rule that applies to all machines. Thank you for your explanation, but it left me none _ wiser. A. the; a B. a; the C. /; the D. a; / 定冠词的特殊考查要点6 6、在固定短语和搭配中 knock 10% off the price, on the phone, the same, the former.the latter., break the silence, in the South of China, for the most part(整体上，多半 ), the Chinese/Japanese/French language, the first one, the largest one, the Smiths, none the +比较级(一点也不 比.), the city of London/Shanghai, make the most of, for the moment(暂时 ), in the event of.(=in case of), play the piano the sun/moon/universe 常考定冠词的固定搭配 Five years ago her brother was _ university student of _ physics. A. a; the B., an; the C. an; / D. a; / 零冠词的特殊考查要点1 1、在学科名词前不用冠词。 (北京模拟) In face of _ failure, it is the most important to keep up _ good state of mind. A. /; a B. a; / C. the; / D. /; the 零冠词的特殊考查要点2 2、在专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前 不用冠词。如：Australia, wool, air, life, love, education, society， failure等等。但注意抽象名词具体化前 加冠词。 He was elected _ president of the USA. Jorge Bush, _ president to the USA, is visiting China. 零冠词的特殊考查要点3 3 3、独一无二的头衔、职位名词作表语，、独一无二的头衔、职位名词作表语， 补语或同位语。补语或同位语。 1. _ word comes that China has won the FIFA World cup. A. / B. One C. A D. The 2. (广东) While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, New ton made _ discovery which completely changed _ mans understanding of color. A. a; / B. a; the C. /; / D. the; a 零冠词的特殊考查要点4 4、word表“消息” man表“人类”前不 用冠词。 1. His dream was to turn _ doctor. 2. _ child as he is , he knows a lot. A. / B. the C. a D. one 零冠词的特殊考查要点5 5、turn doctor/teacher turn表当. 名词前不用冠词;在as引导的让步状语从 句中，提前的名词前无冠词。Child as he is, (2004年天津) When he left _ college, he got a job