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第一章 编制依据安全带GB 6095-2009安全帽GB2811-2007安全网GB57252009建筑施工高处作业安全技术规范JGJ80-91建筑施工安全检查标准JGJ59-2011施工图纸施工组织设计第二章 工程概况工程名称:亚宝国际花园二期工程建筑面积:7、8、9、栋总面积3.8万平方米,商业2栋1174.88平方米。建设单位:成都亚宝置业有限公司设计单位:四川省建筑设计院监理单位:成都海发建设工程监理有限公司施工单位:中国新兴保信建设总公司四川分公司建设地点:成都市双流县华阳镇劲松社区。第三章 “三宝” “四口” “五临边”概述“三宝”主要指安全帽、安全带、安全网等防护用品正确使用,“四口”指楼梯口、电梯井口、预留洞口、通道口等各种洞口的防护应符合要求,“五临边”是指深基坑、阳台、雨蓬、楼板、屋面、卸料平台等临边部位的防护,两者防护不当就存在高处坠落、物体打击等一系列事故发生的隐患。为此项目部成立以安全员为首、各班组长为成员的“三宝”“四口”“五临边”的专项治理小组。第四章 “三宝”防护 进入施工现场必须戴安全帽,登高作业必须系安全带。现场进出大门应有“进入施工现场必须戴好安全帽”标语。建筑工人称安全帽、安全带、安全网为救命“三宝”。(一)安全帽 1、安全帽要求:应有制造厂名称、商标、型号、生产日期、许可证编号、工业生产许可证编号、安全生产许可证编号、工厂检验证,检测报告,每顶安全帽有检验部门批量验证和工厂检验合格和准用证。2、耐冲击:将安全帽在+50及-10的的温度下,或用水浸的三种情况下处理后,然后将5kg重的钢锤自1m高处自由落下,冲击安全帽,最大冲击力不应超过500kg(5000N或5KN),因为人体的颈椎只能承受500kg的冲击力,超过时就易受伤害。3、耐穿透。根据安全帽的不同材质可采用在+50、-10或用水浸三种方法处理后,用3kg重的钢锥,自安全帽的上方1m的高处,自由落下,钢锥穿透安全帽,但不能碰到头皮。这就要求,选择的安全帽,在戴帽的情况下,帽衬顶端与帽壳内面的每一侧面的水平距离保持在520mm.4、耐低温性能良好。当在-10以下的气温中,帽的耐冲击和耐穿透性能不改变。5、侧向刚性能达到规范要求。6、安全帽应正确使用,规范佩带,系好安全帽,帽带必须扣在下巴下。不准乱抛、乱扔,用于坐和垫,不得使用缺衬、缺带或破损的安全帽。(二)安全带(高出作业2M以上必须系安全带)1、安全带要求:架子工使用的安全绳长应为1.52m,安全带带体上应缝有永久字样的商标、合格证、检验证。合格证上应注明:产品名称、生产年月、拉力试验、冲击试验、制造厂厂名、检验员姓名,安全带进场时应有合格证、检测报告、生产许可证等质量证明文件。2、安全带应高挂低用,防止摆动和碰撞;安全带上的各种的部件不得任意拆掉。3、安全带使用两年以后,使用单位应按购进批量的大小,选择一定比例的数量,作一次抽检,用80 kg的砂袋做自由落体试验,若未破断可继续使用,但抽检的样带应更换新的挂绳才能使用;若试验不合格购进的这批安全带就应报废。4、经常检查安全带外观质量,发现有霉变、硬脆、断裂、破损或以现异味等现象时,应及时、立即更换。5、安全带使用35年即应报废。6、安全带应正确使用,系好安全带、挂、扣好安全钩,现场必须配备符合国家标准的安全带,建筑施工中高空作业,攀登作业、独立悬空作业,操作人员都应系安全带,使用时应高挂在牢固、可靠的物体上。使用后,应专人负责妥善保管。(三)安全网1、安全网要求:网目密度不低于2000目/10cm*10cm,应有国家指定监督检验部门批量验证和工厂检验合格证、检测报告和准用证。2、贯穿试验:即将1.8m*6m的安全网与地面成30夹角放好,四边拉直固定。在网中心的上方3m的地方,用一根48*3.2的5kg重的钢管,自由落下,网不贯穿,即为合格,网贯穿,即为不合格。做贯穿试验必须使用48*3.2的钢管,并将管口边的毛刺削平。钢管的断面为3.5mm宽的一边道圆环,当5kg重的钢管坠落到与地面成30角的安全网上时,其贯穿力只通过钢管上的一小部分断面,作用在网面上,因为面积小贯穿力是很大的。如果选用壁厚的钢管或直径大的钢管,因贯穿时的接触面积大,贯穿力都会减弱。3、冲击试验:即将密目式安全网水平放置,四边拉紧固定。在网中心上方1.5m处,有一个100kg重的砂袋自由落下,网边撕裂的长度小于200mm,即为合格。4、安全网的形式及性能。目前,建筑工地所使用的安全网,按形式及其作用可分为平网和立网两种。由于这两种网使用中的受力情况不同,因此它们的规格、尺寸和强度要求等也有所不同:平网:指其安装平面平行于水平面,主要用来承接人和物的坠落。立网:指其安装平面垂直于水平面,主要用来阻止人和物的坠落。5、安全网的构造和材料。安全网由网体、边绳、系绳和筋绳构成。网体由网绳编结而成,具有菱形或方形的网目。编结物体相邻两个绳结之间的距离称为网目尺寸;网体四周边缘上的网绳,称为边绳。安全网的尺寸(公称尺寸)即由边绳的尺寸而定;把安全网固定在支撑物上的绳,称为系绳。此外,凡用于增加安全网强度的绳,则统称为筋绳。安全网的材料,要求其比重小、强度高、耐磨性好、延伸率大和耐久性较强。此外还应有一定的耐气候性能,受潮受湿后其强度下降不太大,目前,安全网以化学纤维为主要材料。同一张安全网上所有的网绳,都要采用同一材料,所有材料的湿干强度比不得低于75%。通常,多采用维纶和尼龙等合成化纤作网绳。丙纶由于性能不稳定,禁止使用。此外,只要符合国际有关规定的要求,亦可采用棉、麻、棕等植物材料作原料。不论用何种材料,每张安全平网的重量一般不宜超过15kg,并要能承受800N的冲击力。密目式安全网的规格的两种:ML1.8m*6m或ML1.m*6m。1.8m*6m的密目网重量大于或等于kg。密目式安全网的目数为在网上任意一处的10cm*10cm=100cm2的面积上,大于2000目。6、用密目式安全网对在建工程外围及外脚手架的外侧全封闭,就使得施工现场从大网眼的平网作水平防护的敞开式防护,用栏杆或小网眼立网作防护的半封闭式防护,实现了全封闭式防护。这不仅为工人创造了一个安全的作业环境,也给城市的文明建设增添了一道风景线,只是建筑施工安全生产的一个质的变化,也是安全生产工作的一个飞跃。一定要选择符合要求的密目式安全防护立网,决不应贪便宜而使用不合格产品。 第五章 “四口”防护建筑工程施工中,施工现场往往存在着各式各样的洞口,施工人员处在洞口旁作业,容易产生使人与物有坠落危险及危及人身安全的各种洞口,都应该按洞口作业加以防护。(一)洞口类型 洞口作业的防护措施,设置防护栏杆、栅门、格栅及架设安全网等多种方式。不同情况下的防护设施。、各种板与墙的洞口,按其大小和性质分别设置牢固的盖板、防护栏杆、安全网格或其他防坠落的防护设施。、电梯井口,根据具体情况设防护栏或固定栅门与工具式栅门,电梯井内每层一道水平网,每隔一层设一道脚手板进行全封闭。井道内搭设落地脚手架。、砼未灌注的桩孔口,未填土的坑、槽口,以及开窗、地板门和化粪池等处,都要作为洞口采取符合规范的防护措施。、在施工现场与场地通道附近的各类洞口与深度在2m以上的敞口等处除设置防护设施与安全标志外,夜间还应设红灯示警。、物料提升上料口,应装设有联锁装置的安全门,同时采用断绳保护装置或安全停靠装置;通道口走道板应平行于建筑物满铺并固定牢靠,两侧边应设置符合要求的防护栏杆和挡脚板,并用密目式安全网封闭两侧。(二)洞口安全防护措施要求洞口作业时根据具体情况采取设置防护栏杆,加盖件,张挂安全网与装栅门等措施:1、楼板面的洞口,可用竹、木等作盖板,盖住洞口。盖板须能保持四周搁置均衡,有固定其位置的措施。2、短边边长为50150cm的洞口,必须设置以扣件扣接钢管而成的网络,并在其满铺竹笆或脚手板。也可采用贯穿于混凝土板内的钢筋构成防护网,钢筋网络间距不得大于20cm。3、边长在150cm以上的洞口,四周设防护栏杆,洞口下张设安全平网。4、墙面等处的竖向洞口,凡落地的洞口应加装开关式、工具式或固定式的防护门栅网络的间距不应大于15cm,也可采用防护栏杆,下设挡脚板(笆)。5、下边沿至楼板或底面低于80cm的窗台等竖向的洞口,如侧边落差大于2m应设1.2m高的临时护栏。(三)洞口防护的构造要求一般来讲,洞口防护的构造形式可分三类:1、洞口防护栏杆,通常须用钢管。2、利用混凝土楼板,采用钢筋网片或利用结构钢筋或加密的钢筋网片等。3、垂直方向的电梯井口与洞口,可设木栏门、铁栅门与各种开启式或固定式的防护门。防护栏杆的力学计算和防护设施的构造形式应符合规范要求。(四)现场洞口防护设置1、现场必须重视临边“四口”防护,防护时应使用红白相间油漆的钢管、铁板等作护栏材料。 2、楼梯踏步及平台临边必须设牢固可靠的临时防护栏上,1.2米高水平杆30公分高踢脚杆、杆件里侧满挂密目网,井架口必须高置1.2米高的安全防护门,门栅网格的间距不应大于15,井架口每层设置一道安全胶合板(或脚手片),胶合板与井架口间隙不大于10,当防护高度超过一个标准层时不得采用脚手板等硬质材料做水平防护,井架口上料平台一律采用落地满堂钢管架施工,防护栏杆防护栅门应符合规范规定,整齐牢固,与现场规范化管理相适应,并经验收形成工具化、定型化防护用具,安全可靠,整齐美观、周转使用。3、预留洞口、坑、井的防护,应针对洞口大小及作业条件,在本单位或本工地现场形成定型化,不允许由作业人员随意找材料盖上的临时做法,防止由于不严密不牢固而存在事故隐患。1.5以内的小洞口可采用模板或钢板等定型材料盖严,也可临时砌死,或用贯穿混凝土板内的钢筋构成防护网,上面满铺竹笆或脚手板,边长在1.5m以上的洞口或面积在1.5的洞口,应沿洞口四周设1.2m高护身和30cm高踢脚杆,杆里侧满挂安全网,并悬挂安全警示牌。 4、通道口防护:各楼梯入口处或人员进出集中的位置,应设防护棚,上下两层。悬挂醒目的标志。第六章 “五临边”防护建筑工程施工中,施工人员大部分时间处在未完成的建筑物的各层各部位或物件的边缘或洞口处作业,处在施工过程中是极易发生坠落事故的场合,都需要加以防护,必须严格遵守防护规定。防护栏杆这类防护设施,形式和构造较简单,所用材料为施工现场所常用,不需要专门采购,可节省费用,更重要的是效果较好。以下三种情况必须设置防护栏杆:1、尚未装栏板的阳台、料台与各种平台周边、雨蓬与挑檐边、无外脚手架的屋面和楼层边,以及水箱与水塔周边等处,都必须设置防护栏杆。2、分层施工的楼梯口和梯段边,必须安装临边防护栏杆:顶层楼梯口应随工程结构的进度安装正式栏杆或者临时栏杆;梯段旁边亦应设置防护栏杆。 3、 3、垂直运输设备如井架、施工用电梯等与建筑物相连接的通道两侧边,亦需加设防护栏杆。栏杆的下部还必须加设挡脚板、挡脚竹笆或者金属网片。防护栏杆的选材和构造要求临边防护用的栏杆是由栏杆立柱和上下两道横杆组成,上横杆称为扶手。栏杆的材料应按规范标准的要求选择,选材时除需满足力学条件处,其规格尺寸和联结方式还应符合构造上的要求,应紧固而不动摇,能够承受突然冲击,阻挡人员在可能状态下的下跌和防止物料的坠落,还要有一定的耐久性。搭设临边防护栏杆时:1、上杆离地高度为1.2m,下杆离地面高度为0.50.6m,坡度大于1:2.2的屋面,防护栏杆应高1.5m,并加挂安全立网。除经设计计算外,横杆长度大于2m,必须加设栏杆立杆。2、栏杆柱的固定应符合下列要求:1)、当在基坑四周固定时,可采用钢管并打入地面5070cm深。钢管离边口的距离,不应小于50cm。当基坑周边采用板桩时,钢管可打在板桩外侧。 2)、当混凝土楼面、屋面或墙面固定时,可采用预埋件与钢管或钢筋焊牢。采用竹、木栏杆时,可在预埋件上焊接30cm长的50*5角钢,其上下各钻一孔,然后用10cm螺栓与竹、木杆件栓牢。3)、当在砖或砌体等砌体上固定时,可预先砌入规格相适应的80*6弯转扁钢作预埋铁的混凝土块,然后用上项方法固定。3、栏杆柱的固定及其与横杆的连接,其整体构造应使防护栏杆在上杆任何处,能经受任何方向的1000N外力。当栏杆所处位置有发生人群拥挤,车辆冲击或物件碰撞等可能时,应加大横杆截面或加密柱距。4、防护栏杆必须自上而下用安全立网封闭。这些要求既是根据实践又是根据计算而作出的。如栏杆上杆的高度,是从人身受到冲击后,冲向横杆时要防止重心高于横杆,导致从杆上翻出去考虑的;栏杆的受力强度应能防止受到大个子人员突然冲击时,不受损坏;栏杆立柱的固定须使它在受到可能出现的最大冲击时,不致被冲倒或拉出,这是结合国情,只规定其整体构造须能经得住大冲击。防护栏杆的设置临边作业防护栏杆主要用于防止人员坠落,能够经受一定的撞击或冲击,在受力性能上耐受1000N的外力,方能确保安全。临边防护工作面边无防护设施或围护高底低于80cm时,都要按规定搭设临边防护栏杆,临边防护栏杆搭设要求:1、防护栏杆由上、下两道横杆及栏杆组成,上杆离地高度为1.0m1.2m,下杆离地高度为0.5m0.6m,横杆长度超过2m时,必须加设栏杆柱。2、栏杆柱的固定极其与横杆的连接,其整体构造应使防护栏杆在上杆任何处;3、防护栏必须向上而下用密目封闭,或在栏杆下边设置严密固定的高度不小于18cm的挡脚板。4、防护栏杆应涂刷醒目安全色。5、附楼梯、通道口防护构造图4、基坑周边防护构造图外墙筏板抗浮板1:0.40道路第七章、验收及维护安全帽的正确佩带应由员工间互相监督,班组长检查,项目管理人员督促检查,保证人人都带好安全帽。四口、临边应每层都做好防护,并检查验收,平常加强检查维护,由专职安全员马之兴进行专门检查维护。工程封顶后一般情况下每月检查维护一次。请删除以下内容,O(_)O谢谢!The origin of taxation in the United States can be traced to the time when the colonists were heavily taxed by Great Britain on everything from tea to legal and business documents that were required by the Stamp Tax. The colonists disdain for this taxation without representation (so-called because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the Boston Tea Party. However, even after the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. Income tax first appeared in the United States in 1862, during the Civil War. At that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. A flat-rate income tax was imposed in 1867. The income tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. Income tax was a rallying point for the Populist party in 1892, and had enough support two years later that Congress passed the Income Tax Act of 1894. The tax at that time was two percent on individual incomes in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. The Supreme Court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the constitutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers loan & trust, 158 U.S. 601, 15 S. Ct. 912, 39 L. Ed. 1108 1895). After many years of debate and compromise, the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, providing Congress with the power to lay and collect taxes on income without apportionment among the states. The objectives of the income tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. Since 1913 the U.S. income tax system has become very complex. In 1913 the income tax laws were contained in eighteen pages of legislation; the explanation of the tax reform act of 1986 was more than thirteen hundred pages long (Pub. L. 99-514, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2085). Commerce Clearing House, a publisher of tax information, released a version of the Internal Revenue Code in the early 1990s that was four times thicker than its version in 1953. Changes to the tax laws often reflect the times. The flat tax of 1913 was later replaced with a graduated tax. After the United States entered world war i, the War Revenue Act of 1917 imposed a maximum tax rate for individuals of 67 percent, compared with a rate of 13 percent in 1916. In 1924 Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon, speaking to Congress about the high level of taxation, stated, The present system is a failure. It was an emergency measure, adopted under the pressure of war necessity and not to be counted upon as a permanent part of our revenue structure. The high rates put pressure on taxpayers to reduce their taxable income, tend to destroy individual initiative and enterprise, and seriously impede the development of productive business. Ways will always be found to avoid taxes so destructive in their nature, and the only way to save the situation is to put the taxes on a reasonable basis that will permit business to go on and industry to develop. Consequently, the Revenue Act of 1924 reduced the maximum individual tax rate to 43 percent (Revenue Acts, June 2, 1924, ch. 234, 43 Stat. 253). In 1926 the rate was further reduced to 25 percent. The Revenue Act of 1932 was the first tax law passed during the Great Depression (Revenue Acts, June 6, 1932, ch. 209, 47 Stat. 169). It increased the individual maximum rate from 25 to 63 percent, and reduced personal exemptions from $1,500 to $1,000 for single persons, and from $3,500 to $2,500 for married couples. The national industrial recovery act of 1933 (NIRA), part of President franklin d. roosevelts new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for losses (June 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195). The repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. The social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the employee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (Old Age Pension Act, Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620). The Wealth Tax Act, also known as the Revenue Act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the Revenue Acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent, the Revenue Act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the Individual Income Tax Act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. The post-World War II Revenue Act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. The Revenue Act of 1950, during the korean war, reduced it to 84.4 percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (Revenue Act of 1950, Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, Stat. 906). It remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. The Revenue Act of 1954 revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, making major changes that were beneficial to the taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement income, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. From 1954 to 1962, the Internal Revenue Code was amended by 183 separate acts. In 1974 the employee retirement income security act (ERISA) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (Pub. L. No. 93-406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829). ERISA required that to be tax deductible, the employers plan contribution must meet certain minimum standards as to employee participation and vesting and employer funding. ERISA also approved the use of individual retirement accounts (IRAs) to encourage tax-deferred retirement savings by individuals. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) provided the largest tax cut up to that time, reducing the maximum individual rate from 70 percent to 50 percent (Pub. L. No. 97-34, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 172). The most sweeping tax changes since world war ii were enacted in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. This bill was signed into law by President ronald reagan and was designed to equalize the tax treatment of various assets, eliminate tax shelters, and lower marginal rates. Conservatives wanted the act to provide a single, low tax rate that could be applied to everyone. Although this single, flat rate was not included in the final bill, tax rates were reduced to 15 percent on the first $17,850 of income for singles and $29,750 for married couples, and set at 28 to 33 percent on remaining income. Many deductions were repealed, such as a deduction available to two-income married couples that had been used to avoid the marriage penalty (a greater tax liability incurred when two persons filed their income tax return as a married couple rather than as individuals). Although the personal exemption exclusion was increased, an exemption for elderly and blind persons who itemize deductions was repealed. In addition, a special capital gains rate was repealed, as was an investment tax credit that had been introduced in 1962 by President john f. kennedy. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, the first budget and tax act enacted during the Clinton administration, was vigorously debated, and passed with only the minimum number of necessary votes. This law provided for income tax rates of 15, 28, 31, 36, and 39.6 percent on varying levels of income and for the taxation of social security income if the taxpayer receives other income over a certain level. In 2001 Congress enacted a major income tax cut at the urging of President george w. bush. Over the course of 11 years the law reduces marginal income tax rates across all levels of income. The 36 percent rate will be lowered to 33 percent, the 31 percent rate to 28 percent, the 28 percent rate to 25 percent. In addition, a new bottom 10 percent rate was created. Since the early 1980s, a flat-rate tax system rather than the graduated bracketed method has been proposed. (The graduated bracketed method is the one that has been used since graduated taxes were introduced: the percentage of tax differs based on the amount of taxable income.) The flat-rate system would impose one rate, such as 20 percent, on all income and would eliminate special deductions, credits, and exclusions. Despite firm support by some, the flat-rate tax has not been adopted in the United States. Regardless of the changes made by legislators since 1913, the basic formula for computing the amount of tax owed has remained basically the same. To determine the amount of income tax owed, certain deductions are taken from an individuals gross income to arrive at an adjusted gross inco
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