四级考试词汇与语法的命题特点、规律下.doc

四级考试词汇与语法的命题特点、规律 下第二十四讲主谓一致(二)2.含有of的短语和介宾短语做主语1)half of,all of,any of,a lot of,most of,percent of,some of,five sevenths of等短语的动词单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词或代词，即：单数名词或代词要求用单数动词；复数名词或代词用复数动词，不可数名词或代词用单数动词。例：In our country,more than 70 percent of population is farmers.(我国人口的70%以上是农民。)Half of my spare time is spent on my hobby.(我一半的业余时间都花在我的爱好上了。)2)a number of后面要求加复数名词或代词，其动词用复数形式；但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时，其谓语用单数。因为前者的意思是大量、许多、若干，等于numbers of；后者的意思是总数、合计，强调的是一个数字，所以应该看成单数主语。例：A number of criminals have been caught by the brave policewoman.(这位勇敢的女警察已经抓获了许多罪犯。)The number of criminals caught by this brave policewoman has risen up to 1200.(被这位勇敢的女警察抓获的罪犯总数已经达到1200人。)3)a/the majority(of),a/the minority(of)这两个短语有两个特点：a)它们后面可接单数、复数和不可数名词，相应的谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词。b)在具体应用中，应看作者的意图而定，如果作者要强调整体，动词用单数；作者要强调单个的个体时，谓语动词用复数，这种用法有点类似集合名词。注意：后面接的是表示选票数的名词或代词时，谓语常用单数。例：The nation wants peace；only aminority want the war to continue.(全国都要和平，只有少数人希望战争延续。)A majority of votes was in its favor,to show its confidence in its policy.(多数票对它有利，表示对其政策的信任。)4)the rest(of)表示剩余、其余，其用法也有二：a)of后面可接单数、复数及不可数名词，相应的谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词。b)如果the rest表示的是剩下的东西，则谓语动词用单数；如果表示的是其余的，特别指人时，其谓语动词应该用复数。例：The majority of students went to the lab,the rest are staying in the classroom.(多数学生去了实验室，其余的人留在教室。)5)当主语不止一个，且主语间由介词with,together with,along with,as well as,as much as,no less than,more than,not to mention,including,like,but,except等连接时，其谓语动词取决于前一个主语，即上述介词前的名词或代词。例：Television,along with other means of communication,helps us to keep informed about contemporary affairs.(电视以及其它一些通讯工具帮助我们不断地知道当地发生的事情。)Our generation,more than any other generations,views the adult world with great interest.(是我们这一代人，而不是其它任何一代，怀着极大的兴趣，观察成人世界。)3.连词加名词做主语1)not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,or等连接多个主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于离谓语最近的那个主语。这就是我们常说的就近原则。例：Neither my travelers checks nor the money that my father cabled me is sufficient to pay for the ticket.(不管是我的旅行支票还是我父亲汇给我的钱，都无法支付这张票钱。)Not only one but also all of us were invited.(不只是一个，而是我们全体都受到邀请。)2)由and连接两个或多个主语时，后面一般都跟复数谓语动词，只有在下述几种情况下，才要求接单数谓语：A)表示兼时：例：The singer and dancer attends our evening.(这位歌手兼舞蹈家参加了我们的晚会。)The/A singer and the/a dancer attend our evening.(这/一位歌手和这/一位参加了我们的晚会。注意：表示两个人时，and后面应加不定冠词、定冠词或其它限定词。)注意：当and连接两个抽象名词时，没有重复the或其它限定词时，谓语单复数都可以。反之，谓语要求复数动词。例：Her calmness and confidence is/are astonishing.(她的镇静和自信令人吃惊。)Her calmness and her confidence are astonishing.(她的镇静和自信令人吃惊。)B)固定词组a knife and fork(一副刀叉),a cup and saucer(带茶托的茶杯),ice-cream and cake(冰淇淋蛋糕),iron and steel(钢铁)等，不管做复合名词还是做形容词，动词一律用单数。例：Iron and steel industry is developing rapidly in western part of China.(中国西部的钢铁工业正在飞速发展。)注意：如果把and前面和后面的词作为两个不同的内涵(通常在and后面的名词或代词前加不定冠词、定冠词或其它限定词)，则说明and起并联作用，谓语应该用复数。例：There are aknife and afork.(桌子上有一把刀子和一把叉子。)C)由句子内容决定动词的单复数，即：用and连接的两个词或两个句子，由于谓语单复数不同，意义也不一样。例：What Isay and do are my own affair.=what Isay is my own affair and what Ido is also my own affair.(我说什么和做什么都是我自己的事。)What Isay and do is my own affair.=that which Isay and do is my own affair.(我说什么和做什么是我自己的事。)4.数词、量词和动名词等做主语1)量词做主语：凡是计量时间、距离、金钱、体积、尺寸等的度量衡做主语时，谓语动词都用单数。常见的这种词有：years,dollars,dozens,miles,length,width等。例：100 years is too long.(100年太长。)Eight hundred and thirty dollars is too unacceptable aprice for such asmall stamp.(830美元买这么小的一张邮票，这价格太让人无法接受了。)2)数学上的加、减、乘、除的规律是：加法和乘法的谓语动词单复数皆可；而减法和除法的谓语动词一律用单数。例：One plus/and one is/are two.(一加一等于二。)Ten times zero is/are zero.(10乘0等于0。)Ten minus three is seven.(10减3等于7。)Ten into fifty is five.(50除以10等于5。)注意：Two tens make/makes twenty.(两个10得20。)Two tens are twenty.(两个10得20。)在这两个例句里，动词make既可以用单数，也可以用复数。但如果用be动词做谓语，则只能用复数。3)分类词做主语：由form,kind,part,piece,portion,quantity,section,sort,type等词加of形成的短语做主语时，其谓语的单复数取决于这些词本身的单复数。例：The newest types of computer are on show.(现在正在展出最新型的计算机。)The shape of thing to come is unknown to everyone.(未来的发展形式谁也不知道。)注意：如果词组中含有修饰限定词，则动词单复数仍取决于被修饰的名词。例：These masters of form only produce something dull and hollow.(这种形式主义大师只能些出些空洞无聊的话来。)4)动名词和不定式做主语时，谓语动词一律用单数。例：Talking mends no holes.(空谈无济于事。)To set up the tent costs us two hours each time.(每次我们支起帐篷都要花两个小时。)5.从句作主语从句作主语时，主句的谓语动词要用单数形式。例：1991年6月四级第69题How close parents are to their children _a strong influence on the character of the children.A)have B)has C)having D)to haveHowto their children是一个有主谓结构的句子形式，作整个句子的主语；空格处应当是主句的谓语动词。所以答案是B)has。选项C)having和D)to have中的having和to have都不能单独作谓语。配套练习.第二十四讲主谓一致(二)1.The majority _on his side,but she disagrees with them on three points.A.were B.was C.is D.are 2.The nation wants peace,only aminority _the war to continue.A.want B.wants C.wanted D.has wanted 3.She feels very happy when the rest _appearance.A.makes his B.make their C.has made their D.have made his 4.It was you,nor Iwho _too much dependent on medicine and never did excercises.A.were B.are C.was D.am 5.The board of directors _in session.A.are B.hold C.is D.have held 6.Your stealing the money _most reprehensible,for you are the sole heir to alarge fortune.A.was B.are C.will be D.is 7.Whether or not the new plan will yield any positive results _to be seen.A.remain B.is remained C.remains D.have remained 8.John is the one of the staff members who _to be transferred.A.is going B.are goin gC.have been going D.has been going 9.Many ateacher _to ask how to attend the training program.A.come B.have come C.has come D.do come 10.More than one example _necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.A.should be B.is C.are D.have been参考答案.-以下内容为需要回复才能浏览1 D2 A3 B4 A5 C6 D7 C8 A9 C10 B第二十五讲倒装句倒装是一种语法手段，用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种：完全倒装和部分倒装。1.完全倒装1)完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词，而非助动词)。例如：In came the teacher and the class began.(老师走了进来，然后开始上课。)2)there引出的完全倒装句：除了最常见的there be句型以外，there还可以接appear,exist,lie,remain,seem to be,stand等，一般都译成有的含义，构成完全倒装句。例如：There appeared to be aman in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。)3)由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句：以地点副词here,there和时间副词now,then开头，后面的动词是be,come,exist,fall,follow,go,lie,remain,seem,stand等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。例：Under that tree sits abeautiful girl.(那棵树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘。)例：_ from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.A)Jumped down the burglar B)Down the burglar jumped C)The burglar jumps down D)Down jumped the burglar答案是D)Down jumped the burglar。因为地点状语Down位于句首应该用完全倒装，整个谓语动词应位于主语之前。C)The burglar jumps down虽然是自然语序，但时态错误，应该用和时间状语从句一致的过去时，而不是现在时。注意：1)在here,there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。例：Here comes the postman！(邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。)Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)2)注意正语序和倒装语序的语气、意义是区别：例：Here is the picture Ilove.(这正是我所喜爱的画。)The picture Ilove is here.(我所喜爱的话在这里。)3)当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。例：Lucky is he who has been enrolled into afamous university.(他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。)2.部分倒装1)部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。例：1996年6月四级第42题_ right now,she would get there on Sunday.A)Would she leave B)if she leave C)were she to leave D)If she had left结合选项，全句的意思是：如果她立刻就走，她就能在星期天到达那里。答案是C。2)以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法：例：Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)例：1999年6月四级第66题In no country _Britain,it had been said,can one experience four seasons in the course of asingle day.A)better than B)more than C)other than D)rather than本题是个倒装句，答案是C)other than。no other than意思是正是、就是；而rather than的意思是宁愿而不；而不是。3)以否定副词开头并加状语的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely,hardly,little,seldom,scarcelywhen,never,no soonerthan,rarely,no more,nor nearly,not only等以及only。例：1997年6月四级第43题Only under special circumstances _to take make-up tests.A)are freshmen permitted C)permitted are freshmen B)freshmen are permitted D)are permitted freshmen全句的意思是：一年级学生只有在特殊的情况下才可以允许补考。本陈述句以only开始，后面接状语，应当用部分倒装句。所以答案是A)are freshmen permitted。如用自然语序，本题所在的句子就应该改写为：Freshmen are permitted to take make-up tests only under special circumstances.这两句话的差别是，前者将only under special circumstances放到句首，表示对状语的强调。注意：在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前，其它部分都要置于主语之后。注意：a)如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装：例：Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made abig mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。)b)如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分，不用倒装：例：It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)c)如果hardly,scarcely后面接的是any,ever,at all时，意义类似almost no/not/never(几乎不、从不)，则无须倒装。例：Hardly any people having been invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)4)由no matter how,however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装，因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面，然后才是主语和谓语，形成形式上的部分倒装句：例：I know nothing about this river,neither how long,how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河，不知道它有多长，多宽或多深。)5)由as引导的部分倒装句：a)当as作为比较意义时，即用于as+adj./adv.+as结构中时，如果把第一个as省略掉，就形成部分倒装句。例：Cautious as the rest of her family(was),she didnt seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心，她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)She ran down the stairs,quick as arabbit(ran).(她跑下楼去，跑得象兔子那么快！)b)当as引导让步状语时，和although,though一样，当用作尽管之义时，可以用于部分倒装句。例：_,there was no hope of her being able to sleep.A)As she was exhausted B)If she was exhausted C)Exhausted though she was D)Now that she was exhausted答案是C)Exhausted though she was。从属连词as,though可以用于让步状语从句中。这种从句必须以形容词(或形容词化的分词)、名词或动词原形开头，主语必须位于从句之后。D)Now that she was exhausted里的引导词Now that表示既然；B)If she was exhausted表示条件如果；A)As she was exhausted表示由于(因为使用的是正语序)，都与后面句子的意思不通顺。c)表示原因时，为了强调起见，也可以倒装。例：Tired as he was,we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了，我们决定不打扰他。)d)等于so时，意义是也，也是例：She worked hard,so/as did her husband.(她工作很努力，她的丈夫工作也很努力。)3.其它情况的倒装句1)so,neither,nor除了构成上述倒装句以外，还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话，构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。a)当so表示也，相同，那样时，通常表示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容，要求使用完全倒装句：例：I asked him to complete the experiment before five,so he did(=and he did that).(我让他在5点以前完成实验，他做到了。)b)so/suchthat句型可以构成部分倒装句，表示强调so/such和that之间的部分：例：So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.(他的要价如此之高，令每个人都瞠目结舌。)To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.(她的彩排进行得那么长，以致于两个演员都走出去了。)c)neither和nor共有4种倒装形式，其含义分别为：完全倒装时：表示也不，和上文a)用法正好相反，表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。例：You dont know what to do now,neither/nor do I.(你不知道现在该做什么，我也不知道。)和其它否定副词连用，表示也(不)，也要求用完全倒装句：例：The besieged enemy could not advance,nor/neither could they retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。)注意：若把这句话改成：The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进，也不能退。)就不必倒装。例：1990年1月四级第59题She never laughed,_ lose her temper.A)or she ever did B)nor did she ever C)or did she ever D)nor she ever did本题的句子是一个并列句，全句意思是：她从来不大声笑，也没有发过脾气。当前面的分句含否定意义而且后面的分句也含否定的意思时，后面的反句通常用含否定意义的nor(或neither)连接。此外，nor(或neither)连接的分句应当用倒装句，及其谓语中的情态动词、连系动词或助动词应放主语之前。所以B)nor did she ever是答案。本句相当于：,and she never lost her temper,either。1)用在肯定句里，构成一般否定倒装：例：All that is true,nor must we forget it.(那全都是真的，我们可不能忘记。)2)部分倒装，有承上启下作用，表示同意和赞同：例：A：I couldnt do anything for her.(我帮不了她。)B：Nor you could,but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能帮她，但你本可以找人帮她的。)2)在进行比较的句子里，如果主语不是代词时，可以倒装：例：America consumes more energy than did our country.(美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。)Her face is rather pale and even paler are her hands.(她的脸色苍白，她的手更白。)练习.第二十五讲倒装句1.Little _how happy Ihad been.A.she had realized B.did she realize C.she realized D.has she realized 2._ considered the alternatives more carefully,they would have realized that the second was better than the first.A.If the committee members have B.Had the committee members been C.Though the committee members D.Had the committee members 3._ the womans possessions that she could carry them in asingle suitcase.A.Were so few B.So few were C.Few were so D.There were so few 4.Only after Ihad known him for sometime _to appreciate his real worth.A.do Ibegin B.did Ibegin C.I began D.had Ibegun 5.They have all got up,and _.A.Jack is too B.so has Jack C.Jack hasnt D.as Jack 6.Look,_ in his green T-shirt.A.David comes here B.here comes David C.comes here David D.here David comes 7._ from the 18th floor when he saw the police coming nea r.A.Jumped down the thief B.The thief jumped down C.Down the thief jumped D.Down jumped the thief 8._ to speak when the audience interrupted him.A.Hardly had he begun B.No sooner had he begun C.Not until he began D.Scarcely did he begin 9._ acertain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.A.It existed B.There existed C.There had D.Existed there 10.Only when you have acquired agood knowledge of grammar _write correctly.A.you will B.you can C.can you D.cant you参考答案.-以下内容为需要回复才能浏览1 B2 D3 B4 B5 B6 B7 D8 D9 B10 C第二十六讲简单句与并列句句子有两种分类标准。一种是按照句子的使用目的分类，可分为陈述句、疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句)、祈使句和感叹句；另一种是按照句子结构分类，可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。在这里我们重点分析一下简单句、并列句和复合句之间的区别、连接手段和注意事项。简单句1.定义：只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫做简单句。1)陈述句例：1995年6月四级第49题An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards,approximately _from Marathon to Athens.A)distance B)is the distance C)the distance D)the distance is全句的意思是：奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里385码，约为从马拉松到雅典的距离。本题答案是选项C)the distance。名词短语approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens用来进一步说明26 miles and 385 yards究竟有多长，在语法上叫作同位语。答案如果是B或D的话，则句子结构应该分别为：or is approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens和and the distance is approximately from Marathon to Athens。但本题中逗号之后并没有or或and之类连接词，因此后面不应当是一个句子形式。选项A)distance也不对，因为这里的distance后面有fromto作定语，是特指，前面要有定冠词。2)疑问句a)一般疑问句例：Have you read this book?(你读过这本书吗?)b)反意疑问句例：If Imistake not,you used to cook your own food,_ you?A)do you B)dont you C)did you D)didnt you全句的意思：如果我没说错的话，你过去总是自己做饭，_?主句为过去时态的肯定时，所以疑问部分应用didnt you，答案是D)。2.注意事项：如果一个句子里出现两个或更多主语共同使用一个谓语，或一个主语后面接两个或多个谓语，或者两个主语后面接两个谓语，我们都应视其为简单句。例：1997年6月四级第57题_ that my head had cleared,my brain was also beginning to work much better.A)For B)Now C)Since D)Despite本题前半部分的意思是：我头部的症状已经消失，后半部分的意思是脑子也开始灵活得多。这两个部分无论是语法结构或意思都是完整的。因此，空格处应该填入连接词，而非从句引导词。因此，答案是B)Now。now that是复合连接词，表示既然、由于。这样，全句的意思是：我头部的症状已经消失，脑子也就渐渐变得灵活得多。其它三个选项都不能和that一起构成复合连接词，因此，都不是答案。并列句：定义：包含两个或多个互不依从的主谓结构，通常由一个或多个并列连词来连接的句子叫做并列句。1.联合关系的并列句由and,nor,neithernor和not onlybut also等连接；例：1993年6月四级第47题Turn on the television or open magazine and you _advertisements showing happy,balanced families.A)are often seeing B)often see C)will often see D)have often seen本题连接词and前面的分句表示一种条件，and后面的分句表示一种结果。全句的意思是：你一打开电视机或翻开杂志，常常会看到显示幸福、和睦家庭的各种广告。在这种用法中，and前面部分通常是祈使句，and后面的句子用将来时，表示会。所以，选项C)will often see是答案。2.转折关系的并列句由but,however,while,even so，still和yet等连接；例：1996年6月四级第58题_ Iadmit that there are problems,I dont think that they cannot be solved.A)Unless B)Until C)As D)While全句的意思是：尽管我承认问题的存在，但我认为他们能够解决它。答案是D)While。While在此为连词，表示语气的转折，意思是尽管、然而、但是。例：1997年6月四级第54题John seems anice person,_ Idont trust him.A)even though B)even so C)therefore D)though本题第一句意思是：约翰看起来像是个很好的人；第二句意思是：我并不信任他。根据全体上下文的意思，空格中应填入表达转折意思的副词。答案是B)even so(即使如此，然而)，相当于nevertheless。选项A)even though的意思是纵然，是引出让步从句的连接词，不是副词。选项C)therefore虽然是副词，但意思是因此，所以不对。选项D)的though(可是)虽然可用作表示转折意思的副词，但它通常置于句尾或插入句子中间。3.选择关系的并列句由or,otherwise,eitheror等连接；因果关系或推论关系的并列句由for,therefore等连接。例：Dress warmly,_ youll catch cold.A)on the contrary B)or rather C)or else D)in no way本句前半部分的意思是穿得暖和点，后半部分的意思是你会着凉。无论从结构还是从意思上看，这两部分都是彼此独立的，应该是一个并列句，中间缺少一个连接词。根据全句意思，这里需要一个表示否则意思的连接词，所以答案是C)。练习.第二十六讲简单句与并列句1.The town _my father grew up in is not far from here.A.what B.where C.wherever D.which 2.Better than any other,the design engineer should know _he wants his design to accomplish.A.what B.how C.when D.that 3.Little _wine.A she cares for Bshe does care for Cshe did care for Ddoes she care for 4.It was under the desk _Mary found her pen.A which Bthat Con which Dwhere 5.Your composition is quite good _some mistakes in spelling.A besides Bapart from Cexcept for Dexcept 6.Most of the streets were flooded in the morning,so there _violent rainstorm during the night.A.must be B.must have been C.ought to be D.has been参考答案：.-以下内容为需要回复才能浏览1 D2 A3 D4 B5 C6 B第二十七讲复合句定义：包含两个或多个主谓结构，并且，其中一个主谓结构充当主句，另一个或多个主谓结构为从句，充当该主句的主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，这样的句子叫做复合句。1.主语从句在整个句子中充当主语成分的从句。可以由从属连词that,whether等引导；也可以由连接代词what,which,who以及由连接副词how,when,where,why，as等引导。例：1993年6月四级第67题_is known to the world，Mark Twain is agreat American writer.A)That B)Which C)As D)It本题逗号前后是两个分句，因此空格中应填入一个连接成分。从句子意思看，逗号前面部分全世界都知道这是逗号后面部分，即：(全世界都知道，)马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。可见，应填入的是代表整个主句的关系代词。所以答案是C)As。As在从句中作谓语动词is known的主语。that作关系代词不能代表整个从句，所以选项A)错误。选项D)的it不是连接手段。如果句首用it，全句应该写为：It is known to the world that Mark Twain is agreat American writer。选项B)Which可以用来代替整个主句，但必须位于主句之后。例：1995年6月四级第55题In some countries _is calledequalitydoes not really mean equal rights for all people.A)which B)what C)that D)one全句意思是：所谓的平等，在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都享有平等的权利。What相当于the thing that。what引出的从句what is called equality在句中作主语用。2.同位语从句从句的作用是做主语、表语或宾语的同位语(即，不是对主语、表语或宾语进行修饰和限定，而是说明其内容含义)，则叫做同位语从句。由that引导。例：1997年6月四级第53题The mere fact _most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.A)what C)that B)which D)why本题是个主从复合句。主句部分是The mere fact does not mean that it will not occur.，意思是仅仅这个事实并不意味着核战争不会发生。；从句部分是most people believe nuclear war would be madness，意思是大多数人认为挑起核战争是一种疯狂的行为。这一从句揭示了fact的内容，两者是同位语的关系。因此，从全句的结构和意思看，空格中应该填入一个连接词，构成名词fact的同位语从句。所以答案是C)that。全句的意思是：大多数人认为挑起核战争是一种疯狂的行为，但仅就这一事实，并不意味着核战争不会发生。可以由同位语从句修饰的名词还有thought,idea,news,hope,belief,doubt等。3.语从句当主句的谓语是系动词，而从句位于其后，即在整个句子中充当表语，则该从句叫做表语从句。可以由从属连词that,whether等引导；由连接代词what,which,who等引导；由连接副词how,when,where,why等引导；以及由because等引导。Their argument was how we know away to test the authorities statement.(他们的论据是我们怎能知道检验权威观点的方法。)例：Water will continue to be _it is today-next in importance to oxygen.A.how B.which C.as D.what答案是D.what。根据全句的意思水在将来还是现在的状况-其重要性仅次于氧气。判断，空格处缺少一个表语从句引导词，并且这个引导的意思是的状况，在4个选项中，只有D可以表示这个意思。4.宾语从句(包括间接引语)在主句中充当宾语成分，即跟在及物动词后面、不及物动词加介词后面，或介词后面的从句叫做宾语从句。可以由从属连词that,whether,if等引导；由连接代词what,which,who等引导；由连接副词how,when,where,why等引导。例：Professor Lees book will show you _can be used in other contexts.A.that you have