管理会计案例教村0财务管理培训讲座课件

Standard Costs and Operating Performance Measures Chapter 10 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Costs Benchmarks for measuring performance. The expected level of performance. Based on carefully predetermined amounts. Used for planning labor, material and overhead requirements.Standard Costs are The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Costs Direct Material Managers focus on quantities and costs that exceed standards, a practice known as management by exception. Type of Product Cost Amount Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Standard The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Accountants, engineers, personnel administrators, and production managers combine efforts to set standards based on experience and expectations. Setting Standard Costs The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Setting Standard Costs Should we use practical standards or ideal standards? Engineer Managerial Accountant The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Setting Standard Costs Practical standards should be set at levels that are currently attainable with reasonable and efficient effort. Production manager The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Setting Standard Costs I agree. Ideal standards, that are based on perfection, are unattainable and discourage most employees. Human Resources Manager The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Setting Direct Material Standards Quantity Standards Use product design specifications. Price Standards Final, delivered cost of materials, net of discounts. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Setting Direct Labor Standards Rate Standards Use wage surveys and labor contracts. Time Standards Use time and motion studies for each labor operation. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Setting Variable Overhead Standards Rate Standards The rate is the variable portion of the predetermined overhead rate. Activity Standards The activity is the base used to calculate the predetermined overhead. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Cost Card Variable Production Cost A standard cost card for one unit of product might look like this: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Are standards the same as budgets? A standard is the expected cost for one unit. A budget is the expected cost for all units. Standards vs. Budgets The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Cost Variances Product Cost Standard This variance is unfavorable because the actual cost exceeds the standard cost. A standard cost variance is the amount by which an actual cost differs from the standard cost. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Cost Variances I see that there is an unfavorable variance. But why are variances important to me? First, they point to causes of problems and directions for improvement. Second, they trigger investigations in departments having responsibility for incurring the costs. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Variance Analysis Cycle Prepare standard cost performance report Conduct next periods operations Analyze variances Identify questions Receive explanations Take corrective actions Begin The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Cost Variances Price Variance The difference between the actual price and the standard price Standard Cost Variances Quantity Variance The difference between the actual quantity and the standard quantity The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill A General Model for Variance Analysis Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Price VarianceQuantity Variance Standard price is the amount that should have been paid for the resources acquired. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Price VarianceQuantity Variance Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price A General Model for Variance Analysis Standard quantity is the quantity allowed for the actual good output. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill A General Model for Variance Analysis AQ(AP - SP) SP(AQ - SQ) AQ = Actual Quantity SP = Standard Price AP = Actual Price SQ = Standard Quantity Price VarianceQuantity Variance Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Costs Lets use the general model to calculate standard cost variances, starting with direct material. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hanson Inc. has the following direct material standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 pounds per Zippy at $4.00 per pound Last week 1,700 pounds of material were purchased and used to make 1,000 Zippies. The material cost a total of $6,630. Material Variances Example Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill What is the actual price per pound paid for the material? a. $4.00 per pound. b. $4.10 per pound. c. $3.90 per pound. d. $6.63 per pound. Material Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill What is the actual price per pound paid for the material? a. $4.00 per pound. b. $4.10 per pound. c. $3.90 per pound. d. $6.63 per pound. AP = $6,630 1,700 lbs. AP = $3.90 per lb. Material Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons material price variance (MPV) for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable. Material Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons material price variance (MPV) for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable. MPV = AQ(AP - SP) MPV = 1,700 lbs. ($3.90 - 4.00) MPV = $170 Favorable Material Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill The standard quantity of material that should have been used to produce 1,000 Zippies is: a. 1,700 pounds. b. 1,500 pounds. c. 2,550 pounds. d. 2,000 pounds. Material Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill The standard quantity of material that should have been used to produce 1,000 Zippies is: a. 1,700 pounds. b. 1,500 pounds. c. 2,550 pounds. d. 2,000 pounds. SQ = 1,000 units 1.5 lbs per unit SQ = 1,500 lbs Material Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons material quantity variance (MQV) for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable. Material Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons material quantity variance (MQV) for the week was: a. $170 unfavorable. b. $170 favorable. c. $800 unfavorable. d. $800 favorable. MQV = SP(AQ - SQ) MQV = $4.00(1,700 lbs - 1,500 lbs) MQV = $800 unfavorable Material Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill 1,700 lbs. 1,700 lbs. 1,500 lbs. $3.90 per lb. $4.00 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $6,630 = $ 6,800 = $6,000 Price variance $170 favorable Quantity variance $800 unfavorable Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price Material Variances Summary Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Material Variances Hanson purchased and used 1,700 pounds. How are the variances computed if the amount purchased differs from the amount used? The price variance is computed on the entire quantity purchased. The quantity variance is computed only on the quantity used. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hanson Inc. has the following material standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 pounds per Zippy at $4.00 per pound Last week 2,800 pounds of material were purchased at a total cost of $10,920, and 1,700 pounds were used to make 1,000 Zippies. Material Variances Continued Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Purchased Purchased Actual Price Standard Price 2,800 lbs. 2,800 lbs. $3.90 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $10,920 = $11,200 Price variance $280 favorable Price variance increases because quantity purchased increases. Material Variances Continued Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Actual Quantity Used Standard Quantity Standard Price Standard Price 1,700 lbs. 1,500 lbs. $4.00 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $6,800 = $6,000 Quantity variance $800 unfavorable Quantity variance is unchanged because actual and standard quantities are unchanged. Material Variances Continued Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Isolation of Material Variances I need the price variance sooner so that I can better identify purchasing problems. You accountants just dont understand the problems that purchasing managers have. Ill start computing the price variance when material is purchased rather than when its used. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Responsibility for Material Variances I am not responsible for this unfavorable material quantity variance. You purchased cheap material, so my people had to use more of it. You used too much material because of poorly trained workers and poorly maintained equipment. Also, your poor scheduling sometimes requires me to rush order material at a higher price, causing unfavorable price variances. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Costs Now lets calculate standard cost variances for direct labor. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hanson Inc. has the following direct labor standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 standard hours per Zippy at $6.00 per direct labor hour Last week 1,550 direct labor hours were worked at a total labor cost of $9,610 to make 1,000 Zippies. Labor Variances Example Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill What was Hansons actual rate (AR) for labor for the week? a. $6.20 per hour. b. $6.00 per hour. c. $5.80 per hour. d. $5.60 per hour. Labor Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill What was Hansons actual rate (AR) for labor for the week? a. $6.20 per hour. b. $6.00 per hour. c. $5.80 per hour. d. $5.60 per hour. Labor Variances AR = $9,610 1,550 hours AR = $6.20 per hour Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons labor rate variance (LRV) for the week was: a. $310 unfavorable. b. $310 favorable. c. $300 unfavorable. d. $300 favorable. Labor Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons labor rate variance (LRV) for the week was: a. $310 unfavorable. b. $310 favorable. c. $300 unfavorable. d. $300 favorable. Labor Variances LRV = AH(AR - SR) LRV = 1,550 hrs($6.20 - $6.00) LRV = $310 unfavorable Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill The standard hours (SH) of labor that should have been worked to produce 1,000 Zippies is: a. 1,550 hours. b. 1,500 hours. c. 1,700 hours. d. 1,800 hours. Labor Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill The standard hours (SH) of labor that should have been worked to produce 1,000 Zippies is: a. 1,550 hours. b. 1,500 hours. c. 1,700 hours. d. 1,800 hours. Labor Variances SH = 1,000 units 1.5 hours per unit SH = 1,500 hours Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons labor efficiency variance (LEV) for the week was: a. $290 unfavorable. b. $290 favorable. c. $300 unfavorable. d. $300 favorable. Labor Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons labor efficiency variance (LEV) for the week was: a. $290 unfavorable. b. $290 favorable. c. $300 unfavorable. d. $300 favorable. Labor Variances LEV = SR(AH - SH) LEV = $6.00(1,550 hrs - 1,500 hrs) LEV = $300 unfavorable Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Actual Hours Actual Hours Standard Hours Actual Rate Standard Rate Standard Rate Labor Variances Summary Rate variance $310 unfavorable Efficiency variance $300 unfavorable 1,550 hours 1,550 hours 1,500 hours $6.20 per hour $6.00 per hour $6.00 per hour = $9,610 = $9,300 = $9,000 Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Labor Rate Variance A Closer Look High skill, high rate Low skill, low rate Using highly paid skilled workers to perform unskilled tasks results in an unfavorable rate variance. Production managers who make work assignments are generally responsible for rate variances. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Labor Efficiency Variance A Closer Look Unfavorable Efficiency Variance Poorly trained workers Poor quality materials Poorly maintained equipment Poor supervision of workers The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Responsibility for Labor Variances I am not responsible for the unfavorable labor efficiency variance! You purchased cheap material, so it took more time to process it. You used too much time because of poorly trained workers and poor supervision. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Responsibility for Labor Variances Maybe I can attribute the labor and material variances to personnel for hiring the wrong people and training them poorly. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Standard Costs Now lets calculate standard cost variances for the last of the variable production costs variable manufacturing overhead. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hanson Inc. has the following variable manufacturing overhead standard to manufacture one Zippy: 1.5 standard hours per Zippy at $3.00 per direct labor hour Last week 1,550 hours were worked to make 1,000 Zippies, and $5,115 was spent for variable manufacturing overhead. Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances Example Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill What was Hansons actual rate (AR) for variable manufacturing overhead rate for the week? a. $3.00 per hour. b. $3.19 per hour. c. $3.30 per hour. d. $4.50 per hour. Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill What was Hansons actual rate (AR) for variable manufacturing overhead rate for the week? a. $3.00 per hour. b. $3.19 per hour. c. $3.30 per hour. d. $4.50 per hour. Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances AR = $5,115 1,550 hours AR = $3.30 per hour Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons spending variance (SV) for variable manufacturing overhead for the week was: a. $465 unfavorable. b. $400 favorable. c. $335 unfavorable. d. $300 favorable. Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons spending variance (SV) for variable manufacturing overhead for the week was: a. $465 unfavorable. b. $400 favorable. c. $335 unfavorable. d. $300 favorable. Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances SV = AH(AR - SR) SV = 1,550 hrs($3.30 - $3.00) SV = $465 unfavorable Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons efficiency variance (EV) for variable manufacturing overhead for the week was: a. $435 unfavorable. b. $435 favorable. c. $150 unfavorable. d. $150 favorable. Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons efficiency variance (EV) for variable manufacturing overhead for the week was: a. $435 unfavorable. b. $435 favorable. c. $150 unfavorable. d. $150 favorable. Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances EV = SR(AH - SH) EV = $3.00(1,550 hrs - 1,500 hrs) EV = $150 unfavorable 1,000 units 1.5 hrs per unit Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Spending variance $465 unfavorable Efficiency variance $150 unfavorable 1,550 hours 1,550 hours 1,500 hours $3.30 per hour $3.00 per hour $3.00 per hour = $5,115 = $4,650 = $4,500 Actual Hours Actual Hours Standard Hours Actual Rate Standard Rate Standard Rate Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances Zippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Variable Manufacturing Overhead Variances A Closer Look If variable overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours, the labor efficiency and variable overhead efficiency variances will move in tandem. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Larger variances, in dollar amount or as a percentage of the standard, are investigated first. Variance Analysis and Management by Exception How do I know which variances to investigate? The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill Advantages of Standard Costs Management by exception Improved cost control and performance evaluation Better Information for planning and deci