细胞生物学名解

1. neural stem cell (NSC) 答案：存在于成体脑组织中的一种干细胞，它可生成神经元、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞。亦可转分化成 血细胞和骨骼肌细胞。 2. X inactivation X 答案：雌性成体细胞中两条 X 染色体中的一条处于正常失活状态。 3. cell line 细胞系 答案：在培养中由原代培养物产生的可无限增殖的细胞群。一般为肿瘤细胞或转化细胞形成。 4. polymorphic nucleus 多形核 答案：哺乳动物颗粒白细胞中形状不规则的核。 5. voltage-gated ion channel 电压门控通道 答案：兴奋细胞质膜上的一种离子通道，对跨膜电位差的变化极为敏感，因膜电位达到一定阈值而开放。 6. contractile protein 收缩蛋白 答案：细胞中参与收缩过程的蛋白质，如肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白。 7. cell coat 答案：又称糖萼（glycocalyx） ，动物细胞质膜外的一层黏多糖物质，以共价键和膜蛋白或膜脂结合形成糖蛋 白或糖脂，它对膜蛋白有保护作用，并在分子识别中起重要作用 8. -phage vector -噬菌体载体： 答案：由 噬菌体 DNA 发展而来的 DNA 克隆载体 9. adaptor protein 衔接器蛋白 答案：在细胞内信号传递途径中，凡是在不同蛋白质间起连接作用的蛋白质的通称。 10. cell adhesion 细胞黏附 答案：动物细胞通过细胞表面的黏附分子介导细胞之间或细胞与细胞外基质之间的黏附。 1. thick filament 粗（肌）丝 答案：横纹肌中的肌球蛋白 II 丝，直径约 1214nm。 2. laser scanning confocal microscope 答案：利用细激光束通过物镜扫描标本成像,将不同光切面的影像经计算机图象处理，获得三维影像。 3. ultrastructure 超微结构 答案：细胞从亚显微水平到分子水平的结构的统称，亦称亚显微结构（submicroscopic structure） 。 4. liposome 脂质体用悬浮在水中的磷脂分子人工制备成的脂双层小膜泡。 5. transdifferentiation 转分化 答案：(1)已分化细胞经去分化后再分化成另一种细胞的现象，如色素细胞分化成晶状体。(2)一种组织的干细胞能 够分化成他种组织细胞的现象。 6. docking protein 停泊蛋白 答案：内质网膜上的信号识别颗粒受体。 7. thylakoid 类囊体 答案：叶绿体基质中由单位膜封闭形成的扁平囊。 8. nuclear pore complex 核孔复合体 答案：核被膜上沟通核质和细胞质的复杂隧道结构，由多种核孔蛋白构成。隧道的内、外口和中央有由核糖核蛋 白组成的颗粒。核孔对进出核的物质有控制作用。 9. cytoplast, cytosome 胞质体 答案：利用物理或化学方法，将细胞核去除后所得到的细胞部分，可以用来研究细胞核与细胞质的关系 10 axonal transport 细胞器或分子沿神经细胞轴突定向的运输，可以是顺向的（从细胞体向外）或逆向的（向着细胞体 11. sex determination 性别决定 答案：由于性染色体上的性别决定基因地活动，胚胎发生了雄性和雌性的性别差异。在哺乳动物中，基因型若为 XY，则为雄性性，XX 为雌性。 4. fusin 引信蛋白 答案：在各种 CD4 细胞中广泛表达的一种 7 次穿膜的 G 蛋白，与趋化因子受体相连，当 HIV 病毒感染 T 细胞时起辅因子的作用。 5. glial cells 胶质细胞 答案：神经系统中的支持细胞，包括脊椎动物中枢神经系统中的少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞以及周围神经 系统中的雪旺细胞。 7. lamellipodium 片足 答案：细胞表面的外被质膜的薄片状突起，内部有肌动蛋白丝网络的支撑，与细胞运动有关。 8. myofibril 肌原纤维 答案：由粗肌丝和细肌丝规则排列构成的肌纤维亚单位。 9. cytoplast, cytosome 胞质体 答案：利用物理或化学方法，将细胞核去除后所得到的细胞部分，可以用来研究细胞核与细胞质的关系。 12. Vital staining, intravital staining 活体染色答案：使用毒性小的染料对活体细胞或组织的染色。 15. leucoplast 白色体 答案：一种无色的质体。 1, primary culture：The cells are obtained directly from the organism. Most primary cultures of animal cells are obtained from embryos, whose tissues are more readily dissociated into single cells than those of adults. Dissociation is accomplished with the aid of a proteolytic enzyme,such as trypsin. The tissue is then washed free of the enzyme and usually suspended in liquid media to start a cell culture. 2, liposome: A important feature of the lipid bilayer is its ability to self assemble, for example,a small amount of phosphatidylcholine is dispersed in an aqueous solution, the phospholipid molecules assemble spontaneously to form the walls of fluid-filled spherical vesicles, called liposomes. 3, basement membrane: A continuous sheet that (1) surrounds muscle and fat cells, (2) underlies the basal surface of epithelial tissues, such as the epidermis of the skin, (3)underlies the inner endothelial lining of blood vessels. Basement membranes provide mechanical support for the attached cells, generate signals that maintain cell surevival, serve as a substratum for cell migration, separate adjacent tissues within an organ, and act as a barrier to the passage of macromolecules. 4, Fibronectin: Consists of a linear array of distinct “building blocks” that gives each polypeptide of the extracellular matrix a modular construction. Each fibronectin polypeptide is constructed from a sequence of approximately 30 independently folding Fn moidules, while Fn-type modules were first discovered in fibronectin, they are found as part of many other proteins, ranging from blood clotting factors to membrane receptors and other proteins of the ECM. Each of the two polypeptide chains that make up a fibronectin molecule contains (1) Binding sites for other components of the ECM, such as collagens and proteoglycans. (2) Binding sites for receptors on the cell surface. 5, junctional complex: The cells of certain tissues, particularly epithelia and cardiac muscle, are notoriously difficult to separate from one another because they are held together tightly by specialized calcium-dependent adhesive junctions. There are two main types of adhesive junctions: adherens junctions and desmosomes. In addition to adhesive junctions, epithelial cells often contain other types of cell junctions that are also located their lateral surfaces near the apical lumen. When these junctions are arranged in a specific array, this assortment of surface specializations is called a junctional complex. 6, gap iunction: Gap junctions are sites between animal cells that are specialized for intercellular communication. The plasma membranes of adjacent cells come very close to one another but do not make direct contact. Instead, the cleft between the clls is spanned by very fine strands that are composed entirely of an integral membrane protein called connexin. Each connexon is composed of six connexin subunits arranged around a central opening. Gap junctions can put a large number of cells of a tissue into intimate cytoplasmic contact. This has important physiologic consequences, because a number of highly active regulatory substances, such as cAMP and inositol phosphates, are small enough to fit through gap- junction channels. As a result, gap junctions have the potential to integrate the activities of individual cells of a tissue into functional unit. 一：Give a good explanation to the words listed below. (5x8=40 points) 1, cell line：Normal (nonmalignant) cells can divide a limited number of times (typically 50 to 100) before they undergo senescence and death. Because of this, many of the cells that are commonly used in tissue culture studies have undergone genetic modifications that allow them to be grown indefinitely. Cells of this type are referred to as a cell line. 2, Laminin：Laminins are a family of extracellular glycoproteins that consist of three different polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds and organizedf into a molecule resembling a cross with three short arms and one long arm. At least 15 different laminins have been identified. Like fibronectin, extracellular laminins can greatly influence a cells potencial for migration, growth, and differentiation. For example, laminins play a critical role in the migration of primordial germ cells. These cells arise in the yolk sac, which is located the embryo itself, and then migrate by way of the bloodstream and embryonic to the developing gond, where they eventually give rise to sperm or eggs. During their migration, the primordial germ cells traverse surfaces that are particularly rich in laminin. Studies indicate that the primordial germ cells possess a cell-surfece protein that adheres strongly to one of the subunits of the laminin molecule. 3, Cadherins：The cadherins are a large family of glycoproteins that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion and transmit signals from the ECM to the cytoplasm. Cadherins join cells of similar type to one another and do so predominantly by binding to the same cadherin present on the surface of the neighboring cell. Cadherins are found on the surfaces of many different cell types in animals, with each particular member of the cadherin family having a specific distribution within the body. 4, apoptosis：is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. It is one of the main types of programmed cell deaths (PCD) and involves a series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death, in more specific terms, a series of biochemical events that lead to a variety of morphological changes, including blebbing, changes to the cell membrane such as loss of membrane asymmetry and attachment, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation. 5, extracellular messenger molecules：Cells usually communicate with each other through extracellular messenger molecules. Cell signaling is initiated with the release of a messenger molecule by a cell that is engaged in sending messages to other cells in the body. In some cases, the messenger molecule need only diffuse across a narrow cleft or through a tiny blood vessel before the messager is received by an appropriate target cell. In other cases, the messenger molecule may have to circulate through the entire body before it reaches specific target cells. Cells can only respond to an extracellular message if they express receptors that specifically recognize and bind that particular messenger molecule. 6, chromatin: Chromatin is the DNA/protein/RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei. The major proteins involved in chromatin are histone proteins. And the functions of chromatin are to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis, and to serve as a mechanism to control expression. Changes in chromatin structure are affected mainly by methylation (DNA and proteins) and acetylation (proteins). Chromatin structure is also relevant to DNA replication and DNA repair. 7，house-keeping gene: Expressed in all cell types, essential for all cells, responsible for the routin metabolic functions. 8，Hayflick limit: is the number of times a cell will divide before it stops due to the telomere reaching a critical length. It was discovered by Leonard Hayflick in 1965, when Hayflick demonstrated that normal human cells in a cell culture divide about 52 times before entering a senescence phase (refuting the contention by Alexis Carrel that normal cells are immortal). Each mitosis shortens the telomere appendix on the DNA of the cell, thus ticking back an “inner clock“ for each subsequent copy of the cell.This mechanism is believed to have evolved primarily to protect the body from creating a potentially- cancerous cell. Because of the fragmented way DNA replicates, a very short telomered cell may lead to genomic instability when the proteins meant to be located on the telomere will fail to attach and it will be marked as a double-strand DNA break, possibly leading to cancer. 3, cell differentiation: A developmental process in which structures and functions become increasingly specialized. 5, chromosome: Chromosomes are organized structures of DNA and proteins that are found in cells. A chromosome is a singular piece of DNA, which contains many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. The structure of chromosomes and chromatin varies through the cell cycle. 6, nucleosome: are the fundamental repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin, They are the smallest structural unit of eukaryotic DNA packaging, fundamental to the structure of the chromosome(s) inside the cell nucleus and can play a role in controlling gene expression. They are made up of about 146 base pairs of DNA and four pairs of proteins called histones, and resemble “beads on a string of DNA“ when observed with an electron microscope (a 10nm fiber). The proteins that make up the nucleosome are called histones. Histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 form the core of the nucleosome, around which the DNA is wrapped, while histone H1 sits on the base of the nucleosome at the junction between nucleosome DNA and linker DNA, extending along the DNA into the linker region. 7, luxury gene: Tissue-specific genes, expressed in special cells, making one cell type different from another cell type. 8,cell cycle: The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication. These events can be divided in two brief periods: interphaseduring which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNAand the mitotic (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called “daughter cells“. The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. 11. lamin 核纤层蛋白 答案：核纤层结构的组成成分，属于中间纤维蛋白家族；核纤层蛋白随着细胞分裂发生周期性的磷酸化与 去磷酸化变化，某些核纤层蛋白在体外能够自我组装成 10nm 的纤维。 1. secondary plasmodesma 次生胞间连丝 答案：在长成细胞的壁上因细胞发育或功能变化重新形成的胞间连丝。 4. tenuin 张力联合蛋白 答案：黏附连接质膜下的一种蛋白质，与微丝束和质膜的结合有关。 5. compartmentation, compartmentalization 区室化 答案：真核细胞内以膜为界的分区，如内质网、高尔基复合体、溶酶体、线粒体、叶绿体及细胞核等，保证 细胞内各种代谢过程和复杂功能有条不紊地进行。 答案：哺乳动物颗粒白细胞中形状不规则的核。 9. invagination 内陷 答案：胞吞时质膜内陷形成内吞小泡的过程。 12. ubiquitinoylation 泛素化 答案：在蛋白质分子一个位点上结合单个或多个泛素残基的作用。 14. micromanipulator 显微操作器 答案：用显微镜附加细微操纵装置所组成的手术器械。 5. glial cells 胶质细胞 答案：神经系统中的支持细胞，包括脊椎动物中枢神经系统中的少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞以及周围神经系 统中的雪旺细胞。 1) 着丝粒和动粒 (centromere and kinetochore) ：着丝粒即染色体的主缢痕，是高度有序的整合结构，至少 分为 3 种不同的结构域：动粒结构域、中央结构域和配对结构域。动粒动粒结构域即动粒位于着丝粒外表面，哺 乳动物着丝粒分为 3 个区域：内板，中间间隙和外板，(组成)。纺缍体微观与动粒的外侧结合，动粒的内侧与着 丝粒相互交织。着丝粒-动粒复合体及在细胞分裂过程中的重要性。 2) 接触抑制 (contact inhibition) ：正常细胞生长到彼此相互接触时，其运动和分裂活动就会停止。癌细胞失 去运动和分裂的接触抑制， “它们” 能堆积。正常细胞体外培养贴壁性，转化细胞贴壁性下降。悬浮性培养。 3) 微管组织中心 (microtubule organizing center, MTOC)：微管在生理状态或实验处理解聚后重新装配的发生 处。MTOC 决定了细胞微管的极性，微管的(-)极指向 MTOC，(+)极背向 MTOC。动物细胞的 MTOC 是中心体。 5) proto-oncogene and oncogene：proto-oncogene (原癌基因) 是控制细胞生长和分裂的正常基因，而 oncogene (癌基因) 是原癌基因的突变形式；原癌基因的突变能引起正常细胞癌变。命名原因、癌基因表达产物。 6) 非细胞体系 (cell-free system) ：an experimental system to study cellular activities that does not required whole cells. Such systems typically contain a preparation of purified proteins and/or subcellular fractions and are amenable to experimental manipulation. 7) 常染色质和异染色质: 常染色质纤维折叠压缩程度低，处于伸展状态，用碱性染料染色时着色浅。构成常染色 质的 DNA 主要是单一序列和中度重复序列 DNA，处于常染色质状态是基因转录的必要条件。异染色质纤维折叠压缩 程度高，处于聚缩状态，用碱性染料染色着色深。异染色质又分为结构异染色质和兼性异染色质。结构异染色质 是指除复制期以外在整个细胞周期均处于聚缩状态，DNA 包装比在整个细胞周期中基本没有较大变化的异染色质。 兼性异染色质是指在某些细胞类型或一定的发育阶段，原来的常染色质聚缩，并丧失基因转录活性，变为异染色 质。 8) trans Golgi network：that part of the Golgi apparatus that is furthest from the endoplasmic reticulum and from which proteins and lipids leave for lysosomes, secretory vesicles or the cell surface. 10) 主动运输：由载体蛋白介导的物质逆浓度梯度或电化学梯度由浓度低的一侧向浓度高的一侧进行跨膜转运的 方式，主动运输过程需要消耗能量，需要与某种释放能量的过程相偶联。主动运输需要膜上的特异性载体蛋白， 这些载体蛋白不仅具有结构上的特异性，而且具有结构上的可变性。 1)细胞周期：细胞分裂是一个复杂过程，包括物质积累，遗传物质复制，平均分配到两个子细胞。物质积累和细 胞分裂的循环。分裂间期和有丝分裂期，间期包括 G1，S，G2 期。分裂期包括 mitosis and cytokinesis. 2) 细胞全能性: 细胞分裂和分化后仍具有产生完整有机体的潜能或特性。受精卵和早期的胚胎细胞。 3) 染色体超前凝集 (PCC) ：与 M 期细胞融合的间期细胞中的染色质发生了凝集，形成了形态各异的染色体。G1- PCC，S-PCC，G2-PCC. M-Cdk 的作用。可检测细胞所处周期时相等。 4) cis Golgi network：连续的分支状管网结构，高尔基体靠近细胞核的一面。接受来自内质网新合成的物质， 分类后大部分转入高尔基体中间膜囊，小部分蛋白质和脂质再返回内质网。其它生物活性。 5) 中间纤维：10 nm 纤维，成分具有组织特异性。按组织来源和免疫原性分为 5 类：角蛋白纤维，上皮细胞； vimentin filament, desmin filament, neurofilament, neuroglial filament. 6) 活性染色质和非活性染色质：活性染色质具有转录活性，具有输送的染色质结构，DNase 超敏感位点，折叠程 度低，生化上特殊性，很少组蛋白 H1 与其结合等。非活性染色质没有转录活性，异染色质纤维折叠压缩程度高， 处于聚缩状态。 7) 鬼笔环肽 (philloidin) ：可以切断微丝，并结合在微丝末端阻止 actin 聚合，对微丝解聚没有明显影响，破 坏微丝三维网络。利用标记的 philloidin 可以特异显示 F-actin. 8) 管家基因和奢侈基因: 所有细胞中都表达的一类基因，对维持细胞基本生命活动所必需的基因称为管家基因。 组织特异性基因是指不同的细胞类型进行特异性表达的基因，其产物赋予个类细胞特异的形态结构特征与特异的 生理功能。细胞分化是基因选择性表达的结果。时间和空间上的基因差异表达，转录水平，转录后加工水平，染 色体和 DNA 水平，翻译和翻译后加工与修饰水平等。 9) 原代细胞：从机体取出后立即培养的细胞，一般传代 10 代以内的细胞细胞形态等变化很小，都称为原代细胞。 在体外适应了培养条件，可以连续传代培养的细胞成为传代细胞。 10) dynein and kinesin：motor proteins. ATPase. dynein 沿微管向(-)极，kinesin 向(+)极运动。物质沿微 管运输，dynein 与鞭毛、纤毛运动，dynein and kinesin 与纺缍体微管滑动，中心体的分离形成纺缍体等过程起 作用。 1) primary culture: 直接从机体取下细胞、组织和器官后立即进行培养。成功传代之前的培养，细胞保持原有 细胞的基本性质。通常情况下将第一代至第十代以内的细胞培养称为原代培养。最常用的是组织块培养，细胞培 养。 2) endocytosis：Uptake materials into the cell by an invagination of the plasma membrane and its internalization in a membrane-bounded vesicle. Receptor mediated endocytosis. 3) membrane asymmetry: 细胞膜的不对称性。膜蛋白、膜脂等成分分布不对称。信号传递的方向性。膜内外表面 机构不对称，功能不对称。对细胞功能的实施具有重要意义。 4) ubiquitin：蛋白如 cyclin 的降解与细胞生命活动的调节。Polyubiquitinizaiton, E1, E2, E3, destruction box. 5) survival factor: extracellular signal molecules that must be present in order to prevent programmed cell death. Significance. 6) cell recognition: cell-cell interaction. Regulation of function. 同种或异种，同源或异源。抗原抗 体，细胞间，酶与底物。选择性，特异性。 7) transport vesicle: membrane vesicles that carry proteins, lipids, et al. from one intracellular compartment to another, for example from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicular transport, secretion. 8) ER retention signal:内质网的结构和功能蛋白质羧基端的 KDEL 信号序列。去除该序列，蛋白就会分泌出来， 而不能滞留在 ER 中。 9) importin: 具有核定位信号的蛋白质必须与核定位信号受体 importin 结合才能穿过核孔复合体。 10) proto-oncogene: 正常基因，突变后致使细胞发生癌变。 11) antiport: 偶联运输，同时运转的两种物质是相反的方向。 12) anaphase-promoting complex(APC): a protein complex that promotes the destruction of specific proteins, by catalyzing their ubiquitination. Crucial component of the cell-cycle control system. 13) heterochromatin: region of a chromosome that remains unusually condensed and transcriptionally inactive during interphase. 14) nuclear lamina: fibrous layer on the inner surface of the inner membrane made up of a network of intermediate filaments made from lamins. 15) voltage-gated channel: membrane protein that selectively allows ions to cross a membrane and is opened by changes in membrane potential. Found mainly in electrically excitable cells such as nerve and muscle. 1) -tubulin ring: protein complex in centrosomes that nucleates microtubule assembly. 2) signal sequence: amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a specific location in the cell, such as the nucleus or mitochondria. 3) extracellular matrix: complex network of polysaccharides (such as glycosaminoglycans or cellulose) and proteins (such as collagen) secreted by cells. A structural component of tissues that also influences their development and physiology. 4) S-PCC: prematured chromosome condensation. S phase cell. 5) mitogen: an extracellular signal molecule that stimulates cell proliferation. 6) totipotency: potential of a cell that can give rise to an organism or all types of cells that constitute an organism; 7) house-keeping gene: genes expressing in all cells. 维持细胞最低限度功能所不可少的基因。 8) Hayflick limitation: 体外培养的细胞具有增殖极限。体外培养的细胞增殖传代能力反映了细胞在体内的衰 老状况。细胞的衰老控制着细胞的分裂次数，