毕业论文-太阳能LED交通警示板设计01032.doc

烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 太阳能 led 交通警示板设计 摘 要 本设计采用软硬件结合的方式实现，硬件电路主要包括：充电电路（带充电保 护功能） 、放电保护电路、传感电路、计数与显示电路、稳压电路、a/d 转换电路、 太阳能光伏板自动跟踪控制系统七个模块。at89s52 单片机是整个系统的核心部件， 通过软件控制多个硬件电路的执行。在编程时根据模块化的设计思路，采用 c51 语 言来编写程序，主要包括：昼夜的判断、白天时通过车辆的计数并用 led 动态显示、 夜间警示 led 闪烁、防瞬时光照、控制电机跟踪、恢复电机到初始位置等模块。 设计中实现了白天计数，晚上闪烁，在光控开关控制下，白天开启、晚上关闭 的功能，以及防闪电、车灯干扰的功能，并加有过充、过放保护装置。除上述发挥 部分外，又新增两个功能：将太阳能光伏板安装在电机上，白天时通过控制电机旋 转来跟踪太阳，充分利用太阳能，对电池进行充电；黑夜到来时，将电机复位到初 始状态，第二天重新对太阳进行跟踪。 关键字：充电，保护，单片机，计数显示 the led solar traffic warning board design abstract this design uses the way realization which the software and hardware unifies, the hardware electric circuit mainly includes: the charging circuit (belt charge protection function), the electric discharge protection circuit, the sensing circuit, the counting and the display circuit, the voltage-stabilizer circuit, the a/d switching circuit, the solar energy light bend down the board automatic following control system seven modules. the at89s52 monolithic integrated circuit is the overall system core part, controls many hardware electric circuit through the software the execution. when programming acts according to modular the design mentality, uses the c51 language to compile the procedure, mainly includes: when diurnal judgment, daytime through the vehicles counting and with the led dynamic demonstration, at night police shows the led twinkle, guards against the instantaneous illumination, the control electrical machinery track, restores the electrical machinery to modules and so on initial point. in the design realized the daytime to count, evening glittered, controlled under the switch control in the light, daytime opened the function which, the evening closed, as well as guarded against the function which the lightning, the headlight disturbed, and canada had has imitated has put the protective device. besides above display part, also increases two functions: bends down the board the solar energy light to install on the electrical machinery, when daytime tracks the sun through control electrical machinery revolving, uses the solar energy fully, carries on the charge to the battery；when dark night arrivals, repositions the electrical machinery to the original state, second days carry on the track again to the sun. key words: charge，protection ，monolithic integrated circuit 目 录 第 1 章 绪 论 1 1.1 设计的目的和意义 1 1.2 设计任务与要求 1 第 2 章 方案设计选择 2 第 3 章 系统设计 .4 3.1 系统硬件设计 .4 3.1.1 充电电路（带充电保护功能） 4 3.1.2 放电保护电路 .5 3.1.3 传感电路 6 3.1.4 计数、显示电路 .7 3.1.5 稳压电路 8 3.1.6 a/d 转换电路.9 3.1.7 太阳能光伏板自动跟踪控制系统 .10 3.2 系统软件设计 .12 3.2.1 昼夜判别 12 3.2.2 白天时段流程图 .13 3.2.3 黑夜时段流程图 .15 第 4 章 系统调试 .17 4.1 充电电路部分 .17 4.2 放电保护电路部分 17 4.3 计数、显示电路 17 4.4 稳压电路 17 4.5 太阳能光伏板自动跟踪控制系统 .17 4.6 总系统运行调试 18 结 论 19 致 谢 20 参考文献 21 附录 a 具体程序 .22 附录 b 总原理图 29 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 1 页 第 1 章 绪 论 1.1 设计的目的和意义 太阳能 led 交通警示板具有不用电、节能、快闪等特点，适合不便于安装交 流电源的路段，主要设置在路口、桥头等，夜间自身能够频闪红色光亮，提示过往 车辆注意行驶安全，特别是在能源短缺的我国更加具有实用价值。 1 我所设计的太阳能 led 交通警示板，能够全自动跟踪太阳，最大限度的将太阳 能转化为电能，通过蓄电池的贮能保证了警示板夜间的正常工作，甚至可以为其他 电器设备供电；同时还设计了充放电保护电路，延长了蓄电池的使用寿命，减小了 故障发生的概率，为电路的实际应用做好了准备；通过对来往车辆的计数可以准确 的把握路段的交通状况，为疏导交通配合整顿交通秩序提供了依据。 1.2 设计任务与要求 1.设计任务 设计并制作一个交通警示板。该装置以太阳能为能源，铅酸蓄电池为储能部件 和电路工作电源。该警示板设置在夜间有事故隐患的路段，led 不间断地闪烁。白 天可关闭。 2.设计要求 基本要求： （1）设计并制作太阳能光伏板对电池的充电装置。 （2）设计并制作以电池为电源的 led 闪烁工作的装置。 （3）设计并制作以太阳能光伏板为传感器的光控电路，控制 led 在白天关闭、 夜间开启。 发挥部分： （1）在基本要求的基础上，利用 led 作显示单元，设计制作该路段的白天通 过车辆数量的传感、计数、显示装置。最大显示数为 99。该装置在光控开关控制下， 白天开启、晚上关闭。 （2）给蓄电池加上充、放电保护装置。防止过充电和过放电。 （3）给光控电路增加避免瞬时光照（如夜间闪电、过往车辆灯光等）引起误动 作的功能电路。 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 2 页 第 2 章 方案设计选择 方案一：模数结合 本设计可以单纯地通过模拟电路和数字电路相结合实现计数值的显示、直流电 机的驱动和控制等功能。在太阳能光伏板经充电电路对铅酸蓄电池进行充电后，由 该电池经放电保护电路对各模拟电路与数字电路供电，计数与显示电路主要是用集 成计数器 cc40161、74ls48bcd 译码器和显示器组成，所计数值由光电传感器组成 的传感电路的脉冲提供。直流电机由三极管设计的 h 桥电路进行驱动，两端加光敏 电阻，通过 i-v 转换电路经 op07 比较两者的大小来控制电机的左右旋转。经过以 上的方案大体可以实现设计要求。 2 方案二：软硬结合 本设计还可以用软硬件结合的方式来实现，即通过单片机来设计一个总的控制 系 统。在由太阳能光伏板经充电电路对蓄电池进行充电后，蓄电池经放电保护电路和 稳压电路对单片机供电，单片机通过软硬件控制计数与显示电路、太阳能光伏板自 动跟踪控制系统等模块，其中的计数脉冲由传感电路（反射式光电传感器）从警示 板所放路段中感应到车辆通过后提供给单片机，计数值又经三极管驱动后送到显示 器中显示，通过对单片机程序的编写可实现 led 在晚上以“日”字形闪烁，同时还 能防止瞬时光照（如闪电、车灯）的干扰。为了降低蓄电池的工作电流，延长电池 工作时间，可通过夜间只显示一个数码管、将数码管的亮度调得较暗、将单片机特 殊功能寄存器 pcon 的第五位 pcon.4 置 1 等途径来实现。 在太阳能光伏板自动跟踪太阳的控制系统中，我们可以通过脉冲来产生 pwm 信号、再通过程序控制电机左右旋转，驱动电路采用 h 桥电路，当由白天进入黑夜 后，电动机经软硬件控制 回到初始位置，等待新一天的开始。 通过两个方案的比较，虽然都可以实现设计任务，但是前者使用器件比较多， 电路比较复杂。而后者相对来说比较简洁，控制比较方便，软件编程是主要设计的 任务，经过综合比较我们应该选择后者，总的系统框图如图 2.1 所示： 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 3 页 太阳能光 伏板 充电电路 铅酸蓄电池 放电保护电 路 传感电路 单 片 机 计数、显示电路 太阳能光伏板自 动跟踪控制系统 a/d 转换电路 稳压电路 图 2.1 总的系统框图 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 4 页 第 3 章 系统设计 3.1 系统硬件设计 3.1.1 充电电路（带充电保护功能） 充电电路是本次设计的基础，也是各部分电路工作的前提。 方案一：恒流充电 恒流充电是充电过程中充电电流保持恒定的充电方法。阶段恒流充电是改进的 恒流充电，开始阶段用较大的恒定电流充电，当被充电电池的端电压达到预定值后 便转入较小的恒定电流充电阶段，直至充电结束。 方案二：全自动充电 利用 555 时基集成电路，设计一个简单、可靠、实用的全自动充电电路。将 555 集成时基电路 2 脚的电压调为 5.5v，这样当蓄电池电压低于 5.5v 时，充电器开 始对蓄电池电充电，此时 3 脚输出电压高于 6v；将 555 时基集成电路 6 脚的电压调 为 6.6v，这样当蓄电池电压高于 6.6v 时，此时 3 脚电压输出为零伏，充电器停止 对蓄电池电充电。 其中的 d1 为二极管，型号是 in4007，相当于开关的功能，在电路中起到充电 保护的作用。当蓄电池电压低于 5.5v 时，d1 导通，充电器开始对蓄电池电充电； 反之， 1kr.50pdcw8nevigo 图 3.1 充电电路 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 5 页 当蓄电池电压高于 6.6v 时，d1 截止，该器件还实现了对蓄电池防过充电的保 护功能。其具体的充电电路如图 3.1 所示： 根据基本要求中的第 1 条，我们要通过太阳能光伏板对铅酸蓄电池进行充电， 所采集到的电压不一定恒定，因此电流也不恒定，且从这些实际出发，选择方案二 较佳。 3.1.2 放电保护电路 为了防止蓄电池在给其他电路供电的过程中造成过放电的现象，应在电池引出 来的线后紧跟一个放电保护电路 3，如图 3.2 所示：0kr46d2cw3.7qnp8legjvi 图中的 vi 从蓄电池两端直接引入，通过选定稳压管 d1、电阻 r1 、电阻 r2 和 电阻 r4 的值可以设定蓄电池电压降到某一值 x 以后进行放电保护，在电压低于 x 时由继电器实现防过放电的功能。图中的运算放大器 3140 为比较器，将 2 脚的输入 电压与 3 脚的基准电压进行比较，当 v2v3，表明此时的 vix，6 脚输出低电平， 图 3.2 放电保护电路 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 6 页 继电器的常开开关与常闭开关仍保持原状，发光二极管 led3（红色）不亮；反之， 当 v2 #include #include /绝对地址访问库 #include #define uchar unsigned char #define uint unsigned int #define ulong unsigned long #define ch0 xbyte0x7ff8 #define ch1 xbyte0x7ff9 #define ch2 xbyte0x7ffa sbit ledl=p13; /定义字位低 sbit ledh=p14; /定义字位高 sbit eoc=p12; /定义字位高 sbit motor1=p10; /电机启动 sbit motor2=p11; /正反转 sbit east=p32; sbit west=p33; uchar adbuffer;/ uchar ch1buf; uchar ch2buf; uchar absolute; int num; /计数 uchar buffer2; /定义显示缓冲区 uchar reg; 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 22 页 uchar code table1=0xc0,0xf9,0xa4,0xb0,0x99,0x92,0x82,0xf8,0x80,0x90; /字 形 /* 延时函数, 延时单位 1ms */ void delay(int ms) int us,usn; while(ms!=0) usn = 2; while(usn!=0) us=0xf0; while (us!=0)us-; usn-; ms-; /* 16 进制转换成 bcd 码， 参数： 16 进制数 返回值：重量信号数组 weight */ uchar hex_to_bcd(uchar temp1) uint div; uchar i; 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 23 页 div=10; for(i=0;i=0xcc) /白天 reg=tl0; if (reg=0x63) tl0=0x00; /计数归零 hex_to_bcd(reg); ledl=0; p2=table1buffer0; delay(1); 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 25 页 ledl=1; ledh=0; p2=table1buffer1; delay(1); ledh=1; ch1=0x00; /ch1 启动 delay(1); if(eoc=0) ch1buf=ch1; ch2=0x00; /ch1 启动 delay(1); if(eoc=0) ch2buf=ch2; absolute=abs(ch1buf-ch2buf); if (absolute=0x06) if (ch1buf=ch2buf) motor2=1; /向右转 / motor1=1; /启动 else motor2=0; /向左转 / motor1=1; /启动 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 26 页 if (motor2=0) else motor1=1; else motor1=0; else /黑夜 motor2=0; if (east=0) motor1=0; else /motor2=0; motor1=1; tl0=0x00; /黑夜中，计数清零 switch(num) /消除干扰 case 0: break; default: ch0=0x00; /启动 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 27 页 delay(1); if(eoc=0) adbuffer=ch0; if (reg=0x63) num=num-1; else num=1000; p2=0x00; /闪烁 ledl=0; ledh=1; delay(250); ledl=1; p2=0xff; ledh=0; delay(250); ledh=1; 附录 b. 总原理图 1234dcbatitlenumbrrvsonsza:06-hffe保.howyp/x5789xiwlvu?k+gqmyzp*cgd ag an employment tribunal clai emloyment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. for more informu, take advice from one of the organisations listed under further help. employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 28 页 under further help. ation about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see dismissal. you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you havent appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i. if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as a damages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case. youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click on nearest cab. for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see employment tribunals. the (lack of) air up there watch m cay man islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday. “i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet ya ya toure,“ he told bbc sport. “for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.“ uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against cska for the “racist behaviour of their fans“ during citys 2-1 win. michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions. cska said they were “surprised and disappointed“ by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: “we found no racist insults from fans of cska.“ age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 29 页 go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it. 一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多 个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子；或许是追溯过去，对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异 信念的醒悟，这些天以来，思绪一直很凌乱，在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己似乎 应该去做点什么，或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅，突然就感觉到有些 事情，非做不可了。 the end of our life, and can meet many things really do? 而穷尽我们的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？ during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance. 童年时，觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年 必备， 但是随着年龄的推进，会越来越发现，那些东 西根 本就可有可无；初中时，以为要有一场暗恋才 意味 着真正的成长，但三年过去后，自己心平气和 的写 同学录的时候，突然就发现是不是真正的成长 了， 好像并没有那么重要了；然后到了高中，觉得 非要 吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情 愫划 上一个句点，但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗 塞在 了咽喉，后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场，看着他投过篮球的球框时，突然间 发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来，这个世界 上，对某个事件能产生化学反应的，除了非做不可的坚决，还有，时间。 a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual. 一个人的时候，自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明 确，好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事，但更多 的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦，最终却发现有很多缘分，有很 多错过，好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可，只是青葱年华里 自己给自己注射的一支强心剂，或者说，是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。 at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 30 页 stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life. 此刻，天空是阴暗的，空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那 件蓝格子衬衫；那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸；那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊；还 有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可，终于和 青春一样，都将在我们的人生中谢幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence. we often close ourselves off when traumatic events happen in our lives; instead of letting the world soften us, we let it drive us deeper into ourselves. we try to deflect the hurt and pain by pretending it doesnt exist, but although we can try this all we want, in the end, we cant hide from ourselves. we need to learn to open our hearts to the potentials of life and let the world soften us. 生活发生不幸时，我们常常会关上心门；世界不仅没能慰藉我们，反倒使我们 更加消沉。我们假装一切仿佛都不曾发生，以此试图忘却伤痛，可就算隐藏得再好， 最终也还是骗不了自己。既然如此，何不尝试打开心门，拥抱生活中的各种可能， 让世界感化我们呢？ whenever we start to let our fears and seriousness get the best of us, we should take a step back and re-evaluate our behavior. the items listed below are six ways you can open your heart more fully and completely. 当恐惧与焦虑来袭时，我们应该退后一步，重新反思自己的言行。下面六个方 法有助于你更完满透彻地敞开心扉。whenever a painful situation arises in your life, try to embrace it instead of running away or trying to mask the hurt. when the sadness strikes, take a deep breath and lean into it. when we run away from sadness thats unfolding in our lives, it gets stronger and more real. we take an emotion thats fleeting and make it a solid event, instead of something that passes through us. 当生活中出现痛苦的事情时，别再逃跑或隐藏痛苦，试着拥抱它吧；当悲伤来 袭时，试着深呼吸，然后直面它。如果我们一味逃避生活中的悲伤，悲伤只会变得 更强烈更真实 悲伤原本只是稍纵即逝的情绪，我们却固执地耿耿于怀 by utilizing our breath we soften our experiences. if we dam them up, our lives will stagnate, but when we keep them flowing, we allow more newness and greater experiences to blossom.深呼吸能减缓我们的感受。屏住呼吸，生活停滞；呼出呼 吸，更多新奇与经历又将拉开序幕。2. embrace the uncomfortable we all know what that twinge of anxiety feels like. we know how fear feels in our bodies: the tension in our necks, the tightness in our stomachs, etc. we can practice leaning 烟台南山学院毕业设计（论文） 第 31 页 into these feelings of discomfort and let them show us where we need to go.我们 都经历过焦灼的煎熬感，也都感受过恐惧造成的生理反应：脖子僵硬、胃酸翻腾。 其实，我们有能力面对这些痛苦的感受，从中领悟到出路。 the initial impulse is to run away to try and suppress these feelings by not acknowledging them. when we do this, we close ourselves off to the parts of our lives that we need to experience most. the next time you have this feeling of being truly uncomfortable, do yourself a favor and lean into the feeling. act in spite of the fear. 我们的第一反应总是逃避 以为否认不安情绪的存在就能万事大吉，可这也 恰好妨碍了我们经历最需要的生活体验。下次感到不安时，不管有多害怕，也请试 着勇敢面对吧。 3. ask your heart what it wants 倾听内心 were often confused at the next step to take, making pros and cons lists until our eyes bleed and our brain