On The Differences of Table Manners between Chinese and Westerns Countries 英语专业毕业论文.doc

on the differences of table manners between chinese and westerns countries一、 课题(论文)提纲introduction 1. chinese table manners and characteristics2. western table manners and characteristics3. the differences of chinese and western table manners3.1dining time concepts3.2 different notion4. taboos of chinese and western table manners4.1 taboos during the meal4.2 banquet menu taboosconclusion二、内容摘要俗话说“民以食为天”，在当代吃不仅仅是解决饥饿，从中体现得更多的是文化内涵。餐桌是展示优良礼仪的一个重要的地方,是生活的缩影，优雅的餐桌礼仪可能带来友谊甚至成功。显然地, 吃已经渗透到人们社会生活的方方面面，点点滴滴中流露出一个国家和民族的文化底蕴。看看现在蓬勃发展的餐饮业，琳琅满目的各式餐厅酒店，标新立异的异国风味，别出心裁的特色菜肴，每天越来越多的人聚集到餐桌旁，开怀畅饮，谈笑风生。餐桌礼仪作为一种社会习俗，由民族文化所决定，在世界各地存在着一定的差异。中国作为文明古国自然有着深邃久远的餐桌礼仪，西方国家也在民族融合和现代化进程中形成了自己的餐桌礼仪。中国和西方的餐桌礼仪存在着很多差异，研究它有益于帮助人们学习语言文化同时改善跨文化的沟通能力。关键词: 餐桌礼仪 不同点 禁忌there is an old saying: food is the most important for people which is not only deal with hunger at present, but also contains more cultural meanings. the dining table is one of the most important places where good manners are displayed. elegant manners at the table may bring friendship and even success. obviously, it is clear that eat have infiltrated into every aspect of social life, bit by bit in a show of national and ethnic cultural background. now look at the booming restaurant industry, the dazzling variety of hotel restaurants, the maverick exotic, try to be different characteristics of the dishes, every day more and more people gathered to the table, happily drinking, laughing. table manners as a social custom, the decision by the culture around the world, there are some differences. china has a natural deep as the ancient civilization of the ancient table manner, western countries are also national integration and modernization in the process of forming their own table manners. there are many differences in table manner between china and the west， researching it will help people to learn the language culture and improve the ability of communication in cross-culture practice.keywords: table manners, difference, taboos三、 参考文献1 石泳琦. 奥运礼仪m. 北京大学出版社2 陈弘美. 餐桌礼仪实用知识m . 北京:世界图书出版社3 冯玉珠. 餐饮礼仪全攻略m . 对外经济贸易大学出版社4 elizabeth l. post. in honor of etiquette m .上海：外语教学与研究出版社5 程文文. 涉外礼仪之食的礼仪j .大连：理工大学出版社6 helen. 中西方“餐桌礼仪”人文现象与文化迁移的比较研究, j . 上海:复旦大学出版社 7. 黄士平. 现代礼仪学m .武汉：大学出版社on the differences oftable mannersbetween china and western countries introduction:manners are important in society. they help us to be civil to one another. because a person who minds his manners knows how to act in every circumstance, he tends to feel comfortable in unfamiliar surroundings. nowhere are manners more important than at the table. table manners prevent diners from being sloppy, offensive and boorish. they help to communicate respect to hosts and guests alike. table manners are not hard and intensive rules; rather they are helpful guidelines in our social relationships. generally, people consider that having meal is very simple, but there are lots of culture and rules in it. for example, some cultural differences reflected in table manners between chinese and the west.keywords: table manners, difference, taboos1. chinese table manners and characteristics1.1 in china the host is very warm and modest to their guestsbefore the coming of guests, the host would prepare a sumptuous feast. there are dainties of every kind preparing on the table. the rich usually eat shellfish and crab, while the common people eat chicken, duck, fish, etc. when the feast starts, host urges guests to drink and eat more and pick up food for their guest frequently with their own chopsticks. in the hosts opinion, the aim to entertain is to let guests drink and eat to their hearts content. while the host urges their guests to drink and eat more, they always say: there is little to eat, please make this do for eating, or these dishes are not so good, enjoy yourself. a feature in china must be mention: people eat together. it means that people use their own chopsticks to pick up food in one plate; the others also pick up food in the same plate. however, the host often use him own chopsticks to pick up food for guests. this is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. when the feast is finished, the host will invite their guests to drink tea. it has been a custom in china. they chat when they drink tea. the host urges guests to drink tea but not overdo it. in the past, chinese urged guest to drink tea repeatedly. it hints to guest that they should go now.furthermore the host arranges the seats in advance in order to write the names of these people who join the banquet on their marks. then the guests are seated in good order. the arrangement of seats embodies respect for guests.where a guest is seated depends on his age, social status and so on. taking the left for upper, it is the traditional custom in china. it means the left seat is higher than the right one. the guest of honor should be arranged on the left of the host. in the past, chinese advocated south, east and the left. with the times going, the view of position has changed. it does not only inherit the tradition, but also use some views of western counties for reference. the guest should be arranged on the right of the host. at present, when people hold meeting or take a group photo, they are affected by this rule. chinese entertained guest using the eight-immortal table in tradition. the seat faced to the door is the seat of honor, while the others are seated aside. the older, the guest of honor, the higher-level is seated in the upper seat, and the hosts sit at the lower seat. the other guests are seat in order. when there are more than one table, the host and the hostess seat together in the main table. the distance from the main table determined the position of these people. the shorter the distance is, the more important the guest is. the main table is a standard. the right table is higher than the left one; the close table is lower than the far one. the middle table is higher than the one place aside.1.2 the chinese meal needsin addition to these, the chinese meal needs chopsticks, plate, bowl, scoop, small dishes and so on. the bottle is put in front of plate, while the glass is put on the right. the number of glass is the same with the amount of wine. napkins may be folded into some beautiful shape or form the rectangle flatting in the center of the plate. of course, there must be ashtray and toothpick on the table. there is only one rule for a formal table and that is everything must be geometrically spaced: the centerpiece in the actual center, the placed at equal distances and all utensils balanced. in a word, what must match is the quality of everything put on the table.on the one hand, chinese use bowl to eat. the bowl is used to ladle rice, soup and food. chinese had used the bowl to eat since the new stone age. chinese bowl is made of china. the traditional style is in blue and white. chinese dont use the bowl with broken edge. in the past, before a convict was sentenced to death, he would have drunk wine. then, he broke the bowl and shouted: i will be a brave man in 18 years. people always associate the imperfect bowl with a convict sentenced to death. so people never use bowl with a little crack.on the other hand, chinese also use spoon to eat. spoon is normal tableware. there are arts using it. people usually use the right hand to hold the top of spoon. forefinger is put above the handle, while the use of thumb and middle finger are propping under the handle. someone use thumb to press the handle, while the forefinger and the middle finger prop up it. this method is wrong. spoon is mainly used to ladle out soup. sometimes, it is used to fill the slippery food, such as nut, bean jelly, pea, steamed egg, etc.2. western table manners and characteristics2.1 before the coming of guests in western countries, before the coming of guests, the host never serves more than 6 dishes, soup or fresh fruit cup or melon or shellfish; fish, only if shellfish is not served as a first course; the entree, or main course, usually meat or fowl, and vegetables; salad; dessert and coffee. sometimes, the dishes prepared for guests are extremely simple. the westerners hope their guests feel joyful. meanwhile, they think that invitation is just an occasion for intercourse, a chance of the maintenance of friendship. and the most important is to get much useful information by entertainment. influenced by this idea, entertainment in western countries hardly attach importance to food, but also have various and free ways of entertainment. they create a relaxed, comfortable and delighted air for their guest in a thousand and one ways. they want to make their guest enjoy that good time freely. when the feast starts, the westerners are also warm to guests, urge guests to drink and eat, but only once or twice. they consider saying too much would force their views on others. it does not conform to the way one gets along with people. at last, the westerners like to have some pastries and drink coffee. the coffee spoon is not used to pound the sugar cube into pieces. the spoon is only used to stir the coffee. and dont scoop up coffee dipper by dipper. when people drink coffee, they eat some pastries. they dont take pastry in one hand, and hold coffee in another hand. drinking doesnt alternate with eating. otherwise, people will feel they are greedy. in addition, people do not add sugar to coffee for others. it is impolite to add sugar without knowing others taste.2.2 use the rectangle table. on common occasions, the last names are used on the table except when there is more than one guest with the same surname, in which case mr. tom wolf and mr. jake wolf are written to make the distinction. if there are no place cards, the hostess will tell guests where she would like them to sit. guests setting would be arranged with men and women alternating on either side. the host leads the way for the guest. the hostess is always the last to go into the dining room. men should hold chairs for the women on their right. the male guest of honor, even though he has escorted the hostess in, seats the lady on his right and the man on the hostesss left seats her. women sit down as soon as they find their place, even though the hostess remains standing until everyone is at his or her chair. men do not sit down until the hostess is seated. when there is more than one table, the host should sit at one table and the hostess at another. a good friend may be asked to act as surrogate host at another table and see that wine is served or plates refilled. furthermore, husbands and wives are usually separated at a dinner. since they have the opportunity to talk together all the time, having a different dinner partner offers the chance for comfortable conversation with people other than their own spouses.2.3 at a formal dinnerat a formal dinner, everything at the table should be symmetrically and evenly spaced. and there is an ideal distance when tableware is placed: about two feet from plate center to plate center is ideal, particularly when chair backs are high. if the chairs have narrow and low backs, people can sit much closer together, especially at a round table, there should be at least 6 inches of space between the chairs. for a formal table setting, the napkins are placed in the center of the service plate with the monogram, if any, facing the diner. they are put at the left side only when a first course is put on the table before the guests are seated.for a formal place setting, there is less of everything. there are fewer courses served, so fewer pieces of silver are set out. the topical place setting for a formal three-course dinner includes:2.4 basic position when eating western food eating western food basic position is that the right hand with a knife, fork left-handed, 这时叉子的背侧应朝上。at this time of the dorsal fork should be up. 除了肉之外，其他菜肴尽量不要叉着吃，姿势才会显得优美。in addition to meat, other dishes to eat as much as possible should not vertical the position appears to be beautiful. take the right knife: according to the index finger in the back handle. 宴席上最正确的拿刀姿势是“手握住刀柄，拇指按着柄侧，食指压在柄背上。”有人会把食指伸到刀背上，这种方法并不正确。 feast on the correct posture with a knife was hand-hold handle, according to the thumb side of the handle, index finger down on the handle back. some people will be out of the index finger on the blade, this method is not correct. 除了咬紧牙根用力才能切断的菜肴，或刀太钝之外，食指都不能伸到刀背上。 in addition to be forced to cut off the root of the dishes, knives or too blunt, not out of the index finger on the blade. 也有人会伸直小指拿刀，尤其是女性。 some would extend the little finger with a knife, especially women. 或许当事人以为这种姿势才优雅，其实是错误的。 perhaps the only party that such a graceful posture, in fact, wrong. to knife clenched in order to operate the way. 同样的，叉子和汤匙也需要握紧，只不过操作刀子时最需要用力，因此更需握紧；刀子的第二种用途是集菜肴于叉子上。 similarly, fork and spoon clenched need only operate when the knife most in need of hard, it takes a more minimal amount of financial support; the second knife used in dishes set on a fork. 如豆子、米粒等细碎的菜肴，即利用刀子聚集于一处，再推盛到叉子上。 such as beans, cooked rice dishes, such as minor, that is, to use a knife to gather, pushed on to the fork. 假如刀尖碰到盘面，移动时必会发出噪音，因此刀尖必须与盘子保持距离。if the tip surface encountered, the move will be noise, the tip must keep a distance from the plate. another noted that the cross back up to be placed.因为，不管进食时叉子如何拿法，叉子内侧朝上放置是用餐完毕的表示。 because, no matter what fork to eat when they take law, the inside fork is put up after the meal, said. 同时，刀尖朝向内侧也是礼节之一。 at the same time, towards the inside tip is one of courtesy. falling knife and fork on the ground, mostly in the hands of time and not get down, but put at risk, inadvertently touched by the drop. 这时必须唤服务生来捡起，并为你更换一把干净的，才真正符合西餐的餐桌礼节。this time to be born up call service, and you have to replace a clean, truly in line with the western table manners. “自己的过失应由自己负责”的理论，在此处是行不通的。 own fault should be responsible for them theory will not work here. 而且，把头颅探进桌子底下，这姿势也十分不雅。in addition, the exploration into the skull under the table, this position is very indecent. complete meal that is meant: a knife and fork side by side trading. 一般而言，刀叉的前端是朝左上方，柄则朝右下方斜放，这时，叉在位子侧，刀在外侧。 in general, the front fork towards the top left, toward the lower right corner handle while tilt time, place in the side of the fork, knife in the lateral. 如果有汤匙，就放在最内侧。if there is a spoon, put on the inside. 假定只使用叉子，但备有刀子，一样要把刀子摆在盘上。 use a fork just assume, but have a knife, the knife should be placed in the same disk. 而且刀刃要朝内，叉子（汤匙）内侧朝上并列。 but also to north korea where they are needed most, a fork (spoon) tied up inside. 虽说一般是刀叉并列斜放盘上。 although it is generally tilt knife and fork side by side on the disk. 三使用餐巾使用餐巾，必须牢记以下几2.5 follow the points while using napkins while using napkins, we must bear in mind the following points: one is the p餐巾的铺放。 lacement of the napkin. 餐巾应平铺于自己并拢的大腿上。 napkin should be flat on his feet close together on the thigh. 正方形餐巾应被折成等腰三角形，直角朝向膝盖方向；长方形餐巾则要对折，折口向外铺于腿上。 square napkin should be folded isosceles triangle, right-angle towards the direction of the knee; rectangle will have to fold napkins, i break out in the shop legs. the other is the use of napkins. 正餐中，餐巾发挥着重要作用。 dinner, the napkin is playing an important role. 用来进行暗示。hostess napkins and napkin spread on the table at each meal marks the beginning and end.客人将餐巾置于本人座椅的椅面上然后离去，则表明还要再回来继续用餐。 guests will put my napkin seat on the surface of the chair and then leave, the show would also like to come back to eat. 用来揩拭口部。二、西餐的菜序西餐的菜序，指西餐用餐的先后顺序。3. the differences of chinese and western table manners3.1 dining time conceptsas there are different cultures and customs between china and western, our education is different, too. so westerners and chinese have the different view on this. time concepts. the westerners always combine time and money view together, they think time is important as the money. in their mind, time cannot waste, it is limited. they value their time very much. in their daily lives, they always arranged and planed their time carefully. they are often filled with a sense of urgency of time. they have a good hobby that they go to the party on time. meanwhile, china accepts the freedom time rule. in our mind, sometimes we neednt have to obey the time table. we will not be like a western person generally so strict of carrying on according to the plan while the western person usually dose not adapt to if they have to go somewhere to have dinner with others, they must arrive on time. usually, when they want to go to someones home for dinner, they always get at about five minutes earlier. it isnt very polite for you get much earlier, maybe the hostess is busying doing preparation and so it is not suitable for you to reach at that time. but in china,we dont pay more attention on the time; we dont have certain standards about arrival time. arrive earlier, on time or a little late is all allowed.3.2 different notionculture will affect peoples view on things. different country has its different culture, so it is obviously that the thinking model between china and western are different. western culture lean to logic and analyze, while the eastern culture pay more attention on ones intuition. as to the traditional of the culture, chinese people especially believe their own intuition. they insist the experience and feeling during the thing, this phenomenon also happens in the communication between west and east. compared with western thinking model, the eastern idea is blanket and unclearly. this difference will affect the communication between different culture countries.different behaviors regulation behaviors regulation means the single standard which the society can accept. that means something which can tell people what is the right way to solve this matter and what is un