外贸英语函电unit twelve

Company NameUnit TwelveINSURANCEContentsStep 5: Exercises in other words, it is a contract of indemnity, a contract to restore to someone, either the full amount of the loss that may be incurred, or a specified percentage of the amount of the loss.l To choose an economic and effective insurance coverage, the exporter or the importer should be aware of the possible losses of or damage to a particular consignment. Different items have different natures and should be covered against different risks. Only in this way can the exporter or the importer minimized the possible losses or damage that they may suffer. As far as most of the goods in and out of this country are concerned, marine insurance is more closely related to our foreign trade.l There are different kinds of risks which can be covered under different marine insurance policies: FPA, WPA and All Risks -known as basic risks while some others like War Risk, TPND, SRCC, Fresh Water Rain Damage, Risk of Breakage, etc. known as additional risks can not be covered independently and should go with FPA, WPA or All Risks. l There are a great many insurance companies in the world. Lloyds is a famous organization incorporated in London in 1871. The Peoples Insurance Company of China (PICC), established in 1949, is the sole state-owned insurance organization in China. It underwrites almost all kinds of insurance and has agents in practically all main ports and regions the world over. l Since the establishment of the PICC, it has become the practice of our foreign trade corporations to have their imports insured with the PICC. Insurance on Chinas exports may also be covered here if the foreign buyers deem it advisable to do so. But never should the buyers be forced to accept CIF terms if they intend doing business on CFR or FOB basis with insurance at their discretion.l The PICC has its own insurance clauses, known as China Insurance Clauses ( CIC ), which is different from the Institute Cargo Clauses ( ICC ). The principal perils which the basic marine policy of the PICC insures against under its Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses are:l Free from Particular Average ( F.P.A )l With Average ( W.A ) or With Particular Average (W.P.A.)l All Risksl Insurance policy or certificate is an evidence of insurance issued by the insurer or underwriters to the insured. On the other hand, its also a contract between the aforesaid parties, which stipulates each partys rights and responsibilities. Insurance policy or certificate, open policy, combined certificate and endorsement are the main ones used in daily business. Risk of cargo transportationPerils of SeaNatural Calamity AccidentExtraneous RiskCommon extraneous riskSpecial extraneous risk海洋运输货物保险保障的风险海上风险 外来风险自然灾害 意外事故 一般外来风险 特殊外来风险海上风险 （ Perils of Sea）。 海上风险也称海难，是指海上航行中发生以及海上与陆上、内河或船舶相连接的地方所发生的自然灾害或意外事故。l 自然灾害 （ Natural Calamity）。 是指自然界的力量所造成的灾害，它一般是人力无法抗拒的。如恶劣气候、雷电、海啸地震洪水等。l 意外事故（ Accident）。 是指由于外来的、偶然的、非意料中的原因所造成的事故。如搁浅、触礁、沉没、倾覆、碰撞、失火、爆炸等。外来风险（ Extraneous Risk）。 是指海上风险以外的其他外来原因的风险。外来风险必须是意外的、偶然的、难以预防的，而且必须是外部因素导致的。 一般外来风险 是指一般外来的因素所致的损失，通常包括偷窃、短量、提货不着、淡水雨淋、混杂、沾污、渗漏、碰损、破碎、串味、受潮受热、钩损、包装破裂和锈损风险等。 特殊外来风险 是指一般外来风险以外的其他外来因素所致的货物损失，它往往是与政治、军事、社会动荡以及国际行政措施、政策法令等有关的风险。如战争罢工进口国有关当局拒绝进口或没收等。The losses guaranteed by insurancePartial lossTotal lossActual Total loss Constructive Total lossGeneral Average Particular Average海洋运输货物保险保障的损失全部损失 部分损失实际全损 推定全损 共同海损 单独海损l The word “average”, when used for insurance has not the usual meaning. It is an anglicised translation of the French word “avarie” or “havarie” meaning loss. Average is of two kinds;l General Average: It is a loss resulting from a voluntary sacrifice or expenditure, in time of peril, for the safety of hull, cargo and freight.l Particular Average: It means partial loss or damage accidentally caused to the ship or to a particular lot of goods. Particular average is not a total loss. It must be borne by the owner of the property suffering the loss, and is distinct from general average, which is shared by all who have a financial interest in the voyage and its risks in proportion to the value of their interests.l全部损失（ Total Loss） 简称全损，是指整批或不可分割的一批保险货物全部灭失或可视同全部灭失的损失。l 实际全损（ Actual Total Loss） 也称绝对全损，是指保险标的发生保险事故后灭失，或者受到严重损坏完全失去原有形体、效用，或者不能再归被保险人所用。l 推定全损（ Constructive Total Loss） 是指被保险标的物发生事故后，虽然没有完全灭失，但对其进行救助或修理的费用估计要超过保险价值，于是对此货推定为全损。l部分损失（ Particular Total Loss） 是指保险标的物的损失没有达到全部损失的程度。l 共同海损（ General Average）。 运载货物的船舶在运途中遭到危险，为了船货的共同安全，人为地采取合理牺牲措施挽救货船，这种牺牲和额外开支就叫共同海损。l 单独海损（ Particular Average） 是指保险标的物即船舶或货物在运输途中，纯粹由海上灾害事故造成的，而且无共同海损性质的部分损失。l The insurance value is calculated as: cost of goods + amount of freight + insurance premium + a percentage of the total sum to represent a reasonable profit on sale of goods.l For CIF transactions, we usually effect insurace for 110% of the invoice value against (risks) as per Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses of the PICC dated 1 August, 1981, that is to say 100% is for invoice value and 10% is to cover a reasonable profit and some expenses. Sometimes, buyers may request insurance to cover more than 110%. In such circusmtances, the extra premium will be for buyers account. l The marine insurance policy forms part of the shipping documents. When goods are sold on a CIF basis, the seller is under obligation to present a marine insurance policy or an insurance certificate at the time of negotiation. And the risks covered under the policy should be strictly in accordance with the terms of the contract, or with those of the letter of credit, if the shipment is made under it.l An insurance claim, if any, should be submitted to the insurance company or its agent as promptly as possible. In order to substantiate an ordinary average claim on CARGO, the following documents must be presented: insurance policy or certificate, bill of lading, original invoice, survey report, masters protest and statement of claim. Language Pointsl1. insurance: n. 保险l more expressions：l insurance rider / endorsement 保险批单l insurance declaration l 保险声明书，保险通知单l marine insurance 水险，海运险l ocean marine cargo insurance l 海洋运输保险l overland (transportation ) insurance l 陆运保险l parcel post insurance 邮包保险l air transportation insurance 航空运输保险l insurance agents 保险代理人l insurance amount 保（险）额l insurance broker 保险经纪人l insurance certificate 保险凭证l insurance coverage 保险范围l insurance premium 保险费l 在表示 “投保 ”， “办理保险 ”时，常与insurance 搭配动词或动词词组有： cover / arrange / effect / provide / take out / attend to insurancel 说明保险情况时， insurance 后接介词的一般用法：l 表示投保的货物，后接 on l e.g. cover insrance on the 500 cases of Electronic Toysl 表示保险金额，后接 for l e.g. cover insurance for 110% of the invoice valuel 表示投保的险别，后接 againstl e.g. cover insurance against all risksl 表示保险费或保险费率，后接 atl e.g. cover insurance at a slightly higher premium or cover insurance at the rate of 5%l 按稍高的保险费投保或按 5的保险费率投保l 表示向保险公司投保，后接 withl e.g. cover insurance with the Peoples Insurance Company of Chinal2. insure: v.