Unit7西方文化导论课件

1、Unit7西方文化导论,U7_main,Get Started,Text Study,Supplementary Resources,Unit 7,Culture During the Enlightenment,Unit7西方文化导论,Get Started_ main,Get Started,Get Started,1. A General Introduction,2. Focus In,Unit7西方文化导论,Get Started_1.1,Get Started,Unit7西方文化导论,Get Started_1.2,Get Started,The Enlightenment, a

2、period in European history, occurred during the 18th century. This period is also known as the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment was a time of awakening of political, social, and economic thought. The ideas of the Enlightenment originated in France and eventually spread throughout much of Europe and

3、into the North American colonies of Britain. These ideas helped lay the philosophical foundations for the American and French revolutions. The Enlightenment developed out of the works of 17th-century thinkers such as Isaac Newton, Ren Descartes, and John Locke. A belief in the supremacy of reason wa

4、s the chief,Unit7西方文化导论,Get Started_1.3,Get Started,characteristic of the Enlightenment. Thinkers of the Enlightenment believed that through the use of reason, people could learn humanitys true nature and use this knowledge to establish a perfect society. Another hallmark of the Enlightenment was an

5、 enduring belief in the scientific method, rationalism, and the existence of unchangeable natural laws. Many of the writings of the Enlightenment challenged the accepted political ideas and religious beliefs of the time, including the concept that monarchs receive their right to rule directly from G

6、od.,Unit7西方文化导论,Get Started_1.4,Get Started,The foremost figures in the Enlightenment were a group of French thinkers known as philosophers. The preeminent member of this group was the writer, historian, and poet Voltaire. He emerged as the Enlightenments chief critic of contemporary culture and rel

7、igion. Another important member of this group was Jean Jacques Rousseau, whose writings greatly influenced the political thinking of the time. Also influential were the writings of Charles, Baron de Montesquieu, who challenged the idea of rule by a monarch and championed individual freedom. The phil

8、osopher Denis Diderot, in collaboration with Jean DAlembert, planned and edited a multivolume encyclopedia designed to include all realms of knowledge. Many of the entries were written by other philosophies.,Unit7西方文化导论,Get Started_1.5,Get Started,It was under such political, economic and intellectu

9、al circumstances that the Enlightenment began to be seen in France as an unprecedentedly intellectual and cultural movement. Its influence was to be perceived later in the French Revolution, the American War of Independence, and even in Chinas May 4th Movement of New Culture in the early years of th

10、e 20th century.,Unit7西方文化导论,Get Started_2.1,Get Started,To get a brief view of the social and theological background of the Enlightenment To get to know major representative figures of the Enlightenment and their ideas To understand the features of the Enlightenment and its significance,Unit7西方文化导论,

11、Text Study _main,Text Study,Text Study,I. Background,II. Empiricist Influences from Britain,III. Representative Figures of the Enlightenment and Their Ideas,IV. Literature during the Enlightenment,V. A Reflection on the Enlightenment and Its Significance,Unit7西方文化导论,The Enlightenment is generally ag

12、reed to have originated in France. It was due to the fact that France met with a period of decline after its national prosperity during the reign of Louis XIV, which was demonstrated by the sharpening class clashes and social crises resulting from the deteriorating political and economic conditions.

13、 Internationally, France also suffered a series of setbacks in its competition with other European powers, such as Britain when the latter was marching steadily on its way towards a dominating position following the Glorious Revolution in 1688. The situation was worsened by Frances fiscal deficits a

14、nd economic difficulties, caused by heavy,Text Study _I_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,heavy taxation and frequent famines, which made peasants and poor citizens rise up in revolt against the royal government. During Louis XVs reig

15、n, France witnessed violent resistance by the poor to cruel exploitation and oppression and successive defeats in the wars with Austria, Russia and Prussia in the middle of the 18th century. These wars cost France the loss of most of her colonies in Asia and North America. In addition there was her

16、failure at sea resulting to the British domination and loss of her traditional naval advantage.,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,In this critical situation, there was no other choice but a political reform. As the whole situation worsened, the majority of the French pop

17、ulation, peasants and the impoverished city dwellers in particular, suffered bitterly from the economic deterioration, political instability, social chaos and cultural retrogression and hence responded unhesitatingly to the bourgeoisie who strongly demanded that the decline be curbed and reforms be

18、carried out. Under such circumstances, some progressive intellectuals began to think seriously and tried to find a way out through social and political reformation.,Unit7西方文化导论,Meanwhile, the dissemination of scientific knowledge was under way with the development of capitalist production, whose inf

19、luence began to motivate and evoke a breath of enlightenment and theoretical guidance across the European continent, including the British empiricism, which was picked up by Voltaire and his contemporaries and helped to ease the French intellectual tension. Since the Renaissance the intellectual cli

20、mate in France had greatly improved. Many of the people were better educated and more knowledgeable about science. They had had,Text Study _I_1.4,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_1.5,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,become more aware of the practical significance of science

21、 and technology, and this altered their traditional views of daily life as well as their cultural and social affairs. The results of the scientific research of Copernicus, Galileo and Newton were passed on quickly through access to books, newspapers and journals resulting from the invention of print

22、ing. This greatly informed and affected the public whose cultural taste and political viewpoints were thus modified to the new intellectual climate. Gradually they gave up their religious and metaphysical modes of reasoning and adopted a new outlook with a more progressive and scientific basis.,Unit

23、7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Prussia 普鲁士：A German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Prussia shaped the history of Germany, with its capital in Berlin after 1

24、451. After 1871, Prussia was increasingly merged into Germany, losing its distinctive identity. It was effectively abolished in 1932, and officially abolished in 1947. Prussia achieved its greatest importance in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 18th century, it became a great European power u

25、nder the reign of Frederick the Great (17401786). During the 19th century, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck united the German principalities into a “Lesser Germany” which would exclude the Austrian Empire.,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultur

26、al Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_2.3,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,The British Glorious Revolution 光荣革命: Also called the Revolution of 1688 or the Bloodless Revolution, it was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamenta

27、rians with an invading army led by William of Orange from Holland who subsequently ascended the English throne together with his wife Mary II, as the joint ruler of England. It can be argued that Jamess overthrow initiated modern English parliamentary democracy: never again would the monarch hold ab

28、solute power, and the Bill of Rights became one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain.,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_2.4,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Britain. The deposition of the Roman Catholic James II ended any chance of C

29、atholicism becoming re-established in England, and also led to limited toleration for nonconformist Protestants, thus ensuring the Protestant succession.,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Empiricism 经验主义: The use of experience

30、or experiments as the basis for your ideas or the belief in these methods. In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from experience. Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence, especially sensory perception, in the formation of ideas, whil

31、e discounting the notion of innate ideas. In the philosophy of science, empiricism emphasizes those aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related to evidence, especially as discovered in experiments.,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation

32、of Cultural Terms,experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world, rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation. Hence, science is considered to be methodologically

33、empirical in nature.,Unit7西方文化导论,The Enlightenment first started in . In the 17th century, France became more powerful in economic and military achievements due to the measures and reforms taken by . In century, France lost its initial domination at the sea to England. The Enlightenment was influenc

34、ed by British and dissemination of . With the worsening situation of France in 18th century, more and more people, led by newly emerging strongly demanded for political reforms.,Text Study _I_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,Fill in the blanks.,(1) (2) (3) (4) (5),Comprehension Exercises,Franc

35、e,_,Louis XIV,_,18th,_,empiricism,_,scientific knowledge,_,Bourgeoisie,_,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.,The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, poli

36、tical, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to

37、resort to intellectual and,Think and Discuss,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_4.2,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Think and Discuss,and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned wit

38、h political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to foll

39、ow.,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_1.1_pop,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _I_1.2_pop,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_1.3,Tex

40、t Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_1.4,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Thomas Hobbes 托马斯霍布斯 (15881679): British philosopher whose famous book Leviathan (利维坦) in 1651 established the foundation for most

41、of the Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz 莱布尼兹(16461716): German mathematician and philosopher. In philosophy, he is mos

42、tly remembered for optimism, i.e. his conclusion that our universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one God could have made. He was, along with Ren Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, one of the three greatest 17th-century rationalists, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic trad

43、ition and anticipates modern logic and analysis.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.3,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Ren Descartes 笛卡尔 (15961650): A highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. Descartes was a major figure in 17

44、th- century continental rationalism, later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Leibniz, Spinoza and Descartes were all well versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and L

45、eibniz contributed greatly to science as well.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.4,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Immanuel Kant 康德 (17241804): An 18th-century German philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential t

46、hinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment.,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Phenomenalism 现象学: The view that physical objects do not exist as things in themselves but only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli (e.g. redness, hardness, softn

47、ess, sweetness, etc.) situated in time and in space. In particular, phenomenalism reduces talk about physical objects in the external world to talk about bundles of sense-data.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.6,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Auguste Comte 孔

48、德 (17981857): A French thinker, widely regarded as the first sociologist. He developed a (secular religion) social theory known as positivism, which emphasizes reason and logic. Comte also founded the social sciences. He and other early social scientists assume that human behavior must obey laws jus

49、t as strictly as material objects obey Newtons Laws of Motion, and that if we could discover the laws of human behaviours, we could eliminate moral evils.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.7,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Positivism 实证主义: The philosophy that

50、the only authentic knowledge is one based on actual sense experience. Such knowledge can only come from the affirmation of theories through strict scientific method to suggest that metaphysical speculation should be avoided. It was developed by Auguste Comte in the middle of the 19th century.,Interp

51、retation of Cultural Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.8,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Jeremy Bentham 杰里米边沁(17481832): An English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He held some radical political ideas as a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law. He was

52、best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism, his concept of animal rights, and his opposition to the idea of natural rights.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.9,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,John Stuart Mill 约翰穆勒 (18061875): British philosopher, political

53、economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an exponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory initiated by Jeremy Bentham, although his conception of the theory was very different from the latter.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Unit7

54、西方文化导论,Text Study _II_2.10,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Utilitarianism 功利主义: The idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility, that is, its contribution to happiness or pleasure as is summed up among all persons. It is thus a form

55、of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome the ends justify the means.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,True or false questions.,Comprehension Exercises,(1) Locke rejects the idea of in

56、nate knowledge and argues for the acquisition of knowledge from the senses. (2) The late Renaissance focused on the metaphysical and rationalist philosophy, while the Enlightenment was based on epistemology and empiricism. (3) Locke rejected the division of legislative power and administrative power

57、. (4) Berkeley was the father of a philosophical school called phenomenalism. (5) Humes empiricist philosophy greatly influenced Immanuel Kants critical philosophy.,T,_,T,_,T,_,F,_,T,_,Unit7西方文化导论,Text Study _II_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Give a brief introduction to Lockes life, ideas and gre

58、at works.,John Locke (16321704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher, whose association with Anthony Ashley Cooper (later the First Earl of Shaftesbury) led him to become successively a government official collecting information about trade and colonies. He was also an e

59、conomic writer, oppositional political activist, and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Much of Lockes work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. This opposition is on the level of both the individual,Think and Discuss,Unit7西方文化导论,individual and the institutions such as government and church. For the individual, Locke wants each of us to seek truth by reasoning rather than simply accept the opinion of authorities. On the level of in