高级英语课件第十课.ppt

1、Lesson Ten the trial that rocked the world : rock : to cause great shock and surprise to swing oscillate sway rock vibrate fluctuate undulate waver:These verbs mean to move in a back-and-forth, up-and-down, or to-and-fro pattern. swing指一端吊起、一面固定或两端都系住的物体摆动, 如: The pendulum swings.钟摆摆动。 Oscillate指钟摆式

2、的稳定而连续的前后运动；广义地表示在冲突性目标之间的徘徊 oscillating between fear of Rome and desire of independence 在对罗马的恐惧和对独立的渴望之间摇摆不定,sway 指 有伸缩性的物体受压后又恢复原位地摆动, 如: Branches sways gently in the wind. 树枝在风中微微摇动。 Rock是指温柔而有节奏感的摇动或猛烈的摇摆或倾斜 The business is on the rocks rock a baby (in)to sleep People used to say:The hand that r

3、ocks the cradle rules the world.过去人们常说,掌握摇篮的手统治世界。 Vibrate通常暗指快速的周期性摇摆；常常表示颤抖、搏动或微颤 The house vibrates when a train passes. Fluctuate最常用于喻指比较稳定的交替变化 The price of vegetables and fruits fluctuates according to the season. 蔬菜和水果的价格随季节而波动。 Undulate暗指波浪般平缓的运动,The ripe wheat undulated in the breeze like t

4、he incoming tide. 成熟的小麦象潮水般随风起伏。 Waver表示不稳定、不确定的运动 His resolve began to waver. 他的决心开始动摇了 2. A buzz ran through the that sweltering July day in 1925: buzz: the vibrating sound of a bee; here it refers to the sound of many people whispering or talking excitedly in low tones .嗡嗡声 v.作嗡嗡声 ran through the

5、 crowd : spread among the people who had come to watch the trial as I took my place in the packed court : as I went to my seat in the court which was crowded with people sweltering : oppressively hot and humid ; very hot, causing unpleasantness 闷热, 被暑气所苦, 汗流夹背,3. The counsel for my defence: Counsel

6、: one or more lawyers acting for someone in a court of law lawyer attorney counselor counsel barrister solicitor: These nouns denote persons who practice law Attorney通常可与 lawyer互换，但从更狭的意义上说，它指在商业事务中代表委托人的法律代理 Counselor和 counsel两词指的是提供法律咨询并担任出庭律师的人。counsel还指被雇佣参与案件审理的一群律师 Barrister主要用来指英国的出庭律师 在英格兰，

7、Solicitor是指其业务主要为充当法律代理的律师，在低级法院中代表委托人，在高级法院审理中作为出庭律师准备案卷。在美国，这个词指代城市、城镇或政府部门中的总法务官,2)Counsel for my defence : one or more lawyers who defend me in court 3)Criminal lawyer: a specialist in criminal law ( law related to crime or its punishment) 4. Leading counsel for the that had brought about my tri

8、al : Leading counsel : the chief lawyer of a group Prosecution: the group of people who are concerned in bringing a criminal charge against someone in court原告 defendant n.被告 Silver-tongued orator: persuasive, eloquent public speaker 4) The fundamentalist movement :a militantly conservative and fanat

9、ically religious American Protestant movement that began in the early 20th century in opposition to modern scientific tendency; it holds that the Bible is a verbally,accurate recording of the word of God, and was strong in parts of the U.S. especially the South, at the time . fundamentalist原教旨主义者 no

10、minee: One who has been nominated to an office or for a candidacy.被提名者 nominate:propose by name as a candidate, especially for election. 提名 5) Fundamentalist movement that had brought about the trial : The trial was brought to court by Scopes and his lawyers. However, it was the fundamentalist movem

11、ent which made the trial necessary , because it was this movement that had created the religious atmosphere that was responsible for the law which prohibited the teaching of evolution in the schools, and it was the existence of that law which made it necessary to hold a trial to challenge the law.,5

12、. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over: 1) All of a sudden I found myself in a trial which was reported all over the world 2) The world over : all over the world 6. Seated in court of Harvard University: Seated in court : be present in court Ready to testify on my behalf : prepared

13、to submit evidence to support or benefit me ( or my case ) in behalf of: for the benefit of; in the interest of. 为了；为了利益 On somebodys behalf, on behalf of somebody: to benefit, support , serve the interests of somebody 以某人的名义; 为了某人; 代表某人 4) Distinguished : renowned, eminent, recognized for excellenc

14、e in some field 卓著的, 著名的, 高贵的,distinguished guest 贵宾 5) Harvard University : the oldest university of the U.S.A at Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded in 1636 and named after its first benefactor, John Harvard ( 1607-1638), a nonconformist minister born in England 7.more than 100 reporters a jury tria

15、l : 1) On hand : present , available 2) Radio announcer : it means , in this case , people who give the news on the radio 3) A jury trial : a trial that had a jury ( a group of 12 responsible, impartial citizens chosen to hear the case and make the decision ( reach a verdict ) of guilty or not in ac

16、cordance with their findings ) 8. “dont worry ” as we were waiting for the court to open :,1) son : affectionate term used by an older person to a boy or young man 2) well show them a few tricks : Well do a few things to out wit them ( the prosecution) ; or we have some clever and unexpected tactics

17、 and we will surprise them in the trial 3)reassuring arm : Obviously the arm cant be reassuring ; it means in a reassuring manner, a friendly gesture to put John at ease; the figure of speech used here is a transferred epithet.安心的, 可靠的 4)waiting for the court to open : waiting for the trial (the pro

18、ceeding ) to begin 9. The case had erupted round my head at the secondary school: erupt : emerge suddenly and violently ; explode eruption,The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently, I was suddenly engulfed by the whole affair Science master : science teacher; master as a term for tea

19、cher is outdated in the U.S. coach : person who trains athletes and directs teams 10. A clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists : 1)clash : conflict, disagreement 2)The conflict had become more and more intense build up : develop, extend gradually and steadily 11. T

20、he fundamentalists Old Testament : 1) Adhere to : believe in , follow devotedly 粘着, 胶着; 附着或粘附于. (to); 坚持; 遵守(to) 追随; 依附(to),adhesive adj.带粘性的 n.粘合剂 adherent n.信徒, 追随者, 拥护者 adj. 粘着的, 依附的 stick 系常用词, 指“好象用某种粘结物使粘着或结合在一起, 如: He always sticks to his word. 他总是信守诺言。 adhere属正式用语, 语意比 stick强, 指“自动地或义务地忠于一理想

21、、事业、领导人等, 如: adhere to the Partys policy 坚持党的方针。 cohere指“粘合在一起、“团结一致, 如: There are moral principles by which society coheres. 有些道德法则使社会得以团结一致。 cling 指“紧抱、“坚守,如: cling to ones own view. 坚持己见。 2) literal interpretation: word for word acceptance of what is said in the Bible,3) Old Testament: that part

22、of the Bible that refers to events before the birth of Christ . Note : All the words like the Bible, God (Lord , He, Him ) and Christ ( Saviour ) are capitalized 12. The modernists had evolved from a common ancestor: advance : put forward ; propose Charles Darwin: English naturalist, born on Feb, 12

23、. 1809 at Shrewsbury , died on April 19, 1882; published “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” in 1859. The theory of evolution asserts that all living forms, plants and animals, including Man, have developed from earlier and simpler forms by processes of change and selection . ha

24、d evolved from a common ancestor: (all life ) had developed gradually from a common original organism,4) ancestor: a person, esp one living a long time ago, from whom another is descended 13. The state legislature as taught in the Bible : state legislature : official body of people who pass ( determ

25、ine, decide ) laws. Each of the 50 states in the U.S. has a legislature(立法机构) The national legislature is called the congress . that denies the story of creation : that refuses to believe that all human beings are descended from Adam and Eve, who were created by God deny: reject ; refuse She can den

26、y her son nothing. 14. The new law theory of evolution: aim ( at ) : point or direct towards some object, esp. with the intention of hitting it squarely: directly,15. I was sent for: they sent somebody to get me 16. Violating the law : breaking the law 17. So has teacher : every other teacher has as

27、 well; all the other ( biology) teachers have also been violating the law 18. “lets take this thing test the legality of it.”: 1)This thing : this matter , this problem ; here it refers to Scopes teaching of evolution and hence his violation of the law, “this thing” is an imprecise expression on the

28、 part of Rappelyea, but very common in spoken English 2) take to court: to start an action in a law court 3) legality: in keeping with a law, or a requirement of law 合法性 4) lets accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.,19. When I was indicte

29、d in U.S .history: indict : to charge ( someone) formally with an offence in law起诉 indict a person for murder indictee indictor 2) When I was indicted : when a formal accusation was made against me of breaking this law 3) least of all I: I, less than anyone else 4) snowball: grow rapidly in size or

30、significance 滚雪球般地增长 forty snows ago 四十年以前 light snow 5) I was the last one to expect that my case would grow ( or develop ) into one of the most famous trials in U.S . History,20. 1)The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): citizens organization whose purpose is protection and expansion of rights

31、and liberties as set forth in U.S. Constitution. Main function is legal . Organized in 1920. Scopes trial one of the most famous ACLU undertakings , which did much to separate church and state . Also has defended people accused of “ subversive “ (in US, this usually means communist) activities, has

32、taken lead in challenging laws discriminating against blacks. Volunteer organization I.e. lawyers volunteer services, citizens donate money; 85,000 members 2) If necessary: if the case was lost in the lower courts 3) establish : make ( something) recognized officially 21. assist :more formal than he

33、lp,.having the meaning that the person assisted is able to do part of the work,22,. assist the state in prosecuting me : Since the case revolves around a state law, the sate of Tennessee is the offended party ; it is the state which prosecutes Scopes Thus the trial would be called the State of Tenne

34、ssee vs. John Scopes. Bryan volunteered to be the lawyer on behalf of the State 23. Immediately the renowned lawyerto defend me: renowned : (formal ) famous, distinguished, suggesting being named publicly again and again for some outstanding quality, achievement, etc. noted celebrated eminent famed

35、famous illustrious notable preeminent renowned :The central meaning shared by these adjectives is widely known and esteemed. a noted author; 著名的作家；,a celebrated musician; 有名的音乐家； an eminent scholar; 杰出的学者； a famed scientist; 闻名的科学家； a famous actor; 著名演员； an illustrious judge; 显赫的法官； a notable histor

36、ian; 著名历史学家； a preeminent archaeologist; 卓越的考古学家； a renowned painter.有名的画家 antonym:obscure 2) services : friendly help; also professional aid or attention 24. ironically: refers to incongruity between what might have been expected and actually happened . One would have expected that he would have kn

37、own Bryan who was going to prosecute him,25. Our town a circus atmosphere : take on : begin to have (the look of ) circus: public entertainment consisting of a variety of performances by acrobats, clowns and trained animals , often performed in large tents by a group that travels from on town to ano

38、ther circus atmosphere : a kind of rowdy(吵闹的) or riotous(吵闹的；欢腾的), holiday spirit All sorts of activities were going on in the town and there was a kind of noisy holiday spirit there ,( Suddenly the town was transformed into a kind of circus with many people coming to hear the trial . The town peopl

39、e took advantage of the sudden influx of visitors to expand their business activities),26. The buildings with banners The main street : small towns usually have one street where most of the stores are concentrated : the center of town. Sometimes the name of the main street is Main Street . Festoon :

40、 decorate ; a festoon is a string of flowers , leaves , ribbons, etc,. suspended in a curve between two points花彩 vt. 给.结彩, 在.饰以花彩 festooned with banners : decorated with banners probably strung between the lampposts a square festooned with electric lights 张灯结彩的广场,27. The streets and water melons”; s

41、prout : grow or develop quickly v.萌芽; n.苗芽 seeds sprout. bamboo sprout mung bean sprout绿豆芽 2) rickety: liable to fall or break down because weak ; shaky 摇摇晃晃的 3) stand : a small often outdoor shop or place for showing things sprouted with rickety stands: shaky (poorly made ) stalls or booths suddenl

42、y appeared 4) hot dog: long, thin, sausage in a bun. Hot dogs and hamburgers ( ground beef patty in a bun) are sometimes seen as symbols of American culture . As fast foods they represent, esp . to Europeans, the quick pace and low quality of life in the U.S.,These rickety stands, which appeared sud

43、denly every where, sold hot dogs. Religious books, watermelons , etc This adds to the towns circus atmosphere, Religious books were sold because many religious people attended this trial in which religion played a key role. 28. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby.: evangelist : any one

44、who preaches the Christian gospel(福音), esp a traveling preacher福音传教 exhort : urge earnestly urge press exhort prod prick exhort sb. to do sth.劝某人做某事 exhortation exhortative,exhortatory adj. The traveling preachers erected tents to urge people passing by to believe in God .,29. People from the surrou

45、nding the “ infidel outsiders”, : surrounding hills : referring to the hills near the town which were a part of the Appalachian Mts, a mountain chain in eastern North America extending parallel to the coast for 1,600 miles from southern Quebec to central Alabama, passing through Tennessee to cheer B

46、ryan: to support Bryan infidel : unbelievers in religious sense, meaning godless and implying being in the hands of the devil无宗教信仰者 outsiders : referring to the northern , big city lawyers, professors and scientists who would be held in suspicion as trouble-makers by narrow-minded, small town southe

47、rners. Its in quotes to signify that this is a false view held by such people.,30. butler was a 49-year-old farmerhis native county: before his election : before he was elected to the Tennessee legislature Had never been out of his native county : This suggests that his experience and vision were li

48、mited, that he was narrow-minded, not worldly 31. The presiding judge reglar mountaineer jedge: presiding:person in charge of the proceedings , person holding position of authority (at, over) preside over a meeting 2)florid-faced : face flushed with rosy color;ruddy face florid红润的 a florid writer 词藻

49、华丽的作家 a florid complexion 红润的面色,3) “Im just a reglar mountaineer jedge”:Im just an ordinary judge from the mountains. Uneducated-sounding southern accent and his statement about himself conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow-mindedness and bigotry. 4) regular

50、 : (especially American English )ordinary 32. Bryan, ageing and paunchy Tom Steward: age: (cause to)become old paunchy (derog or humor) (esp . Of a man ) having a fat stomach; pot-bellied大肚子的 attorney general : chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state or the U.S. 首席检察官, 司法部长,3

51、3. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old steeped in the law: 1)shrewd : astute, sharp, clever, not to be outwitted; used admiringly here ; sometimes implying negative qualitiescunning, tricky, dishonest shrewd sagacious astute perspicacious 2)magnetic: strongly attractive; said of a person, personality etc

52、. 3) steep:immerse, saturate, absorb or imbue adj.陡峭的, 险峻的, 急剧升降的, 不合理的 n.悬崖, 峭壁, 浸渍, 浸渍液 v.浸, 泡, 沉浸 be steeped in埋头于, 专心于; 充满着; 沉浸于 steep the tea in boiling water 用开水泡茶 be steeped in liquor沉缅于酒,34. In a trial Hays a Jew: In a trial in which religion played a key role: Scopes was accused of violatin

53、g the law which prohibited the teaching of any theory that denied the story of creation as taught in the Bible. And it was the fundamentalists who made the state legislature pass this law. Thats why the writer said religion played a key role in the trial . 2) agnostic : a person who questions ,doubt

54、s the existence of God and claims that His existence cant be proved ; many agnostics simply leave it at that and do not bother with the question of religion any further哲不可知论者 3) The whole sentence points out the religious and non-religious diversity of the defence counsel in contrast to the prosecut

55、ion, hinting that the defence counsel would be more broad-minded and objective.,35. The judge called for Thats one hell of a jury! call for : send for minister : a person authorized to conduct worship, administer sacraments etc. in a Christian church, esp. any Protestant clergyman牧师 open the session

56、 : begin the trial ; session is used to indicate that the trial will take more than one meeting under way : in motion, in progress get under way : get started, begin growl: complain in an angry or surly manner; utter in a gruff, rumbling voice, esp. angrily咆哮, 发牢骚地说 one hell of jury ( or a hell of a

57、 jury): no jury at all; a completely inappropriate jury (because they arte too partial );this is a common phrase meaning something unusual,Examples: That was a hell of an exam .(unusually difficult) Its been one hell of a trip . Its a hell of change 8). The whole paragraph shows the religious bias o

58、f the trial right from the start, indicates the pro-fundamentalist atmosphere that will pervade the trial and gives readers a taste of things to come. 36. After the preliminary sparring his opening statement: 1) preliminary : introductory or preparatory; coming before and introducing or preparing fo

59、r something more important 2) spar: (fig.) engage in argument ; fight with words晶石;争吵 以拳及臂防卫与攻击;斗鸡 spar at each other对骂 3) legalities : the requirements and procedure of the law 4) After the preliminary sparring over legalities : after the initial arguments over legal procedures,5) opening statement : opening speech 37. My friend Darrow drawled: My friend is used in a sarcastic way The attorney general said that John Scopes was there because he had broken the law. drawl : speak slowly with vowels greatl