汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文

1、汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文汉英特色词汇对比分析全英毕业论文 contents abstract 1 key words 1 1. introduction 2 2. the formation causes of chinese neologisms 3 2.1 neologisms from foreign languages 3 2.2 old words with new senses 4 2.3 neologisms from chinese dialects 5 3. features of chinese neologisms 5 3.1 freshness in time

2、6 3.2 freshness in semantic meaning 6 3.3 transformation from abbreviations 6 3.4 culture loaded 6 4. existing problems in translating chinese neologisms into english 7 5. strategies for chinese neologisms translation 11 5.1 literal translation 11 5.2 literal translation with adding or interpreting

3、12 5.3 transliteration 13 5.4transliteration with adding or interpreting 14 5.5 diversified translation 15 6. conclusion 15 bibliography: 17 an analysis of the chinese-english of chinese neologisms name: no.: english major foreign languages department supervisor: title: abstract: language is a rathe

4、r open system. with the development of social life and human development, language also plays an increasing key role in serving as a mirror of social changes. chinese neologisms can be regarded as the most active and sensitive element. ever since recent years,chinese language has also witnessed grea

5、t changes. such changes mainly result in the increase of chinese neologisms.faced with the neologisms springing up,we should properly translating them or some of them into correct and idiomatic english.it becomes an issue of how to translate chinese neologisms idiomatically and remain cultural flavo

6、r at the same time. to cope with the cultural aspects in translation of the heavily cultural-loaded neologisms, foreinization and domestication are the most important methods. and of the two methods, which to choose is another issue. this thesis attempts to seek for the most suitable methods to get

7、the unique chinese culture well-known by foreign friends. key words: chinese neologisms; translation strategies 摘要：语言是一个相当开放的系统，随着社会生活和人类发展而不断变化。语言也是体现社会变化的一面镜子。中国特色词汇是最为活跃、最为敏感的元素。尤其是近年来，汉语也经历着巨大的变化。面对着如雨后春笋般大量涌现的汉语新词，我们应该将这些应运而生的新词翻译成准确并且地道的英语。那么怎么才能够把这些汉语新词翻译成地道的英语并且保留其文化韵味是一个问题。汉语新词的文化负载极为丰富，为了解

8、决其翻译中与文化相关的方面，异化和归化是最为重要的翻译手段。而两者之间的如何选择是本文所讨论的另外一个问题。本文试图寻求汉语新词翻译的最合适方法让外国友人更好地了解独一无二的中国文化。 关键词:汉语新词；翻译策略；1. introduction language is dynamic and active.as the most active element of language, vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. every day or even at any moment there are new words put

9、ting into use in languages while at the same time many others fading away from frequent use. with the development of information technology, network has become more and more popular .internet has been regarded as a tool of communication and interaction. therefore, it is sensitive to the social chang

10、es, and meanwhile the new things, concepts, and changes need to find their expressions in language, which leads to the appearance of network neologisms. the appearance of new inventions, new technologies, new concepts and new social phenomena will eventually lead to the emergence of neologisms. afte

11、r entering into the new century, the development of society has accelerated its pace and the communication between countries becomes more frequent than ever. in this era of information technology, the internet has become an indispensable part of peoples life, and at the same time, it also produced a

12、 lot of colorful chinese culture, especially the unique feature of network language and vocabulary, network vocabulary represents the life of contemporary young people ,and meantime, it directly reflects some social phenomena and the characteristics of the times. therefore, as a translator, we shoul

13、d undertake the responsibility of translating the new words properly into foreign languages in order to show the chinese culture to other countries, but this task has turned out to be a great challenge. although there is no lack of dictionaries which study chinese neologisms and the translation of n

14、etwork neologisms, it is far from enough or satisfactory. this thesis focuses on the translation strategies in order to contribute to the efficient translation of chinese neologisms . 2. the formation causes of chinese neologisms there are three main ways of formation of chinese neologisms. this is

15、a common way in vocabulary enlargement especially when the native language is unable to meet the demand of the new trends. 2.1 neologisms from foreign languages compared with english loanwords, chinese borrowings have a relatively shorter history. because chinese is a language with a quite long hist

16、ory, it is giving out constantly its vigor and energy to foreign languages, while chinese is ready to absorb nutrition from them. due to the reform and opening-up policy, and the fast development of mass media and information exchanges, more and more new concepts and fresh ideas have been introduced

17、 into china from different countries. with the advent of these fresh things and concepts, many loan words have become a part of chinese. since english act as the universal language in the world, it has been playing an important role in our life. therefore, a majority of loan words in chinese origina

18、te from english, and some are from japanese and korean, or other languages. words such as 肯德基(kfc)、奶昔(milkshake)、因特网(internet)、高尔夫(golf) are borrowed from english. words such as 料理(cuisine)、写真(photo)、便当(bento)、寿司(sushi) come from japanese; words as 大厨(chef), 香槟(champagne) from french, 壁画(fresco), 走廊

19、(corridor); and 歌剧 (opera) from italian,华尔兹(waltz),华氏(fahrenheit) and 闪电战（blitz）from german; as well as 甲板(deck) and快艇 (yacht) from dutch. 2.2 old words with new senses neologisms can also refer to the kind of words which add new senses to its original meaning. usually the new senses of these words

20、will draw more attention than their original ones. the obtaining new meaning involves two aspects. one is the change of word meaning and the other is production of new meaning for the old ones. the changes of a words reference from a certain object are based on the similarities between the two thing

21、s. when the word emerges for the first time, it is merely used as the name of a given object, concept, phenomenon or act, so it only has one meaning. with the development of language, it gradually obtains new meanings and therefore becomes a polysemy. the development of word meaning from monosemy to

22、 polysemy generally follows two processes. they are radiation and concatenation. an important process by which words enrich their meaning is radiation. the original meaning of this word is considered as the central meaning and the secondary meanings are derived from it from every direction like rays

23、. when the monosemy becomes a polysemy and its meaning is extended to cover a broader range. each secondary meaning of the word is independent but all of them can be traced back to the original meaning. take chinese words “流产” “下海” “老化” as examples. when people refer to these words, they are probabl

24、y not so sensitive to find that they have changed a lot from their original references. in the late 1980s, “下海”was often kept being talked about. but now it not only means the popular trend of professional artists take work not related to their professions, but also means someones starting to take u

25、p business. “老化” originally is a chemical term, which means the chemical change as the result of time passing by. now it can be accepted as a description of the phenomena of becoming outdated. 2.3 neologisms from chinese dialects it is well acknowledged that there are a large number of dialects with

26、 certain characteristics in china. for the sake of convenience of communication, the standard chinese was established on the basis of beijing dialect. what we use frequently and what we speak on formal occasions is mandarin. but it is also common sense that dialects are treasure of chinese national

27、language as well as the chinese culture. words and expressions from dialects inject fresh vigor and energy into mandarin. local dialects are among one of the causes of new word formation, especially the dialects in economic-developed areas and cultural centers. usually, these areas play a vital role

28、 in social progress. for the convenience of population flow and frequent communication between different areas, people are willing to learn from each other. as imitation becomes a trend, language is often the first to bear the brunt. adoption from other dialects is one of primary ways to enrich mand

29、arin chinese. the words of a certain dialect may have been in its original language for many years, but they are newcomers to the standard language system in the country. the reform and open-up policy grants the southern part of china more opportunities to have contact with hong kong and macao and t

30、hus cantonese exerts strong influence on the language of inland areas. many cantonese words and expressions lay emphasis on commerce, entertainment, leisure, etc. some of them come to be mixed up with mandarin and become very popular terms, such as “侃大山”(chew the fat), , “大腕” (big shot), “傍大款”(find

31、a sugar daddy), “托儿”(sales persons decoy). these phrases have appeared on newspapers and magazines, becoming common to social life gradually. some instances in other dialects: dialect in northeastern regions: “草包”, “忽悠”, “奔头”, “小样”, hebei dialect: “般配”, sichuan dialect: “摆龙门阵”, and shanghai dialect:

32、 “捣糨糊”, “毛毛雨”, “宰客”, etc. 3. features of chinese neologisms through a close look at the chinese neologisms, it is not difficult to make a generalization of their features. four main features will be discussed in detail. 3.1 freshness in time chinese neologisms possess many features, the first of whi

33、ch is freshness in time. when the neologisms were first to come into being, they took the fresh meanings, and conveyed the new information. nevertheless, with the time passing by, this freshness will gradually be weakened or even disappeared. neologism is a comparative concept. soon after a neologis

34、m has been put into use, people will adapt to its use. the freshness of the neologism will exist for a period of time. the freshness of a neologism will fade after being used for a period of time, and no longer is it a neologism finally. for example, as the time passes by, these words can hardly be

35、found “寻呼机” “大哥大” “上山下乡”. 3.2 freshness in semantic meaning people usually tend to regard those new words which newly come into being as neologisms. seen from the semantic perspective, neologisms can also imply new meanings of established words. the spellings of the words remain the same, but their

36、meanings are no longer what they used to be. for example, “红包”originally means red bag, but nowadays, it is used to refer a red envelope containing money as a gift or stand for secret bribe; the word “八卦” is the name of an eight-sided diagram derived from the famous chinese classic “yi jing”(book of

37、 changes) at the beginning. it is now often used to describe gossip or gossipy people. 3.3 transformation from abbreviations the fast-pacing modern society requires conciseness and briefness of language to make it easier to use. the meanings of some neologisms are quite complicated and the full expr

38、essions are too long to bear in mind. as a result the abbreviations are coming into being frequently, which make the neologisms more readily read and easily memorized. for instance, “保修、包换、包赔” (three guarantees for repair, replacement or compensation for faulty products) is abbreviated into “s 三包”.

39、by this way, when referring to it, we can save much effort to replace the long phrase by two words. whats more, “农转非” for “由农村户口转为城市户口”(to change rural residence registration to a city, town or other non-rural registration), “海归” for “海外归国留学生”(returned overseas students) and “严打” for “依法从严、从重、从快地打击各

40、种刑事犯罪活动”(of police launching a crackdown on crimes) and so on. 3.4 culture loaded china boasts a long history of five thousand years as well as splendid civilization. during such a long period of time, chinas special living environment, ways of life and thinking, featured religions and historical ba

41、ckground have planted a unique characteristic in chinese neologisms.thats to say, they are heavily culture-loaded. developed through the long history, the words and expressions reflect chinas rich cultural heritage and embodied chinese special lifestyle. for instance, at first “二进宫” means something

42、related to beijing opera, but now it conveys the meaning of “people with a past criminal record committing a crime again, and is convicted and put into correctional institution”. neologisms such as “二进宫” are rich in cultural connotation and mirror social and political culture of the current times. c

43、hinese neologisms embrace the four main characteristics above. it is just because of their unique characteristics that the chinese neologisms are not easy to translate. thus, we should adopt a scientific theory framework to guide the demanding translation task. in the following part, the author will

44、 employ functional equivalence as theory guidance to instruct the translation of neologism and discuss elaborately the theory in terms of its origin, development, and research status. 4. existing problems in translating chinese neologisms into english language is just like a mirror which reflects th

45、e nations politics, economy and culture of a certain period of time. the remarkable achievements made in various fields by the society will certainly bring out more neologisms. faced with the task of translating chinese neologisms into english, translators are responsible for translating them into i

46、diomatic english and at the same time maintaining the chinese culture in order to get foreigners familiar with the current situation and development of china. nevertheless, it is a major headache how to translate them correctly and idiomatically, for the two languages have their respective character

47、istics and represent the specific culture of their own nations. this may explain why there are so many mistranslations or failures in translation. accordingly, the author intends to make an analysis of the failures and mistranslations of chinese neologisms, and there are five aspects listed as follo

48、ws. chinglish in translation in the process of translating, quite a few chinese english learners just attach great importance to the superficial meaning of the words and fail to take the different though patterns into consideration. as a result, chinglish appears. during the process of translating c

49、hinese neologisms, the problem of chinglish remains very serious. the chinese expression “吃皇粮” is better to be translated into “to have a stable job and fixed wages in the government office” rather than “to eat emperors rice”. “合同工” translate into “worker under contract employment system” is better

50、than “contract labor”. another example, if “豆腐渣工程” is translated literally into “bean curd residue project”, it is typical chinglish, because the translator fail to give consideration to the figure of speech of its actual meaning and the thinking patterns of target readers. “豆腐渣工程” usually refers to

51、 a kind of substandard construction which is of low quality and easy to be damaged due to shoddy work, inadequate design or saving illegally on material and labor. “jelly-built” is a derogatory term for “quickly and cheaply built without concerns for the quality”. hence, it is feasible to be transla

52、ted into “jelly-built project”, for “jelly-built” achieves the closest natural response to “豆腐渣”. however, in a report from the international herald tribune, “豆腐渣工程” is literally translated into “bean curd project” with an interpreting “so named because they are easily fall apart”. combining literal

53、 and figurative translation strategies together not only maintains the chinese characteristic but clearly expresses its meaning to the receptor of target language. thus, the functional equivalence is achieved and the setbacks of chinglish are avoided to the fullest degree. misunderstanding and mistr

54、anslation in the process of c-e translation, due to the lack of complete understanding of the target language, and the impact of their mother tongue on the target language, many inexperienced translator will apply the vocabulary and grammar of their native language mechanically to the translation an

55、d thus leads to the frequent occurrence of mistranslation. only if the translators get a full understanding of the source text can they be able to obtain the closet natural equivalence. and a full comprehension demands a detailed analysis of origins of the source text, semantic and pragmatic meaning

56、s and each aspect that may exert influence on the result of translation. as chinese is our mother tongue, some translators are too assured that they understand totally the source texts, but in real translation, misunderstanding is common occurrence. for example, once someone has translated“三陪” into

57、“three company services”. it is obviously cannot arouse functional equivalence because it doesnt convey the words true meaning at all. at reading “three company services”, the receptors will not know it has anything to do with the “escort girl”. from this point of view, translator should pay attenti

58、on to drawing a deeper and exact comprehension of the source text in order to produce a more accurate and intelligible translation. neglect of culture english and chinese are carriers of the two distinct cultures which are different from each other. the greatest difficulty in translation is the cult

59、ural difference. translation will be constantly influenced, either explicitly or implicitly, by culture. so in the course of translating,we should betaken into account to avoid misunderstanding. as a matter of fact, however, it is not uncommon that the influence of culture on translation has been neglected. take “吃香” as an example. it is no easy to find a counterpart in english which is equivalent in both form and meaning. the literal translation “to eat fragrance” cann