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1、满分网GRE 资料下载GRE 写作讲义Argument 部分一.Argument 的写作特点二.Argument 整体结构第一段： 开头段。主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。 第二段和第三段甚至第四段：分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。第五段： 结尾段。作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。因此作者在做出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。 三.如何写开头段？例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折（总论） In this memo the vice president of Natures Way CNW), a chain of stores selling health

2、 food and health- related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3)

3、the citys schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of themlend credible support to the recommendation.四.开头段的小宝式写法（CEF） Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draws

4、 a conclusion that . To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that . In addition, he indicates that . Furthermore, he cites the result of arecent survey in support of this recommendation. appears to be somewhat convincing, but furtherAt first glance, the authors argum

5、ent reflection reveals that it omits somesubstantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.五.如何写正文段六.如何写结尾段七.结尾段的具体写法 To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that , because the evidences cited in

6、 the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to .1更多 GRE 资料：满分网GRE 资料下载Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that . Therefore, if the argument had includ

7、ed the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言 1.Survey/Study： (1)ProcedureA. Selective sampleB. Quantity of the sampleUnless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey resu

8、lts are not reliable to gauge generally. The number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only , then the results would no doubt suggest . Or if , (1200) would account for only a little percentage, which would renders the result of t

9、he survey meaningless.(2)Result of the surveyA. Do the statistics make any meaningfullness?B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague?攻击“无相对比值”The argument tells us that “many” (a number of ) . However, the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of , so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningfu

10、l.攻击“无绝对数值” The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of .C. RespondentsThe respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall .(3)Who conducted the survey?The surveyor should be nonaligned / cross-becher.(4)When was the survey condu

11、cted?A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently he survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey

12、 was recently published.The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels.2.Sufficient Evidence and Necessary Condition (1)Sufficient Evidencea. The argument assumes too hastily that will necessarily result in the behavior that the2更多 GRE 资料：www.man

13、满分网GRE 资料下载argument predicts. Perhaps, . Moreover, .b. The fact thatA is not sufficient for the prediction thatB.(2)Necessary ConditionThe editors recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other thanAcausedB .However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one.

14、Amyriad of other factors, including or , might just as likely be the cause ofB. Tobe specific, . Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by can .3.Cause and Effect Fallacies(1) Non sequiturThe arguer fails to establish the causal relations

15、hip between the fact that and the claim that . This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, results from .(2) Post hoc, ergo proper hoc (after this, therefore because of this)Based on the fact that occurre

16、d after , the editor infers that should be responsible for . However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that earlier development caused the later one. I might have resulted from some other events instead -to just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios such

17、 as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between and upon which editors the recommendation depends.(3) ConcurrenceThe argument observes a correlation between A and B , then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out oth

18、er possible explanations for A or B . For example, . Any of these factors might lead to B . Without rulingout all other factors it is unfair to conclude thatAis responsible for B.(4) Confuse the cause and effectIt is possible that the mayor has confused cause with effect respecting the recent develo

19、pments in Ocean View. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the mayor has failed to account for this possibility, the claim that is completely unwarranted.4.Changing Scope Fallacies (1)Different conceptsA threshold problem involves the definition ofterm. IfAis defined asB , then howA. The arguer fail

20、s to define this criticalC, is irrelevant to whether . In short,without a clear definition ofA, it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.3更多 GRE 资料：满分网GRE 资料下载(2)What is true for a member is also true for the groupThe argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例 typify na

21、tionwide 整体情况. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的 情 况 Thus, lacking more marketing information about nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memos recommendation.(3) Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each group memberOne pr

22、oblem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about applies equally to 个 体 成员 ， Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps ; or perhaps . Without ruling out such possibilities

23、, the author cannot justifiably conclude that .(4) Average5.Incomplete Thought(1)Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughlyIn addition, the author fails to consider the possible negative impacts brought about by .(2)ProfitThe author conclusion that is unwarranted. Profit is factor of

24、 not only revenue, but also costs. Its entirely possible that the costs of , or other costs associated with , will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possible occurrence, such as unfavorable economic conditions, might prevent from being as profitable in the foreseeable fut

25、ures as the argument predicts.6.All things remain unchanged over time(1)Past conditions remain unchanged in the present and futureThe author claims that , because . The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time. The assumption is unw

26、arranted because things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B . For example, A; however, B. Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that (2)Present Conditions will remain unchanged into the future7.V

27、ague evidence8.Analogy and comparison4更多 GRE 资料：满分网GRE 资料下载(1)False analogyThe arguers recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that A 与 B 存在很大

28、的不同. In short, without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A .(2)Incomplete or selective comparison(3)Comparison and Variation9.False dilemmaEven assuming A is not the reason for the B , the author falsely as

29、sumes that the B must be attributable to C. This “either-or ” argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B . For example, perhaps 其他可能原因, or perhaps 其他可能原因 10.Unwarranted AssumptionThe author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that . However, no evidence is stated i

30、n the argument to support this assumption. For example, it is most likely that . Therefore, the argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.11. Hasty generalizationIn addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if A , it does not follow that B . It is highly

31、possible that other factors may have contributed to B. For instance, . Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning B. Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that .写作必背单词和短语1.counterproductiveadj.产生相反效果

32、（结果）的e.g. It is counterproductive to be too tough: it just makes the staff resentful.2.seminaladj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的e.g. in the seminal state （在萌芽状态）| seminal thoughts | seminal principle（基本原则） 5更多 GRE 资料：满分网GRE 资料下载3.forgov.放弃e.g.The choice to forgo his security is always available,

33、although it might carry unpleasant uitionn.直觉e.g.I will trust my strong intuition that free will is an essential part of our being as humans.5.satisfyv.证明是正当的，的；为寻找正当理由e.g. In the final analysis, government cannot philosophically satisfy assisting large cities for the purpose of eit

34、her promoting or preserving the nations cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary toward these ends.6.resort to 诉诸e.g.there is no necessity to resort to violent actions such as demonstration, riot or rebel.hinge on 以为转移，靠转动 e.g. The claim that societys destiny hinges on how childre

35、n are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best.7.8.lend some credence to 提供支持 e.g. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to this position, by suggesting that these determining physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup.d

36、imension n.大小；体积；程度；范围e.g. I did not realize the dimensions of the problem.9.10. amount to 相当于；等于 e.g. What you say amounts to a direct accusation.11. inspirev.激励或鼓舞e.g. To begin with, learning about key historical figures inspires us to achieve great things ourselves - far more so than learning abo

37、ut the conditions of groups of people.12. provide necessary impetus for 给与动力 e.g. It is almost always a key individual who provide the necessary imputesfor what otherwise might be a group effort, as discussed below.13. paradigm n.样式；典范；范例 e.g. educational paradigms14. obscure v.使阴暗；使朦胧 e.g. Generall

38、y speaking, then, undue attention to the efforts and contributions of various groups tends to obscure the cause and effect relationship with which the study of history is chiefly concerned.15. nascent adj.初生的e.g.in a nascent condition/stage/state | a nascent industry/ literature/art16. irrespective

39、of whether 无论如何 e.g. While we must invest in research irrespective of whether the results might be controversial.17. draw a distinction between 区分e.g.One useful approach is to draw a distinction between personal morality6更多 GRE 资料：满分网GRE 资料下载and public morality.18. catalystn.催化剂；刺激因素e.

40、g. circumstance often serves as a catalyst for heroism.19. provison.限制性条款；（附带）条件e.g. Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagreewith the speakers claim.20. proceedingn.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报 e.g. legal proceeding | governmental proceedings21. thwartv.反对；妨碍；挫败e.g. the governments

41、strategies for thwarting specific plans of an international terrorist or a drug trafficker.22. unprecedentedadj.空前的，史无前例的e.g.the society is changing at a speed which is quite unprecedented.23. inexorableadj. 不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的e.g.Facts are inexorable | the inexorable march of science24. take precedence

42、 over 居先于;优先于e.g. This interest might take precedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in the way of a parking structure.25. serve as a substitute for取代be superceded by代替；取代 e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to besuperceded by simpler,

43、more immediate options.26. emerge from 源自于：（in every age and culture some worthwhile art and literature emerges from the mediocrity.） 27.名人 notable figures celebrityelitepersonality （television personalities） 普遍；普及 prevailingadj.普遍的；流行的；占优势的 （the prevailing view in Westerncorporate culture | prevail

44、ingprinciple） 灌输；教育 instill v. （Courtesy must be instilled in childhood | Morality may be instilledinto their minds） inculcate v. （inculcate the young with a sense of duty.）impart v. （A good teacher imparts wisdom to his pupils.）foster v.养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励（Frequent cultural exchange will certainly help

45、foster friendly relations between our two universities. | detect and foster artistic talent. | to foster an interest in music） 28.29.nurturev.养育, 给与营养物, 教养 （While the speaker might overlook thebenefits of nurturing certain emotions and feels, on balance I agree that ） 若干重；若干刃 30.a double-edged sword

46、双刃剑7更多 GRE 资料：满分网GRE 资料下载 e.g. This type of advertisement can be a doubt-edged sword, when the productdoes not make the person “be like” the person in the advertisement, there can be disappointment and disillusionment with the product.a two-edged weapon双重e.g. As is so often pointed out

47、, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.twofold/threefold/manifoldadj.双重/三重/多种e.g. We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen is this twofold use of knowledge, with its ever-increasing power, continues.e.g. The City Council has a manifold plan to be

48、autify the city.消除；减轻 31.v. 排除，消除（eliminate the false and retain the true | eliminate theeliminatepossibility of= preclude the possibility of）diminishv. 使减小，使变少 （diminish ones reputation | diminish the cost of production） underminev.破坏，削弱 （formal study of the present culture at the expanseof studyin

49、g past cultures can undermine the function of higher education, and ultimately provide a disservice to students and to society.） 恶化；加剧 32.exacerbatev. 恶化, 增剧, 激怒, 使加剧, 使烦恼 e.g. The problems would only be exacerbated were these decisions left exclusively to federal regulators.33.过度；过分 exorbitantadj.过

50、度的；过高的 （exorbitant rents | exorbitantly expensive |exorbitant amount ofmoney）undueadj.过度的；过分的 （apply undue pressure to make s.b. change his mind）导致、造成 pose 引起某事物，造成，提出 e.g. Winter poses particular difficulties for the elderly.renderv.致使，造成 e.g. Your action has rendered our contract invalid.breedv.导致

51、；造成 34.e.g. The speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breedingground and sanctuaries for a nations cultural traditions.v. 迅速发展； 发芽 （ burgeoning cities | burgeoning Internetburgeoncommerce） outgrowthn.长出, 派出, 结果, 副产物 e.g. A third uniquely contemporary problem is an outgrowt

52、h of the inexorable advancement of scientific knowledge.探求、努力： seek to 探求，寻求 e.g. One compelling argument in favor of a global university has to do with the fact835.更多 GRE 资料：满分网GRE 资料下载that its faculty and students would bring diverse cultural and educational perspectives to the probl

53、ems they seek to solve.strive to 努力 e.g. students should strive to excel in the specific requirements of their major course of studyprobe v./n.探求，探查 e.g. probe a matter to the bottom 寻根究底 36.资助、赞助： subsidize v.资助, 津贴 （Subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government.） patronn.资助人；赞

54、助人 （cultural patron）on the patronage of primarily on the patronage of privatee.g. culture has always depended individuals and businesses. under the auspices of e.g. During this period, significantauspices of the government.增强、提高 scientific advances occurred under the37.v.增强,提高,升级 （the escalating cos

55、t of addressing these problems）escalatev.(elevate notion about ）enhance/promote/augment/elevate Issue 文章结构 ? The discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. Peoples opinions are divergent on such a complex and controversial issue.

56、The author declares that , however, it oversimplifies this issue. The final judgment, in my point of view,should depend on a case-by-case analysis.First and foremost, at the risk of sounding too simplistic, my main proposition for can be summarized in one saying that . What is more, I approve the statement that without reservations in respect that . As a consequence, . Lets bri