英美国家概况之英国.ppt

1、A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom,Part I Warm-up questions,1. What are the 4 constituent countries in the U.K.? England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland 2. A loose (and voluntary) organization exists among the countries that used to be part of the British Empire. What is the organizat

2、ion called? Commonwealth of Nations 3. When did the U.K. become a member of the European Union? The UK has been a member of the EU since 1973 4. What is the organization G7? Is the U.K. its member? It is a member of the Group of Seven ( the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Japan, Italy and C

3、anada),Part II Focal Points,1. A complicated country with a complicated name (复杂的名称，复杂的国家) 2.The effects of its imperial past (帝国主义历史的影响) 3.A multiracial society(多种族的社会) 4. Remarkable class, regional and economic differences (显著的阶级、地域和经济差异) 5.The significant role of London(伦敦的重要地位) 6. Cultural and e

4、conomic dominance of England (英格兰的在文化和经济上的统治地位) 7.The conquest of Britain（对不列颠的征服） 8.Parliaments dominance over the throne (议会成为凌驾于王室权力之上的统治机构) 9.Physical features of Scotland (苏格兰的地理特征),10.Cultural division between highland and lowland (苏格兰高地和低地之间的文化区分) 11.The Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役) 12.Unio

5、n with England in 1707 1707年(苏格兰)与英格兰合并 13.Strong Scottish identity(仍具有很浓的苏格兰特色) 14.Brief introduction of Wales (对威尔士的简要介绍) 15.Campaigns for independence of UK (威尔士的独立运动),Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,The definition of the UK., Great Britain 2) gender diffe

6、rence: male and female live different lives 3) class difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (A white-collar workers lives are very different from a blue-collar workers.) * Economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries: 1) difference between highland and

7、 lowland Scots 2) difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north),4. A significant role of London,1) capital city 2) in the south; largest city in the country; 1/7 of the nations population 3) culture center 4) business center 5) financial center, one of

8、the 3 major international financial centers in the world (another two are New York and Hong Kong ) 6) long-standing historical role in the UK,England,Population: 51 Million Language: English People: Anglo-Saxons, Scots, Welsh, Irish, West Indians, Pakistanis, Indians, Chinese Religion: Church of Eng

9、land, Methodist (循道公会), Baptist, Catholic, Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh Capital City: London,Windsor castle,Leeds castle,Tower of London,London Bridge,River Thames,Night view of “Big Ben”,A giant Ferris wheel,St. Paul Cathedral,St. James Park,Olympic Stadium for 2012,England,1. A cultural and economic do

10、minance of England 1) London dominant in the UK in government, finance and culture 2) Englands dominance in size - largest of the 4 nations with largest population is reflected in a cultural and economic dominance * Result: people in foreign countries and English people sometimes mistake England for

11、 U.K in their talks.,2. The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st C., made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people),British history has been a history of invasions: 1. Before the 1st century AD British was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people; 2. In 43 AD British was invaded by the Rom

12、an Empire, and became part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years; 3. Then it came under threat from Germanic peoples - the Angles, and the Saxon;,Stonehenge,4. From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings threatened Britains shores; King Alfred the great turned in

13、 the tide in the south against the Vikings; 5. The next invaders were the French-speaking Normans, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings; William the Conqueror in 1066 crossed the English Channel, and became William the First of England; the Tower of London;,Early England Created by

14、Three Invasions,1. Roman Occupation 55 B.C.-410 A.D.,2. Anglo-Saxon and Viking Invasions 410 1066 A.D.,3. The Norman Invasion (The Battle of Hastings) in 1066 A.D.,LATIN,GERMAN(IC),FRENCH,English is a Melting Pot of Indo-European Languages,Celtic Latin German French,3. Legends,1). King Arthur and hi

15、s Round Table, giving knights equal precedence (优越) and showing knights demand for a more democratic system (During Anglo-Saxons invasion) 2). Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor (During the period of Norman rule) - a clue to the Englis

16、h Character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity (体现英国人个性的迹象: 表面上似乎一致, 但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式),4. Parliaments dominance over the throne,1) The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion: join together the various parts of the British Isle under English Rule,

17、 unite the kingdom internally and externally 2) Power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament Charles the Firsts attempt to overrule parliament in the 1640s led to a civil war in which parliamentary forces were victorious, and the king was executed in 1649., England was ruled by par

18、liaments leader, Oliver Cromwell for 11 years. In 1660, the son of Charles I restored the monarchy and was called Charles II (ruled 1660-1685, that is “Restoration” ) Further conflicts between parliament and the king led to removal of the Scottish house of Stuart and the final establishment of parli

19、aments dominance over the throne in 1689. * James II (1685-1689) was the younger brother of Charles II. After James II was overthrown, his daughter and daughters husband Mary and William were imported from Holland to take the throne. (1688, the “Bloodless Revolution” or “Glorious Revolution.”), thus

20、 finally establishing parliaments dominance over the throne.,Basic facts about Scotland,1. Scotland is the most confident of its own identity because it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. 2. The largest city is Glasgow, and its capital is E

21、dinburgh. Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from the 15th century.,3. Hadrians Wall: a stone wall which the Roman emperor Hadrian ordered to be built across the north of England in 122 AD from the east coast to the west, in order to defend Roman Britain from

22、attack by northern tribes such as Picts, the original Scottish Celts.,During Roman Occupation,Hadrians Wall,Scotland,Population: 5.1 Million Capital city: Edinburgh People: Celts, Anglo-Saxons Language: English, Gaelic Religion: Presbyterian (天主教长老会) Church of Scotland, other Presbyterian churches,

23、Anglicans, Catholics,Castles in Scotland,Scotland,1. Physical features of Scotland 1) the 2nd largest of the 4 nations 2) most rugged (崎岖不平) part of UK, the most confident of its own identity; 3) in the north - the Highlands - mountains and lakes in the south - the Southern Uplands in the middle - t

24、he lowland zone with 3/4 of the population 4) Capital: Edinburgh - east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city: Glasgow - in the west of Lowland zone,2. Cultural division between highland and lowland,1) Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor

25、 by the Anglo-Saxons 2) Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the South-west - the lowland zone. 3) They were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name,4) The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts (皮克特人) were left with the non-productive highland zone, whe

26、re in addition to English, some people speak the old Celtic language Gaelic (盖尔语). * The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other.,3. the Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役),

27、Time: 24th June, 1314 Who: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce and English army Result: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence,Statue of Robert Bruce near Bannockburn monument,the armies at Bannockburn.,4. Union with England in 1707,1). In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of

28、England died. James the 6th of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England; uniting the two thrones 2). Scotland maintained its separate political identity. 3). In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments 4). Scotland sends 72 representativ

29、es to the London Parliament. In 1922, only 3 were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting an independent Scotland; 49 was from the Labor Party, wanting to set up a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internal affairs within the UK.,5. Strong Scottish identity,Scotland has a great

30、 tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. * Robert Louis Stevensons famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 吉基尔医生与海德先生shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity.,Wales,- Population: 2.9 Million -

31、Capital city: Cardiff - People: Celts, Anglo-Saxons - Language: Welsh, English - Religion: Nonconformist (非国教) Protestants, Anglicans, Catholics,Beaumaris Castle in N. Wales,Caerphilly Castle in S. Wales,Wales,1. A brief introduction of Wales 1) capital: Cardiff, on the south coast 2) rich coal depo

32、sits attract foreign investment from Japan and U.S, etc. - new industries to replace coal and steel 3) smallest on the British mainland; close to central England; hilly and rugged 4) retains a powerful sense of difference from England 5) retains its own language; 19% population speaking Gaelic,2. Ca

33、mpaigns for independence of UK - resist the English,1) 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (卢埃林阿普格鲁菲德), forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation. 2) 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his son the Prince of Wa

34、les, trying to bring Wales into the British nation. 3) 1400, Owain Glyndwr (欧文格林道瓦尔) led an unsuccessful rising against the English. 4) 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of the British Parliament. 5) Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from the National

35、ist Party.,Northern Ireland,Population: 1.6 Million Capital city: Belfast People: Irish Language: English, and Irish Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 3.4% Protestant in the Republic; 60% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic in Northern Ireland,Northern Ireland,1. Population and physical features of Northern

36、Ireland (北爱尔兰的人口和地理特征) 1)often called Ulster, smallest of the 4 (in area support the IRAs (爱尔兰共和军) right to fight by a twin campaign, both political and military which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box” (暴力和民主手段),Patrick Pearse, head of the Provisional Government proclaimed in t

37、he Easter Rising.,The Proclamation of the Republic read by Patrick Pearse outside the GPO in 1916.,7. Religious conflicts between the Irish and the British (爱尔兰人和不列颠人之间的宗教冲突) - Ireland was not invaded by the Romans or the Anglo-Saxons - most Irish are Catholics; most Britain are Protestants - In the

38、 17th C., people emigrated from Scotland and Northern England to the north of Ireland. The peoples of this part thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state. They were Protestants.,8. A partition of Ireland in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的分裂) A compromise: the Southern 26 cou

39、nties- an independent “free state” (the Republic of Ireland) The 6 north-eastern counties- a part of the UK. * End 700 years of British rule in southern Ireland. Northern Ireland was given its own Parliament to deal with Northern Irish internal affairs, based at Stormont. (斯多蒙特),9. Troubles and solu

40、tions (冲突与解决办法) The majority, the Protestants controlled the local democratically- elected parliament and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province. 40% of the population were Catholic Irish, who found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programs

41、 such as public housing. The armed conflict “troubles” developed.,1) a Civil Rights Movement (北爱民权运动) In 1960s, Catholics often marched in the streets and fought for equality. 2) the presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 1969 - first to protect the Catholic people, later were seen a

42、s the symbol of British rule in Northern Ireland.,3) IRAs violence in the 1970s (IRA: Irish Republic Army 爱尔兰共和军，unofficially paramilitary force) set up in 1919, Official IRA (正式派): concentrate on a political process, run candidates for election split in 1969, Provisional IRA (临时派): felt armed force

43、 was the only way IRA bombed and shot security forces and city-centers in 1970s. Protestants took revenge on Catholics *Result: Northern Irish cities were divided into exclusively Protestant and exclusively Catholic areas. Two communities hardly mix at all.,4) Bloody Sunday (血腥星期日，1972/1/30) In 1972

44、, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland, of whom 13 were Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. It is an important symbol of British oppression. *Result: strengthen Catholic opposition to the British presence. 由于宗教冲突和政治问题不断升级，1972年1月30日, 468人在北爱被杀，其中13名是参加民权运动和平游行的

45、天主教徒这一天被称为血腥星期日，是英国人压迫北爱的天主教徒的代表性。它加剧了天主教徒对英国人的反抗情绪。,5) the Power-Sharing mechanism 1973, an agreement of a Power-Sharing mechanism was reached, allowing the minority Catholic political influence. The Protestant majority was outraged and went on strike, leading to the collapse of it. The Northern Ir

46、ish parliament was suspended and replaced by “direct-rule” from London until now,6) cooperation between the British and Irish governments In 1985, the Anglo-Irish agreement was signed between the two governments, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters.,7) IRAs refusal to

47、hand over their weapons In August 1994, the IRA declared a ceasefire. To make the Sinn Fein presence at the talks acceptable to Unionist politicians, the British government asked the IRA to hand over at least some of its weapons to show it seriousness. The IRA refused, and in February 1996, they set

48、 off two explosions in London. *Result: The future for Northern Ireland is still in doubt.,10. The Good Friday Agreement (北爱和平协议) As a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland rema

49、ins part of the United Kingdom and it wont change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of Great Britain and that o

50、f its own elected executive government of ten ministers. 由于多党协商的结果，北爱和平协议于1998年4月10日获准通过。 这一协议向亲英派保证，北爱属于英国，并且只有征得北爱大多数人同意才能统一爱尔兰。按照此协议，北爱由爱尔兰政府、英国政府以及由北爱自行选出的十名部长组成的政府三方共同实施司法管辖。,Class Exercises I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: ( ) 1. Britain is no longer an imperial co

51、untry. ( ) 2. The Commonwealth of Nations include all European countries. ( ) 3. 1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity. ( ) 4. The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied the majority of the British people. ( ) 5. Great Britain includes 3 constituent countries: En

52、gland, Scotland, and Wales.,T,F,F,T,F,II. Choose the correct answer to each of the following. 1. Which of the following is not considered a characteristic of London? (a) The cultural centre (b) The business centre (c) The financial centre (d) The sports centre 2. Which of the following is not true a

53、bout the characteristics of Britain? (a) Economic differences between north and south. (b) Differences of social systems between Scotland and Wales. (c) Class differences between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker. (d) Cultural differences between immigrants and the British.,3. Which of

54、the following can not be found in London? (a) Teahouses (b) Galleries (c) Museums (d) Theatres 4. Which of the following is not true about Britain? (a) It used to be an imperial country in the world. (b) It plays an active role as a member of European Union. (c) It is a relatively wealthy and develo

55、ped country. (d) It used to be one of the superpowers in the world.,Supplementary readings Artistic and Cultural Activity in the U.K. Artistic and cultural activity in Britain ranges from the highest professional standards to a wide variety of amateur involvement. London is one of the leading world

56、centers for drama, music, opera and dance. Some 650 professional arts festivals take place each year. The Edinburgh International Festival is the largest of its kind in the world.,Theatre Britain has about 300 theatres intended for professional use, of which about 100 are in London, including the Ro

57、yal National Theatre. The Royal Shakespeare Company performs in Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeares birthplace, and in London. Sixty-four companies receive subsidies from the Arts Councils. Contemporary British playwrights who have received international recognition include Harold Pinter, Alan Ayckbou

58、rn, Caryl Churchill and David Hare. The musicals of Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber, including Evita, Cats and Phantom of the Opera, have been highly successful in Britain, New York and around the world.,Music There is music for every taste in Britain including opera, choral and classical orchestras pieces,

59、 rock and pop, folk and jazz, military and brass bands, acoustic and newly emerging musical collaborations such as music theatre, music video and music with live arts. In musical composition, experimentation is in vogue, with composers mixing their sources: medieval modes and minimalism, quotations from Wagner and from Debussy, Indian melodies and African rhythms. Since the early 60s with the emergence of the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and t