实用土木工程英语-中国建材工业出版社-Unit-3-Structural-Load

1、Specialized English for Civil Engineering,实用土木工程专业英语 中国建材工业出版社,Unit 3 Structural Load 第三章 结构荷载,Main contents,Text ALoads（1） Translate some important sentences 翻译句子 Special difficulties 难点讲解 Translation Skills -词汇汉译（二） Writing Skills -标题拟定的原则,Text ALoads（1）,Answer the following questions： （1） What is

2、 structural load? （1）什么是结构荷载？,Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components. 结构荷载或作用是指加诸结构或其构件的各种力、变形或加速度。,Building codes require that structures be designed and built to safely resist all actions that they are likely to face during t

3、heir service life, while remaining fit for use. Minimum loads or actions are specified in these building codes for types of structures, geographic locations, usage and materials of construction. 建筑规范要求结构的设计和建造能经受使用期限内的一切作用，保证安全，并适合人们的使用。这些规范规定了各种类型的结构、地理位置、建筑的使用和材料的最小负载或作用。,Structural loads are spli

4、t into categories by their originating cause. Of course, in terms of the actual load on a structure, there is no difference between dead or live loading, but the split occurs for use in safety calculations or ease of analysis on complex models . 结构荷载根据它们产生的原因分成不同的种类。当然，就结构实际承受的载荷而言，恒载荷和活载荷并没有差别，但是在计

5、算安全系数或减轻复杂模型的分析难度时就会有差别。,The following loads are of primary concern to a building designer: Gravity loads: dead load, live load, snow load Lateral loads: wind load, seismic action, special loads and load effects 下面是设计师们最需要关注的各种荷载： 重力荷载：静荷载、活荷载、雪荷载 横向荷载：风载、地震作用、特殊荷载和荷载效应,（2） What is dead load? （2）什么是

6、静荷载？,The dead load on a structural element is the weight of the member itself, plus the weights of all materials permanently incorporated into the structure and supported by the member in question. 结构构件的静荷载是由构件自身重量，加上被构件支撑并成为结构不可变动部分的材料重量产生的。,The dead load is the load computed from the dimensions sh

7、own on drawings and the assumed densities. It is therefore close to the mean value of this load. Actual dead loads will vary from the calculated values because the actual dimensions and densities may differ from those used in the calculations. 静荷载是根据图纸上显示的尺寸和假设的建筑密度计算出的荷载。因此，它接近这种荷载的平均值。实际的静荷载会有所不同于

8、计算出的值，因为实际尺寸和建筑密度可能不同于那些计算过程中的值。,Sometimes the materials of the roof, partitions, or walls are chosen on the basis of a low bid, and their actual weights may be unknown at the time of the design. Tabulated densities of materials frequently tend to underestimate the actual dead loads of the material

9、in place in a structure. 有时的屋顶、隔墙、墙壁的材料是根据低值选择的，它们的实际重量可能在设计时还是个未知数。表列的材料密度常常低估了结构中实际的材料静荷载。,If dead-load moments, forces, or stresses tend to counteract those due to live loads or wind loads, the designer should carefully examine whether the counteracting dead load will always exist. Thus dead load

10、s due to soil or machinery may not be applied evenly to all parts of the structure at the same time, leading to a critical set of moments, forces, or stress under partial loads. 如果由静荷载产生的弯矩、力或应力有被由于活荷载或风荷载抵消的倾向，设计人员应仔细检查抵消的荷载是否将会一直存在。因此，由土壤或机械产生的静荷载可能在同一时间不均匀地施加在结构的所有部分，导致在部分荷载作用下产生一组不容忽视的弯矩、力或应力。,（

11、3） What is live load? （3）什么是活荷载？,Live load, or more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations. To that end it includes the weight of the occupants of the building, furniture and movable equipmen

12、t, and so on. 活荷载，或者更确切的说是重力活荷载，通常是指非永久的设施作用在结构上的荷载。为此，它包括建筑物的居住者、家具和可移动设备等的重量。,（4） Why have numerous attempts been made to model the live load and its variations? （4）为什么人们会进行这么多尝试去模拟活荷载和它的变化？,The fluctuations in live load are bound to be substantial. From being essentially zero immediately before t

13、he tenants take possession to a maximum value that may be several times as high as the dead load, the magnitude of the live load at any given time may be quite different from that specified by the building code. This is one of the reasons why numerous attempts have been made to model the live load a

14、nd its variations, and why live load measurements in actual buildings continue to made. 活负荷的波动势必会很明显。从住户入住前活荷载基本是零立即上升到入住后的最大值，这个最大值有可能高于静荷载好几倍，因此在任意给定时间作用在结构上的活荷载的大小可能与建筑规范中规定的值大不相同。这是人们为什么要进行许多尝试模型活载和它的变化和继续测量实际的建筑活荷载测量的原因之一。,Figure 3.1 Variation of live load with time,The live load on the structu

15、re at any given time is also called the arbitrary point-in-time live load. As shown by Figure 3.1, this is the load that is determined in a live load survey. Part of the total load may now be directly attributable to the occupants of the structure. As soon as the room is emptied, the transient live

16、load（TLL）is reduced to zero or near zero. 在任意给定时间作用在结构上的活荷载也被称作任一点时活荷载。如图3.1，这是活荷载实验确定的载荷变化。总荷载的一部分是由结构的住户直接造成的。当房间被清空，瞬时性活荷载（TLL）降低到零或接近零。,The load that remains, say, due to furniture and the like, is a sustained live load（SLL）that changes very little as long as the same tenant occupies the premise

17、s. Significant variations in the SLL may come about when the occupancy changes. As one company moves out, the SLL may drop to near zero. It will remain at this level until the next tenant moves in, at which time it will increase to a level that may be quite different from the SLL of the earlier occu

18、pant. 由家具等产生的荷载是持续性活荷载（SLL），只要相同的租住者入住房屋，它的变化就很小。 当住户发生改变时，SLL发生明显的变化。当一个公司搬出该建筑，SLL可能下降到接近零。它将保持在这一水平，直到下一个租户的搬入，到时SLL会上升到一个与之前住户入住时产生的SLL不同的水平。,（5） What is the result when more than one load type acts on the structure? （5）当多种荷载作用到结构时，会发生什么结果？,A load combination results when more than one load type

19、 acts on the structure. 当一种以上的荷载作用于结构时就产生了荷载组合。,Design codes usually specify a variety of load combinations together with Load factors for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios. 设计规范为了确保在各种最大预期荷载下结构的安全，通常规定了各种荷载组合及每种荷载类型的荷载系数

20、。,Translate some important sentences 翻译句子,(1) Loads cause stresses, deformations, and displacements in structures. (2) The dead load on a structural element is the weight of the member itself, plus the weights of all materials permanently incorporated into the structure and supported by the member i

21、n question. (3) Live load, or more accurately the gravity live load, is the name that is commonly used for the loads on the structure that are not part of the permanent installations. (4) A load combination results when more than one load type acts on the structure. (5) Design codes usually specify

22、a variety of load combinations together with Load factors for each load type in order to ensure the safety of the structure under different maximum expected loading scenarios.,(1)载荷引起结构的应力，变形和移位。 (2)结构构件的静荷载是由构件自身重量，加上被构件支撑并成为结构不可变动部分的材料重量产生的。 (3)活荷载，或者更确切的说是重力活荷载，通常是指作用在非永久的设施结构上的荷载。 (4)当一种以上的荷载作用于

23、结构时就产生了荷载组合。 (5)设计规范为了确保在各种最大预期荷载下结构的安全，通常规定了各种荷载组合及每种荷载类型的荷载系数。,Special difficulties 难点讲解,1 Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components. 译文：结构载荷或作用是指加诸结构或其构件的各种力、变形或加速度。 apply to意思是“适用于”“运用”“致力于”。例如： These principles apply to learn

24、ing math. 这些原则适用于学习数学。,2 Building codes require that structures be designed and built to safely resist all actions that they are likely to face during their service life, while remaining fit for use. 译文：建筑规范要求结构的设计和建造能经受使用期限内的一切作用，保证安全，并适合人们的使用。 这个句子包含虚拟语气，在表示“要求”的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词由“should+动词原形”构成，shoul

25、d常常被省略。,3 Of course, in terms of the actual load on a structure, there is no difference between dead or live loading, but the split occurs for use in safety calculations or ease of analysis on complex models. 译文：当然，就结构实际承受的载荷而言，恒载荷和活载荷并没有差别，但是在计算安全系数或减轻复杂模型的分析难度时就会有差别。 in terms of意思是“根据”“用的话”“就而言”。例

26、如： Heat and work are defined only in terms of process. 热和功只能根据过程来确定。,Translation Skills,词汇汉译（二） 一词多义,科技文章中有大量的专业词汇，这些专业词汇大致可分为三类。第一类来自希腊语或拉丁语，如radius（半径），parameter（参数），cartography（测绘）。这类词语一般来说国际通用，可以通过查阅专业字典理解其含义，翻译时不难处理。,第二类是通过合成、派生、缩略创造的新词，如metalwork（金属制品），non-ferrous（有色金属的）， dozer（推土机）。这类词语在第二单元已

27、经讨论过，可以运用构词法，通过分解单词来猜测词义。,第三类是来自日常用语的普通词汇。适用于不同专业，在不同语境下有不同含义，即一词多义。这类词汇是翻译的难点，如union一词，日常生活中指“协会”“联盟”，作为土木工程专业术语则指“活接头”；setting在日常英语中一般为“背景”或“场所”，在土木工程中指混凝土等工程材料的“凝结”。再如failure常见的含义为“失败”，在医学中表示“衰竭”，土木工程中则指“破坏”“失效”。因此，在处理第三类专业词汇时，应该多查字典，并充分考虑语境，结合上下文选择适合该领域的释义。,请看以下例子，注意画线部分单词的意思。 【例1】 They conducte

28、d a survey to promote the products. 这里的survey属于日常用语范畴，意思是“调查”，因此全句应译为：为了推广产品，他们进行了一项调查。,【例2】 Surveying Shanghai from the top of Jinmao Tower is an exciting experience. 该句中的survey意思为“俯瞰”，因此全句可译为：站在金茂大厦顶楼俯瞰上海是让人激动的经历。,【例3】 In plane surveying, the principal measuring device for distance is the steel ta

29、pe. 结合上下文，这里的surveying为土木工程专业术语，意思是“测量”，因此这一句应译为：在平面测量中，测量距离的主要工具是钢卷尺。,Writing Skills,标题拟定的原则 标题是文章内容的体现，好的标题可以起到画龙点睛的作用。大部分论文检索系统都只提供标题和摘要，因此富有新意、简洁明了的标题是吸引读者的第一步。,标题拟定一般遵循以下三个原则。 1. 标题应具体化 论文专业性较强， 因此论文标题应专业化、具体化，不宜太过宽泛。比较以下论文标题： Quality Control in Construction（建筑施工质量管理） Factors of Quality Control in Construction（影响建筑施工质量管理的因素） 前者讨论范围太大，后者讨论范围更为具体，因此第二个标题优于第一个。,2. 标题中应包含尽量多的关键词 标题中的关键词是全文的灵魂。由于目前大多数索引系统都已采取关键词系统，因此，标题中应包