Unit-6-Non-verbal-Communication.ppt

1、Unit 6,Culture and Non-verbal Communication,French gesture for I dont believe you ,guess what this Iranian gesture means?,No. 1 for me/ Good luck / screw you,Screw you,This gesture teaches an extremely important lesson. This gesture is identical to the American/English gesture for Good Luck to you.

2、But it is an obscene (淫猥的) gesture, and an American traveling in Iran would outrage people there if the American performed this gesture. When in another culture or society, we should never mirror a gesture that someone presents to us-without knowing it, we could be deeply offending that person and i

3、nviting conflict.,Who won the game of one-on-one basketball?,a. The man on the left b. The man on the right,The man on the right,He seems confident, poised and modest-all qualities that suggest he is the winner of the game.,1. Nonverbal Communication,Nonverbal codes refer to communicative messages w

4、hich are not in word form. More than 55% messages are communicated nonverbally!,People turn to believe nonverbal codes when they contradict the verbal ones!,Definition: (1),“Metacommunication (beyond the usual commmunication), paralinguistics（辅助语言学，副语言学，派生语言学）, second-order messages, the silent lang

5、uage, and the hidden dimension of communication.” (Hall, 1959) 元信息传递 （学）,Definition: (2),Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or

6、 receiver. (Samovar and Porter, 2004),Definition in Chinese,非言语交际包括在交际中认为的和环境产生的对于传播者或受传者含有潜在信息的所有的刺激，简单地说就是“不用语言的交际”，被称作”无声的语言“。,Definition in Chinese,非语言交际在人类交际中非常重要。因为它最能反映一个人的情感或情绪状态。 一个人（或多个人）不利用言语形式或只利用副语言形式所传达的信息被另一个人（或多个人）接收的交际行为。,Overview of Nonverbal Communication,Body Language General app

7、earance and dress Gestures Eye contact Facial expression Posture Touching,2. Paralanguage Silence Pitch Volume Environment Language Space Time,毕继万（1995）,体态语（body language，包括各种表情、动 作、姿态） 副语言（paralanguage，包括沉默与非语义声音） 客体语（object language，包括皮肤颜色、气味、衣着化妆、家具等） 环境语言（environmental language，包括时间，空间、颜色、城市规划以及

8、人对自然的影响等，即影响生理与心理的环境因素）。,Different categorization,对非言语交际方式，有种种不同的分类法，而且各子系统往往出现相互交叉或包容现象。下面将引述安德逊（Andersen， Samovar et al，1991：287)的分类系统。安德逊对非言语交际系统的划分比较全面，并按照人们对其研究的深度，由深到浅地划分出以下几个子系统：,安德逊（Andersen),（1）时间学(chronemics)研究人们利用时间的方式及其意义。（2）空间学（proxemics）研究人际距离及空间使用方式及其意义。（3）身势学（kinesics）研究人们的面部表情（facia

9、l expression）、身体动作（body movements）、手势（gestures）等。（4）体触学（haptics）研究身体接触所传达的信息。,安德逊（Andersen),（ 5）外表（physical appearance）研究人们的肤色、衣着打扮及身体形态等。（6）目光学（oculesics）研究人们通过目光接触（eye contact），眨眼（blinks），眼珠转动（eye movements）及瞳孔放大（pupil dilation）等所传达的信息。（7）副语言 （paralanguagevocalics）研究声音的非言语成分 （nonverbal elements）所传

10、达的信息。（8）嗅觉学（olfactics）研究人们如何通过气味来传达信息。,1.1 Body Language,Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements. Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.,(1) General

11、Appearance and Dress,Concern with how one appears is universal. We make inferences (often faulty) about anothers “intelligence, gender, age, approachability, financial well-being, class, tastes, values, and cultural background” from attractiveness, dress, and personal artifacts. Do you select attrac

12、tive friends over less attractive ones?,(1) General Appearance and Dress,Muslin girls usually wear scarves to cover their heads, and in most instance, “girls are not allowed to participate in swimming classes because of the prohibitions against exposing their bodies.” Modesty is highly valued among

13、Arabs. Perhaps nowhere in the world is the merger between attire and a cultures value system more evident than in Japan. “The proclivity(倾向,癖性 ) for conservative dress styles and colors emphasizes the nations collectivism and, concomitantly(同时地）, lessens the potential for social disharmony arising f

14、rom nonconformist attire.”,(2) Gestures,Do you know what the following gestures means?,Number 1 is used together with the verbal message “Lets keep our fingers crossed” in the United States, England, and Sweden to mean that the person is hoping for good luck. But in Greece and Turkey it means the br

15、eaking of a friendship, and in parts of Italy it means “O.K.”.,Number 2 is normally used when talking privately about a third person, meaning that person is crazy, often in a joking way.,Number 3 indicates “I have no idea.” / “I dont know.”,The gesture in Picture 4 means that “I cant / didnt hear yo

16、u.”,Number 5 means “Thats enough. Its all over for me.”,In Picture 6 the “thumbs down” sign indicates “rejection” or “refusal”, “defeat” or “no good” or “bad news” to Americans.,“Something is a bit suspicious / odd here.”,“Come here.”,Number 9 is widely used in the US to mean “Great, perfect, accept

17、able, O. K.” But is Belgium and France, it means “zero”; in Turkey, Brazil, Greece, and Malta, it has an obscene meaning; and in Tunisia（突尼斯）, it is used as a threat.,Number 10 is used in Italy to say “Hello.” For Indonesians, Malaysians, and some speakers of Arabic, it signals “Come here.”,Number 1

18、1 means “Oh, I forgot.” or an expression of surprise.,The gesture in Number 12 means “Slow down, relax or wait a second.”,Number 13 is used to show that someone is a champion or a winner, usually in sports. This gesture caused a serious international misunderstanding in 1959. Nikita Khrushchev（赫鲁晓夫）

19、, the Soviet leader, was visiting the US and used this gesture, which means friendship in Russia. American newspapers printed it on page one. And the American people understood it to mean the opposite: that the Soviet Union would defeat the US.,Picture 14 is one of the few gestures which seems to be

20、 used only in the US, and many people feel it is not as common as it once was. This gesture is made by moving one index finger against the other. It is usually used with children. Or adults do it as a joke. It means “You did something bad; shame on you.”,Finger(1),In the United States, the index fin

21、ger is used to point to objects and even at people. Germans point with the little finger Japanese point with the entire hand, palms up In much of Asia, pointing with the index finger is considered rude,Finger(2),英语国家的人有不少手语，其一就是cross ones fingers或keep ones fingers crossed。Cross ones fingers. 即把中指放在食

22、指上，作有点像十字架的交叉状。十字架在西方代表上帝，所以cross ones fingers有祝福、祈求好运的意思，例如：I am crossing my fingers that nothing untoward will happen to him.（我祈求不幸的事不会降临他身上）。Keep your fingers crossed for him. 即为他祝福吧。留意cross your fingers是说的多，确实做这手势的少。,Finger(3),说到手指，不能不谈谈伸出中指这个下流手势，英文叫做give someone the finger，例如：The presidential

23、candidate appeared quite unperturbed when a few in the audience gave him the finger.（听众席上有些人向总统候选人伸出中指，但他若无其事）。要说得幽默一点，把gave him the finger改为gave him one-finger salutes（一只手指的敬礼）也无不可。,Thumb,此外还有thumbs up（拇指向上）、thumbs down（拇指向下）的手势。古罗马斗士战败，观众做出拇指朝上手势，是说可以饶他性命；做出拇指朝下手势，则是说杀却。今天，thumbs up常用来表示嘉许或接受，thum

24、bs down则表示不满或反对，例如：The authorities have given the thumbs up. / thumbs down on our plan.（当局接受 / 否决了我们的计划）。,What may the O.K. sign mean?,In Brazil a. rudeness In Russia b. money In France c. something vulgar In Japan d. something worthless,(3) Eye contact,Thou tellst me there is murder in mine eye. -

25、Shakespeare （你对我说，我的眼中暗藏杀机 ） Your lips tell me no, no, but theres yes, yes in your eyes. - Musical ballad,How to read her heart from her eyes?,General guidelines,The eye contact in an elevator could be very brief. Direct visual contact with anothers eyes: 视线接触：直接与另一个人的眼睛进行视觉接触： “He managed to say he

26、llo to 12 people in 5 seconds without making eye contact with a single one” In a crowded bus, a subway or train, the proper eye contact time could be some 10 seconds. Only a lecturer or a politician addressing an audience can hold eye contact as long as he wishes.,Generally speaking, if you look at

27、your partners eyes from time to time while speaking, youll be regarded as sociable, friendly, confident and frank. If you avoid eye contact, youll be regarded as cold, distant, unconfident and not involved in the conversation.,Direct eye-to-eye contact is not universal,A teenage Puerto Rican girl in

28、 a New York high school was taken with a number of other girls to the principal for suspected smoking. Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing and although she had a good record, the principal decided she was guilty and suspected her. “There was something sly and suspicious about her.” he said

29、 in his report. “she just wouldnt meet my eyes. She wouldnt look at me.”,Cross-cultural differences,USA vs. France ,You observe, analyze and interpret before you decide the possible meaning!,Match the following descriptions with the behaviors:,The person is very relaxed, but he/she is ready to move

30、at any time. The person is in deep thinking. He/she thinks that may be a good idea and is ready to move after the thinking. The person is very glad to see the other. Actually he/she thinks that person is important. The person is very confident. He/she thinks he/she is more important than the other.

31、The person has made up his/her mind. He/she is very angry, but tries to control him-/her-self. The person determines to control his/her feelings, trying to calm down. The person presents him-/her-self as an important man. But he/she tries to be friendly to others.,D,E,A,F,C,G,B,Sitting or Standing?,

32、In western countries, people who stand are more important than those who sit (unless there is a table between them), because the former could control the latter.,Bowing in Japan,In Japan, mutual bowing is largely determined by rank. “bowing contest” Bend slightly to ones right Becoming automatic mov

33、ement, e.g. bow when making phone call,(6) Touching,Jourard sat in coffee shops in four different cities. Whenever he saw people touch, he recorded the touch. His records are as followed: Sainthorn (Porto Rico): 180 Paris: 102 Gynswere (Florida): 2 London: 0,Each culture has a well-defined system of

34、 meanings for different forms of touching. Some generalizations can be made with regards to high-touch versus low-touch cultures. Americans, the English, Germans and Northern Europeans are said to belong to low-touch cultures, exhibiting very limited tactile contact in public. Hispanics (西班牙人), peop

35、le of Eastern European descents, Italians, the French, Arabs, and Jews are all said to belong to high-touch cultures.,Whats wrong here?,Case study One of the very common manners of touching - handshaking - may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among mid

36、dle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the U.S. may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friends right arm.,Once, a North American businessman visiting Middle Eastern countries a

37、ttempted to emphasize the sincerity of his friendship in this manner to his Saudi Arabian business partner. However, the Saudi Arabian business man was greatly displeased. Why?,In the Muslin world, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching some one with it is highly offensive.,1.2 Paralanguage (伴随

38、语言),It refers to voice characteristics and vocal qualities. Paralinguistics is the study of such non-semantic aspects of speech as tone, volume, pitch and tempo, pause and the like which are together with verbal information. Our voice may be one of the most informative elements in building up our im

39、ages.,(1) Pitch,Pitch decides hesitation or emphasis. When one is excited, his/her voice would be high in pitch, quick in rate, and there will be no pauses between sentences; When one is sad or depressed, his/her voice traits would surely be the opposite.,(2) Volume Control,The English always speak

40、in lower voice than Chinese when they make speech or a lecture, or talking with each other, or phoning. But Chinese often speak in loud voice in the aforesaid occasions. American are more skilled in regulating their voice volume and use very many different volume levels depending on the size of the

41、audience and the physical environment.,(3) Silence,Silence can be longer between friends or intimates than the strangers who have to converse. Chinese pay more attention to the function of silence in the talking, and think that the pauses and silence have rich meanings. Silence may have many possibl

42、e meanings: agreement-disagreement, thoughtful-ignorance, consideration-inconsideration, secrecy, coldness, submission, boredom and so on. You say it best when you say nothing at all. Speech is silver, but silence is gold. Silent better than cry.,1.3 Environment Language(1) Space,Marking your own sp

43、ace or territory: towel at the beach? coat or handbag on the seat next to you? book in the library? your own corner or chair in a shared apartment? curtain to separate your desk and bed in your dorm?,Space includes the personal space and territoriality. Animals and human beings both stake out to def

44、end their territories. The territorial invasion of a country may lead to the declaration of war. But people as individuals may not be so pugnacious (好斗的). A more tangible form of communication between people is the use and control of space.,a. Territoriality（领域性）,People erect flags, fences, and wall

45、s to claim their territory. E.g. the Great Wall People may have public territories that are open to all, such as a table in a library, a seat in such public places as banks, post offices, parks, or a parking lot.,People usually use a marker to signal his/her temporary ownership in a public setting.

46、(Markers may be a book, a school bag, a suitcase that can represent personal existence. The marker as a temporary occupancy is valid as long as others respect it, otherwise invasion may happen. ) Researchers show that people may react in several different ways. Withdrawal is the first alternative in

47、 front of a violation.,b. Personal Space,The personal space is the portable territory with invisible boundaries that expand or contract, depending on the situation. There are invisible walls that defined our personal space. What might be the factors that will affect personal space of people? decisiv

48、e factors : their gender, age, cultural setting and relationship to their talking partners.,North Americans distance habit,050cm: intimate lovers and family members 50120cm: friends (personal distance) 120270cm: acquaintances (social distance) 270cm: public space, not belong to oneself Behind: strangers speaking from behind are allowed to stand much more nearer.,Some cultures simply do not think of private, personal body space. e.g. Sometimes, fifty Africans can crowd into the same amount of space that holds only