《翻译与语用学》PPT课件.ppt

1、,Since the emergence of pragmatics, there have been various attempts at applying its theories to the research of its disciplines. Among various application studies, the pragmatics of translation has attracted the most attention.,Unit 14 Pragmatics and Translation,Group 5,2,1,14.1 Translation as comm

2、unication,3,1,14.1 Translation as communication,14.2 Translatinng pragmatics meanings,2,4,1,2,3,14.3 Layers of pragmaticequivalence,14.1 Translation as communication,14.2 Translatinng pragmatics meanings,5,1,2,3,4,14.4 Strategies of pragmatic translation,14.1 Translation as communication,14.2 Transl

3、atinng pragmatics meanings,14.3 Layers of pragmaticequivalence,6,Leo Hickey 利奥希基(英): A Research Professor at the University of Salford. His research focuses on studies of stylistics, pragmatics, and translation studies with particular reference to legal translation. He is the author of several books

4、 and over a hundred articles on Spanish literature and language, including The Pragmatics of Translation 1998:4,Translation as communication,Translation as communication,Interlingual act of transference,Intercultural act of transference,Interlingual communication,Intercultural communication,在翻译过程中，对

5、译文话语正确地理解及准确地表达，必须关注语用含义的这方面价值，即语用含义不是揭示了人们说了什么，而是告诉人们说这句话意味着什么。,(1) A: I really disliked the man you introduced me to. B: Actually, he is your new boss. B意味着A应该重新考虑他的话,故译为：“说实在的，他是你的新上司。”,(2) A: I really disliked the man you introduced me to. B: Anyway, he is your new boss. B意味着A厌恶无关要紧,故译为：“不管怎么样，他

6、是你的新上司。”,(3) A: I really disliked the man you introduced me to. B: After all, he is your new boss. B意味着A之所以讨厌那人真的是因为那人是新上司,故译为：“他毕竟是你的新上司。”,(4) A: I really disliked the man you introduced me to. B: Still, he is your new boss. B意味着A应该尽量好自为之,故译为：“尽管如此，他是你的新上司。”,意义与翻译密切相关，而意义中的语用学上的意义更为突出。 （意义包括语法、语义学上

7、的意义和语用学上的意义）,In communication, people may use different expressions for the same purpose.,1. Can I have some water? 2. Have you got anything to drink? 3. Shall we have some drink? 4. Dont you think wed better have some drink now? 5. Do you mind having some drink? 6. I can do with a cup of tea. 7. Im

8、 really thirsty. 8. I wonder if you have something to quench my thirst.,In communication, people may use the same expression for different purposes.,Someone says：Can I help you? 1.需要买点什么？ （A shop assistant to a customer） 2.你找谁呀？ （A host to a stranger who knocks at the door of his house） 3.我能帮你忙吗？ 4.

9、我能为你做点什么？,在翻译时，我们不能只求得原文与译文之间在语法与语义上的最大描述等值，而更为重要的是争取其在语用意义上的功能等值。翻译者先要认识原文的语用含义，透彻理解作者的语用意义。在这基础上再进入用译语表达意义这一层次。,the descriptive use 描述性运用 -refers to the use of language whereby speakers say what they know or think. the interpretive use 解释性运用 -refers to the use of language whereby speakers communic

10、ate what others say or think.,Kate: Tom is sick today. b. Jim: Kate said“ Tom is sick today”.,Naturally, translation falls under the interpretive category of language use in that the translators need to restate in the target language what someone else has said or written in the source language .,Rel

11、evance Theory (Unit 11&Unit12)关联理论,Relevance theory is a new cognitive and communicative approach of pragmatics, which is developed by linguists Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their co-authored book Relevance: Communication and Cognition in 1986.,关联理论（RelevanceTheory）最早是由DanSperber（斯波伯）和DeirdreWi

12、lson（威尔逊）在关联性：交际与认知一书中提出来的，他们的学生Ernst-AugustGutt（格特）根据关联理论对翻译进行了研究，并在五年后出版了翻译与关联：认知与语境（TranslationandRelevance:CognitionandContext）。 格特在此书中率先将关联理论应用于翻译研究中，并指出翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程。它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据动态的语境进行动态的推理，而推理所依据的就是关联性。作为交际的翻译，在对源语理解和翻译的过程中，人们对语码的选择所依赖的也是关联性。,Basic Concepts to the Relevance

13、Theory, The Principle of Relevance (The cognitive principle & The communicative principle) Descriptive and Interpretive Use The Inferential Nature of Communication Context and Cognitive Environment,Example: A: Will Jane be long? B: She is with John now. 关联理论和言语行为认为：听话人需要越过字面意思,结合语境 信息，通过推理 达到说话人意义的正

14、确把握。,(1) Long? Short? Depends on John.,(2) John is known to be very quick / slow with people.,As an interpretive use of language, translation aims to achieve: interpretive resemblance解读相似性 between the original and the translation . Such interrpretive resemblance consists ideally in the sharing of ex

15、plicatures (explicit meaning)and implicatures(implicit meaning). The more explicatures and implicatures the two versions share, the more closely they resemble each other.,19,14.1 Translation as communication,To that end, translation is best treated as the interpretive use of language constrained by

16、the search for optimal relevance最佳关联.,original interpretation,presumption of optimal relevance,target readers interpreation,presumption of optimal relevance,20,Communication and Cognition(Sperber & Wilson,1995),21,P160,Presumption of optimal relevance:,a) The ostensive simulus is relevant enough for

17、 it to be worth the addressees effort to process it.,b) The ostensive stimulus is the most relevant one compatible with the communicators abilities and preferences.,22,optimal relevance,the target audience will be able to get the same cognitive effects认知效果 from the target text(TT for short) as the s

18、orce audience do from the sorce text(ST for short) .,Cognitive effects,认知效果,Cognitive effect is a result of interaction between new and old information.,An assumption is relevant in context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context.,23,P162,Example of an English proverb,The fox ma

19、y grow grey but never good.,The following are three versions attempted for rendering the underlined part: a.狐狸可以变成灰色，但从不会变好； b.江山易改，本性难移； c.狐狸再老，本性难移。,24,To reconsider translation pragmatically as some interpretative use of language and evaluate the product of translation on the criterion of the int

20、erpretive resemble belies a “replacement” view of the ralation between the pragmative approach and previous approaches to translation. However, there is a less ambitious view, namely a “complement”view, that defines the roles of pragmatic approach as treating pragmatic meanings ignored by earlier mo

21、dels.,25,解读相似性,26,Interpretive resemblance,Pragmatic equivalence,语用对等,解读相似性,27,Interpretive resemblance,Pragmatic equivalence,Dynamic equivalence,Perlocutionary equivalence,动态对等,成事对等,28,Translating pragmatic meanings,Translating centers on the transference of meaning . However,the notion of meaning

22、is ambiguous one. Unless we know fully what meaning is,we cannot achieve good translation. A pragmatici approach to translation needs to addres and be capable of capturing these non-linguistic shades of meaning.,29,illocutionary force,行事用意,implicature,含意,politness,礼貌,pragmatic meanings,poetic effect

23、s,诗学效果,30,Illocutionary force(行事用意）,whats up 可以基本认定为 is there anything new? 比 “你吃过了嘛 ”稍微直接一点的找话题的方式。 所以回答的话完全可以以 Nothing Much/ Not Bad/ 任何闲话 来回答。 回问一句 Whats up 也没有什么关系。,31,如果对方父母离婚：世事难料,Im sorry to hear that,如果对方亲人去世：请节哀,Im sorry to hear that,如果对方遭遇小三：发生这种事谁也不想的。,Im sorry to hear that,Illocutionary

24、force(行事用意）,32,Implicature（含意）,A:Where is my fish? B:Oh ,the cat looks happy. 甲：我的鱼呢？ 乙：哦，猫看起来很得意嘛。,B conveys the conversational implicature that As fish has been eaten by the cat.This implicature survives in the Chinese version.,33,Implicature（含意）,A:Whats Leonardo like? B:Jesus,he has already twelv

25、e constellations 甲：你觉得小李子人怎么样？ 乙：天哪，他可是集齐了十二星座的男人！,在这个对话里，明显的B不想直接回答A对于小李子人怎么样的问题，她的回答其实隐含了小李子是个比较花心的男人，同样的在翻译过来中文的时候，这含意依然保持。,最近，小A成了小李子的迷妹，某天她和小B有了以下的对话：,34,您贵姓？,May I have your name？,你叫什么名字？,Whats your name？,Thirdly,the translator needs to make the translation sound equally polite as compared wit

26、h the source text.,culture norms （文化规范）,linguistic realizations （语言实现）,Here,culture norms of politeness and linguistic realizations of politeness weigh a lot because they often differ considerably across languages.,a.说大声点。 b.请说大声点。 c.你能说大声点吗？,Can you speak a little louder?,May I have your phone numb

27、er? a.我要你的电话号码。 b.请问我可以要你的电话号码吗？,Last but least, the translator needs to take the poetic effects into account, especially when doing literary translation.,诗意效果,Poetic effects are generally conveyed by weak implicature or psychological associations.,metaphors and metonyms,The meeting is as significan

28、t as a game of cricket. a.这次会议如同板球比赛一样重要。 b.这次会议就像一场关键的球赛。,We need to reconstruct the image in a way appropriate to the target language as well as the target culture.,过着牛马不如的生活 to lead a dogs life,He has taken the bread out of my mouth 他砸了我的饭碗,爱屋及乌 love me love my dog,Kill two birds with one stone 一

29、石二鸟、一举两得、一箭双雕,兔子不吃窝边草 Never fish in your neighbors pond,小张结婚了，可是家里养着的是一只母老虎 a. Mr.Zhang was married and had a tigress at home. b. Mr.Zhang was married and had a lioness at home.,14.3 Layers of pragmatic equivalence （语用对等层）,Eugene Nida,dynamic equivalence （动态对等）,“stimulating an effect in the reader o

30、f the translation similar to that caused in the reader of the original”,要求不同语言表达的相同信息，要在不同读者群中产生相同的效果,最切近原语信息的自然对等,What is pragmatic equivalence?,Broadly speaking, it is what we earlier presented as interpretive resemblance based on Relevance Theory.,dynamic equivalence ( Eugene Nida ),(somewhat),Le

31、o Hickey,perlocutionary equivalence 成事对等,similar,ST（源文本）,analogically related perlocutionary effects,its original readers,TT（目标文本）,“analogous” related perlocutionary effects,its readers,语用对等还要求在翻译过程中，对原作的语用内涵也一并处理。翻译的最终目的是赋予目标语与源语相同的交际功能。然而，其难点并不是翻译文本的字面含义，而是文本的言外之意，或语用内涵，用目标语产生相同或相似的反应。如：,C: 高高兴兴上班

32、去，平平安安回家来！ E 1: Go to work happily, and come home safely! E 2: Good luck!,（表祝愿）,（“So what?”),Specifically, pragmatic equivalence includes at least the following layers of equivalence:,a. illocutionary equivalence（行事对等）,吃了吗？,Have you eaten?,你真是不到黄河心不死。,You really do refuse to give up until all hope i

33、s gone.,b. implicature-oriented equivalence（含意对等）,How are you?,（询问）,d. poetic-effects-oriented equivalence（诗学效果对等）,A: 您贵姓？ B: 免贵姓张。,A: May I have your name please? B: My name is .,c. politeness-oriented equivalence（礼貌对等）,The pen is mightier than the sword.,文人胜于武士。,3. Pragmatic equivalence requires t

34、hat the TT be a total reproduction of the explicatures and implicatures in the ST. 4. Perlocutionary equivalence is a different term for dynamic equivalence.,T,F,“True” or “False”,14.4 strategies of pragmatic translation,54,14.4 strategies of pragmatic translation,To secure pragmatic equivalence in

35、general and in particular, we need to have some operationalized methods or strate gies available for choice.,Strategy A,Strategy B,Strategy C,Strategy D,Strategy E,Those proposed by Professor He Ziran are summarized below five strategies:,55,Strategy A,Render the expression literally, if it is possi

36、ble to feel or recognize in the context the same intended meaning or force of the message in the ST（源文本）. （直译保留原文形象）,LOREM IPSUM,14.4 strategies of pragmatic translation,E.g: 易如反掌 as easy as turning over ones hand,路遥知马力，日久见人心 A distant journey tests the strength of a horse and a long task proves the

37、 character of a man.,56,14.4 strategies of pragmatic translation,Render the culture-specific expression into a synonymous one accepted by the reader of the TT （目标文本）to retain an equivalent effect of the message in both the ST （源文本）and the TT（目标文本）. （替换形象）,E.g: 一箭双雕 kill two birds with one stone,天涯何处

38、无芳草 There are other fish in the sea.,Strategy B,57,14.4 strategies of pragmatic translation,Translate a culture-specific expression into an expression of general adaptation in the TT（目标文本）, giving up the specific description of the ST（源文本）, and retaining only the pragmatic equivalent effect of the m

39、essage. （整体调整）,E.g: 情人眼里出西施 beauty lies in the lovers eyes,掌上明珠 the apple of ones eye,Strategy C,58,14.4 strategies of pragmatic translation,In-Class Activities 6.Cultural differences, especially cultural gaps, are among the most challenging factors of translation. Consider the following instance of

40、 translation: 巧媳妇做不出没有米的饭菜，叫我怎么样呢？（红楼梦by曹雪芹） a. Even the cleverest housewife cant cook a meal without rice.(translated by Yang) b. Even the cleverest housewife cant make bresd without flour.(translated by Hawks) ASK: (1) What is the cultural difference between the two versions of translation here? (

41、2) Do you think the difference in the two translatorsbversions is accidental?,59,14.4 strategies of pragmatic translation,Exercises: Task 3: Study questions 1. Consider the two English versions for the same Chinese text. Which is better? Why? 小张结婚了，可家里养着的是一只母老虎。 a. Mr. Zhang was married and had a li

42、oness at home. b. Mr. Zhang was married and had a tigress at home.,60,Strategy D 直译加注法 Translate a culture-specific （特定文化的）expression literally, but replenish（补充）it with brief interpretations (解释）to reveal （显示）the intended meaning.,14.4 Strategies of pragmatic translation,E.g.,1. 井水不犯河水 Well water l

43、eaves river water alone-stay out of things that dont concern you,2.班门弄斧 To show off ones skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter-to display ones slight skills before an expert,E.g.,3.三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮 Three cobblers with their wits combined surpass Zhuge Liang the mastermind-two heads are be

44、tter than one.,4.杀鸡儆猴 To kill the chicken to frighten the monkey- to punish somebody as a warning to others.,14.4 Strategies of pragmatic translation,Strategy E: Render the intended meaning or pragmatic implicit force （语用隐含意义）of the message in the ST （源文本）regardless of the functions of its surface f

45、orm（表面形式）.,E.g.,1.谢谢您提的宝贵意见。 Thanks for your advices.,2.小心掉到河里 Carefully fall down to the river Watch your step,E.g.,3.小心滑跌 Dont fall down Slippery,4.高高兴兴上班去，平平安安回家来 Go to work happily,and come back safely Good luck/ Drive carefully,In-Class Activities 3,a.为了您和他人的健康，吸烟请到吸烟区。 For your and others heal