直接英语和间接英语.ppt

1、帮你复习,语法,直接英语和间接英语 句型转换,制作：冯军,一、句型的变化 （一）如果直接引语是陈述句，间接引语一般是用that来引导。口语中that常可以省略。 “I like to listen to rock music,” said Peter. Peter said that he liked to listen to rock music. 【温馨提示】如果直接引语中出现两个或两个以上的陈述句并列时，第一个that可以省略，后面一个不能省略，以免引起歧义。如： The teacher said, “The text is very important. You should lear

2、n it by heart.” The teacher said (that) the text is important and that we should learn it by heart.,(二) 如果直接引语是一般疑问句或选择疑问句时 ，间接引语常变为由whether/if引导，而且要用陈述句语序。如： 1) The boy asked his mother, “Can I go to play football with my friends on Saturday?” The boy asked his mother whether/if he could go to play

3、 football with his friends on Saturday. 2) “Will you go to the museum this weekend or next weekend?” Li Hua asked me. Li Hua asked me whether/if I would go to the museum this weekend or the next weekend.,(三) 如果直接引语是特殊问句，间接引语用特殊疑问词引导，而且用陈述句语序。如： “How much time do you spend on the homework?” he asked

4、me. He asked me how much time I spent on the homework.,（四）如果间接引语是表示请求、提议、建议、劝告等意义的问句，要借助其他句型结构来表达。如： 1)“Would you buy me some stamps while you are in the office?” He said to me. He asked me to buy him some stamps while I am in the office. 2)“Why dont you come and play football with me?” He asked. He

5、 advised me to play football with him. 【温馨提示】表示请求、劝告时，通常用“ask/advise/want等 + 宾语 + 动词不定式”结构。,(五) 如果直接引语是祈使句，间接引语要用不定式的复合结构改，即改为：tell (ask, order, warn, advise等) sb. (not) to do sth. 如： 1)The policeman said to the children, “Dont play football in the street.” The policeman told the children not to pla

6、y football in the street. 2)“Listen to me carefully, please.” the teacher said to us. The teacher told us to listen to him carefully. 【温馨提示】如果祈使句中出现了please, 在间接引语中必须省略。,(六) 如果直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，用what, how或that来引述。如： “What a beautiful house it is!” he said to me. He told me what a beautiful house it was

7、. He told me that it was a beautiful house.,二、时态的变化 （一）如果主句的时态是一般现在时或将来时，则间接引语中的时态不变。如； He says, “Im too tired.” He says (that) he is too tired.,（二）如果主句的时态是一般过去时，则间接引语中的时态相应地变为与过去相关的时态。具体变化如下： 一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 一般将来时 过去将来时,1)The old man said, “Great changes

8、have taken place in China.” The old man said that great changes had taken place in China. 2)“ Wang Lin is waiting for you outside of the school gate.” Li Fang said to me. Li Fang told me that Wang Lin was waiting for me outside of the school gate,【温馨提示1】当转述的是客观事实、科学真理、格言或谚语；重复出现或现在习惯性的动作时，间接引语的时态不变化

9、。如： 1)He said, “The earth travels around the sun.” He said that the earth travels around the sun. 2)“Failure is the mother of success.” The teacher said to us. The teacher told us that failure is the mother of success.,【温馨提示2】当直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must , need, ought to, had better等，变间接引语时，间接引语中谓语动词的形式不变。

10、如： 1)He said, “You had better ask for help when you are in trouble.” He said that I had better ask for help when I was in trouble.,三、人称代词的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时，间接引语中作主语的人称代词或其他物主代词要作相应的变化。一般情况下要遵循以下几条原则： （一）直接引语的主语是第一人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的主语保持一致。如： “Can I use your bike for a moment?” the boy said to me. The boy

11、asked me whether he could use my bike for moment.,(二) 直接引语的主语是第二人称，变为间接引语时，要和主句的宾语保持一致。如： The teacher asked Joan, “Why are you late again?” The teacher asked Joan why she was late again.,（三）直接引语的主语是第三人称，变为间接引语时，间接引语中的主语人称不变。如： He asked me, “How long has Teddy stayed in China?” He asked me how long h

12、as Teddy stayed in China.,四、主句谓语动词的变化 (一) 直接引语是陈述句，谓语动词是say(said)的不变，是said to sb.常变为told sb.如： He said to his friend, “I am glad to see you.” He told his friend that he was glad to see him.,(二) 直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句或选择疑问句，said 变为asked; said to sb. 变为 asked sb.如： “How can you do that?” Mary said to Betty.

13、 Mary asked Betty how she could do that.,(三) 直接引语是祈使句，变间接引语时，谓语动词可根据语气强弱选则beg, advise, ask, tell, order, warn等。如果祈使句是否定句，还需在不定式符号to前加not.如： I said to her, “Please pass me a glass of water.” I asked her to pass me a glass of water. She said, “Dont smoke in the public place.” She told me not to smoke

14、in the public place.,(四)直接引语是感叹句，变间接引语时，引述动词常用tell, exclaim或say等。如： “How well he looks!” he said. He exclaimed how well he looked. He said that he looked well.,五、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性动词的变化 （一）指示代词的变化 this that these those 但有时如果所说的东西就在眼前，也可不变。如： He said, “I like this book.” He said that he liked this bo

15、ok. (书在眼前),二）时间状语的变化 today that day this morning/afternoon, etc. that morning/afternoon, etc. yesterday the day before tomorrow the following/next day the day after tomorrow two days later next week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc. last week/month the week /month before now then,如果引述的时间和说话时间相同（

16、如就在同年、同月、同日），时间状语也可不变。如： Mr Black said, “I visited the Great Wall last year.” Mr Black said that he had visited the Great Wall the year before. Mr Black said that he had visited the Great Wall last year.,(三) 地点和方向性动词的变化 here there come go 如果说话人所在地和引述地点相同，here，come也可不变。如： He said, “I will come here t

17、his evening.” He said that he would come here this evening. (同时同地引述) He said that he would go there that evening.,巩固练习：将下列句子变为间接引语或直接引语 1. He said to me, “I wrote a letter to my parents last week.” He _ me that_ _ _ a letter to _parents_ _ _. 2. “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west,” moth

18、er said to her daughter. Mother_ her daughter that the sun_ up the east and _ in the west.,told he had written,his the week before,told,rises,sets,3. “Dont be late again, Jim,” said the teacher. The teacher_ _ _ _ be late again. 4. “Have you seen the film Harry Potter?” he asked. He asked me _ _ _ _

19、 the film Harry Potter. 5. Mr Wang asked the students how they could improve their spoken English. “_ _ _ improve _ spoken English?” Mr Wang said to the students.,told Jim not to,if I had seen,How can you your,Grammar II 定语从句,1.定语从句的分类 2.定语从句的引导词 3.关系词的实质和先行词之间的关系 4.关系代词和关系副词的用法 及其容易混用的情况 5.介词加关系代词的

20、情况 6.as引导的两种定语从句,3. 先行词和关系词的关系,A plane is a machine that can fly. The boy who broke the window is called Tom. The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather. The school where I study is far from my home.,that = the machine,who = the boy,whose = the boys,where = in the school,关系代词实际

21、上是先行词的复指,关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,4.关系代词和关系副词的用法 及其容易混用的情况,Fill in the blanks, using relative pron. or relative adv. 1. This is the factory _ I once worked. 2. This is the factory _ Ive visited. 3. The day _ I always remember is Oct.1. 4. The day _Nanjing was liberated is Sep.11. 5. The rea

22、son _ he hasnt come is that he has been ill. 6. Dont believe the reason _ he give you.,where,that/which,that/which,when,why,that,Attributive Clause,NOTES: 1.当表示时间,地点, 原因的名词, day, time, place, factory , reason等作先行词，在定语从句中作状语时，用when, where ,why；在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用that或which.,5.介词加关系代词的情况,When we use a rela

23、tive pronoun with a preposition ,we have two choices. Placing the preposition before the relative pronoun is more formal. eg. The woman who/whom Spielberg is married to is an actress. The woman to whom Spielberg is married is an actress. The painting at which I looked was painted by Vincent van Gogh

24、. The girl with whom you talked is a college student.,Attributive Clause,Prep.+ which/whom 1).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配. The farm _I once worked has taken on a new look. 2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配 Who is the man _our teacher is shaking hands? 3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配 Ours is a beautiful country, _we are grea

25、tly proud.,on which,with whom,of which,Attributive Clause,4).表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分” 时，用介词of There are over one thousand workers in the factory, 80 percent _ are women.,of whom,C: Fill in the blanks, using relative pronoun, relative adv. or preposition with which/whom. In the dark street, there wasnt a sin

26、gle person _ she could turn for help. 2.When you read the book, youd better make a mark _you have any questions. 3. Barcelona is the city _ the 25th Summer Olympic were held.,to whom,where,where,1. Do you like the book she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book _she paid $10? 3. Do you like the book she

27、 learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? 5. He built a telescope he could study the skies.,on which,for which,from which,about which,through which,介词+关系代词 练习,6. There is a tall tree outside, _ stands our teacher. 7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the Yellow River.

28、 8. The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill. 9. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,from which,to whom,of which,of which,under which,as 引导的非限制性定语从句,The eart

29、h is round._ is known to all. The earth is round,_ is known to all. _ is known to all, the earth is round _ is known to all that the earth is round.,It,which / as,As,It,as 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expected,定语从句在句首时只能用as.,This is the same pen as I lost. This

30、is the same pen that I lost.,Please compare:,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,This is such an interesting book _ we all like. This is so interesting a book _ we all like. This is such an interesting book _we all like it. This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,as,that,Please complete the following

31、sentences and compare:,as,that,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句),这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句),1.定语从句的分类 2.定语从句的引导词 3.关系词的实质和先行词之间的关系 4.关系代词和关系副词的用法 及其容易混用的情况 5.介词加关系代词的情况 6.as引导的两种定语从句,3. 先行词和关系词的关系,A plane is a machine that can fly. The boy who broke the window is called Tom. The boy whose parents are dead was bro

32、ught up by his grandfather. The school where I study is far from my home.,that = the machine,who = the boy,whose = the boys,where = in the school,关系代词实际上是先行词的复指,关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,4.关系代词和关系副词的用法 及其容易混用的情况,Fill in the blanks, using relative pron. or relative adv. 1. This is the factory

33、 _ I once worked. 2. This is the factory _ Ive visited. 3. The day _ I always remember is Oct.1. 4. The day _Nanjing was liberated is Sep.11. 5. The reason _ he hasnt come is that he has been ill. 6. Dont believe the reason _ he give you.,where,that/which,that/which,when,why,that,Attributive Clause,

34、NOTES: 1.当表示时间,地点, 原因的名词, day, time, place, factory , reason等作先行词，在定语从句中作状语时，用when, where ,why；在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用that或which.,5.介词加关系代词的情况,When we use a relative pronoun with a preposition ,we have two choices. Placing the preposition before the relative pronoun is more formal. eg. The woman who/whom Spi

35、elberg is married to is an actress. The woman to whom Spielberg is married is an actress. The painting at which I looked was painted by Vincent van Gogh. The girl with whom you talked is a college student.,Attributive Clause,Prep.+ which/whom 1).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配. The farm _I once worked has take

36、n on a new look. 2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配 Who is the man _our teacher is shaking hands? 3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配 Ours is a beautiful country, _we are greatly proud.,on which,with whom,of which,Attributive Clause,4).表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分” 时，用介词of There are over one thousand workers in the factory, 80 percent

37、 _ are women.,of whom,C: Fill in the blanks, using relative pronoun, relative adv. or preposition with which/whom. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. 2.When you read the book, youd better make a mark _you have any questions. 3. Barcelona is the city _ the 25th

38、 Summer Olympic were held.,to whom,where,where,1. Do you like the book she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book _she paid $10? 3. Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? 5. He built a telescope he could study the skies.,on which,for which,from which,about which

39、,through which,介词+关系代词 练习,6. There is a tall tree outside, _ stands our teacher. 7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the Yellow River. 8. The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill. 9. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 10. He paid the

40、boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,from which,to whom,of which,of which,under which,as 引导的非限制性定语从句,The earth is round._ is known to all. The earth is round,_ is known to all. _ is known to all, the earth is round _ is known to all that the earth is round.

41、,It,which / as,As,It,as 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：as you know/ as you see/as we planned/as we expected,定语从句在句首时只能用as.,This is the same pen as I lost. This is the same pen that I lost.,Please compare:,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,This is such an interesting book _ we all like. This is so interesting a boo

42、k _ we all like. This is such an interesting book _we all like it. This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,as,that,Please complete the following sentences and compare:,as,that,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句),这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句),Grammar III 被动语态,3.一般将来时的被动语态,2.现在完成时的被动语态,1.一般过去时的被动语态,was/ were done

43、,has/have been done,will/ be going to +be done,4.进行时的被动语态,be +being done,Choose the right answers: 1. The new factory _ in our city last year. built B. has built C. is building D. was built 2. This kind of machine _ cutting paper. A. uses for B. is using for C. is uses to D. is used for 3. We know t

44、hat this kind of bike _ in Shenzhen. is madeB. makes C. is making 4. This dress is _ silk. make of B. made of C. made in,5. Beijing will _ beautiful flowers when National Day comes. A. cover B. cover with C. be covered D. be covered with 6. The river smells terrible. People must _ dirty things into

45、it. A. be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwing C. stop to throw D. stop from throwing 7. This work _ next Monday. A. may finishB. finish C. finishes D. may be finished 8. The key _ for locking the classroom door. A. usesB. is used C. is using D. use,Multiple Choice:,1. ( ) If the work _,you can go and play games. A. finished B. has finished C. will be finished D. is finished,2. ( ) It was raining heavily outside, the children were made _ in the classroom.,4. ( ) To make our city more beautiful, rubbish _ into the river. A. neednt be thrown B. mustnt be thrown C. cant thr