当代研究生英语课件U8_Text_A.ppt

1、Book One,Unit 8,Book One,Content,Warming-up,Reading,Writing,Text A,Text B,Book One,Group Discussion,Do you know how the Internet business earns money or where their profit comes from? Can you name a few leading figures in computer technology?What specific business are they engaged in? Have you ever

2、heard of any Internet billionaires donating their fortune to the charity? Please give some examples, both home and abroad.,Book One,BILLION-DOLLAR BABIES James Fallows,Book One,ReadingText A,Text Study,Main Idea computer industry; wealth created; typical companies; Internet industry; remarkable; spe

3、ed; way,Second reading: read the passage again and try to identify the structure of this passage.,For your reference,For your reference,Book One,This article introduces the three waves of the development of computer industry and the wealth created. Typical companies are also given as examples to ill

4、ustrate its fortune-creation effect. As the third wave, Internet industry is the most remarkable for the speed it brings up fortunes and the way it changes computer business.,Main Idea,Book One,Structure,Para. 4-5,Para. 6-7,Para. 1-3,Para. 8-11,Main idea:,Main idea:,Main idea:,Main idea:,The first w

5、ave of computer industry emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. During this period, many companies produced hardware product and made lots of money (HP, DELL, Intel, Apple, Cisco, etc).,The second wave of wealth creation involved software and created several largest fortunes in the world. (Microsoft, Oracl

6、e, etc).,The technical process of the Internet and the creation of the World Wide Web, which is the third wave of computer industry.,The internet industry has created some great fortunes and they mostly consist of tech-company stock.,Book One,Text Study,Book One,1 The recent boom in technological ad

7、vances, formation of new businesses, and personal fortunes is the third, and most dramatic wave generated by the computer industry in the last twenty-five years. The first wave involved tangible products“hardware”, as opposed to the computer programs that constitute software. In the 1960s and 1970s

8、companies in the Santa Clara Valley, between San Jose and San Francisco, produced silicon memory chips for computersthus the name Silicon Valley. Then they produced silicon logic chips, which direct a computers operation. Then many produced computers as well. 2 The great fortunes from the hardware e

9、ra include those of the Hewlett and Packard families, of Hewlett-Packard, which started making money in the pre-silicon era, with scientific instruments. The Packard Foundation, with assets of $ 10 billion, recently overtook the Ford Foundation as the nations third-largest private foundation. The do

10、minant hardware company of the 1990s is Intel, whose Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers other than the Macintosh. The assets of Gordon Moore, one of Intels,Para. 1-2,Book One,Para. 2-4,founders are estimated to be worth $15 billion, making him the tenth-richest pe

11、rson in the country. Apple, the first famous personal-computer company, is still based in Silicon Valley. So is Sun Microsystems, a hybrid hardware-software company whose products are used to run many Internet sites and which therefore has been enjoying boom times. Other nearby hardware companies th

12、at provide the necessary physical components for the Internet include Cisco Systems and 3Com. 3 But the largest fortune based on hardware is that of Michael Dell, of Austin, Texas. At age thirty-four, owing to the success of his Dell Computers, he is the fifth-richest man in America, after three Mic

13、rosoft executives and Warren Buffett, with assets of $ 20 billion. 4 The second wave of wealth creation involved software “application” software that people use for work or recreation, like word-processing programs or computer games, and “systems”,Book One,Para. 4-5,software used to run businesses o

14、r, very often, computer networks themselves. The difference between software and hardware provides a classic illustration of what economists mean by “increasing returns to scale”. Because the cost of producing additional units of softwarethe “marginal cost”is extremely low, once you become the marke

15、t leader in a field, your profits grow astronomically. 5 Microsofts unparalleled profit margin has given it the highest stock valuation of any company in the world, nearly $ 500 billion. It has created three of the five largest personal fortunes in the world. Apart from its effect on the stock marke

16、t, it has produced an estimated ten thousand millionaires, mainly in the Seattle area. The strongest software company after Microsoft is probably Oracle, which makes the database software used to manage information at many Internet sites.,Book One,Para. 6,6 But both the hardware and the software rev

17、olutions were, in their wealth-creating effects, slow to emerge compared to what is underway now because of the Internet. Less than ten years ago, Tim Berners-Lee, a British physicist working at the research center CERN in Geneva, invented a scheme for linking data on a particular subject, or series

18、 of subjects, that were stored on different computers in different places. The Internet had existed for two decades before that, as a communications channel mainly among big computers at universities and research centers. But Berners-Lee took the crucial step in making information on the Internet ea

19、sy to find and use, through creation of the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee helped bring this about by writing the specifications for three basic elements of the Webs operation. One is the “uniform resource locator”, or URL. Another is “hypertext markup language”, or HTML, a way to describe how a websit

20、e should look on screen, and also a way to build “links” that will take a user to another site when clicked. The third is “hypertext transfer protocol”, or HTTP, which controls the flow of information from the sites to the users computer.,Book One,Para. 7-8,7 Six years ago, the first commercial “bro

21、wsers” to aid navigation through the World Wide Web appeared. A stillborn effort called Mosaic was followed by Netscape Navigator. Less than five years ago, in May 1995, Bill Gates suddenly recognized the way the Web might change the computer business and sent a memo called “The Internet Tidal Wave”

22、 to his lieutenants at Microsoft, saying that he now gave the Internet “the highest level of importance”. The companys strategy for developing products shifted within months, to create a browser that could compete with Netscapes and to make its other programs “Web-friendly”. 8 Then, in August 1995,

23、Netscape had the initial public offering for its stock, the beginning of the subsequent Net IPO boom. It is hard to think of the four-plus years since then as making up a distinct historic era, but most of the great Internet fortunes have been amassed during just that period. These include the holdi

24、ngs of Jeff Bezos, creator of Amazon. com ($ 78 billion); David Filo and Jerry Yang, of Yahoo ($ 3.7 billion each); etc.,Book One,Para. 9-10,9 The only thing more remarkable than how quickly these fortunes have arisen is how inexplicable some of them seem. Only a few Internet ventures have anything

25、quite as crude as a business model in which revenue exceeds expenses. America Onlinewhich gives access to e-mail and the Internetgenerates profits because it charges subscribers $ 21.95 a month. The online auction site e-Bay is also profitable, because it charges a commission each time buyers and se

26、llers conclude a deal on its site. But most of todays Internet companies have substantial short-term losses, which stock market investors typically assume will turn into profits in some never-quite-arriving “Year Three” of the business plan. 10 Theories vary about where these profits will come from.

27、 Perhaps from online advertisingif anyone can figure out how to make it as attractive as ads in glossy magazines, or as unavoidable as ads on TV. Perhaps from some system of “microroyalties”, which will overcome the marked . of Web users to pay for information they retrieve.,Book One,11 Thin as thes

28、e rationales for profitability may ultimately prove to be, so far theyve been sufficient to make many people very rich. Virtually all of this wealth consists of tech-company stock, and ten years from now some or much of it may have melted away. But there is so much new wealth that some will remain.

29、And there will be so much left over after even the wildest personal-consumption fantasies have been satisfied that it could eventually have great public impact. A few of the tech leaders feel confident enough in the performance of their wealth to have formed personal foundations and started making g

30、rants. But it is not yet clear whether the new Internet elite will choose to have the lasting legacy that earlier moguls did. Will the Internet billionaires do what it takes, through philanthropy, to be remembered the way Rockefeller, Carnegie, Mellon, Guggenheim, Morgan, and Ford are? Or will their

31、 model be Jay Gould?,Para. 11,Book One,Sentence Analysis,Book One,1. (Para. 2, Line 4-6) The dominant hardware company of the 1990s is Intel, whose Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers other than the Macintosh. dominant: ruling or controlling; exerting authority oth

32、er than: except Paraphrase: 译文：,90年代占统治地位的硬件公司是Intel公司，它所制作的奔腾和其他一些处理芯片用于除Macintosh之外的大多数个人计算机。,In the 1990s Intel was the controlling hardware company, its Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers except the Macintosh.,Book One,2. (Para. 5, Line 1-2) Microsofts unparal

33、leled profit margin has given it the highest stock valuation of any company in the world, nearly 500 billion. unparalleled: not equaled or matched; unique; peerless margin: share of profit in the total revenue of a company 利润率 Paraphrase: 译文：,微软公司举世无双的利润率已雄踞全世界所有公司股票值之首，接近5,000亿美元。,Microsofts profit

34、 margin is so high that there is no other company whose profit margin can compete with it. And this high profit margin has made Microsoft the company with highest stock value in the world, about 500 billion dollars.,Book One,3. (Para. 6, Line 1-2) But both the hardware and the software revolutions w

35、ere, in their wealth-creating effects, slow to emerge compared to what is underway now because of the Internet. The main structure of the sentence: “ were slow to emerge”， while “in their wealth-creating effects” and “compared to what is underway now because of the Internet” are modifier. compared t

36、o/with: in comparison or contrast with; as opposed to. underway: on starting; being in the course. Paraphrase: 译文：,但是无论是硬件革命还是软件革命，与现在因特网上所发生的情况相比，其财富创造的影响力都显得非常缓慢。,But compared with the wealth-creating effect of the internet, both the hardware and the software revolutions were slow.,Book One,4. (Pa

37、ra. 11, Line 2-3) Virtually all of this wealth consists of tech-company stock, and ten years from now some or much of it may have melted away. virtually: In fact or to all purposes; practically 事实上 consists of: be made up of 由组成 melt away: disappear gradually (逐渐) 消失 Paraphrase: 译文：,实际上所有这些财富都是由技术公司

38、股组成的，在今后10年中，其中的一些股份或大多数股份会逐渐散失。,In fact all this wealth is made up of stock of technical companies. And some or a large part of this wealth is likely to disappear in ten year from now.,Book One,5. (Para. 11, Line 6-7) A few of the tech leaders feel confident enough in the performance of their wealt

39、h to have formed personal foundations and started making grants. The main structure of the sentence: “leaders feel confident enough to have formed.and started.”, “formed” and “started” are paralleled verbs. make grants (to): give a sum of money, or a track of land as a privilege to a worthy cause. P

40、araphrase: 译文：,一些技术公司的领导者对他们的财富感到信心十足，他们已建立个人基金并开始运作。,Some leaders of these technology companies is very confident in the performance of their wealth and they have started running their personal foundations.,Book One,Language Points,Book One,amass,vt. to gather together for oneself, as for ones plea

41、sure or profit; accumulate 积聚，积累 e.g. He is planed to amass a fortune for a rainy day. 他正打算积蓄财富以备不时之需。 That country has amassed foreign debt. 该国外债成堆。 vt. gather or heap together 把聚成堆 e.g. amass the wool into a large ball 把羊毛团成一个大球,Book One,n. a valuable item that is owned (常用复数) 资产 e.g. He has inves

42、ted half of his assets in gold. 他把自己资产的一半投资于黄金。 Statement of assets and liability 资产负债表 liquid assets 流动资产 illiquidl assets 非流动资产 n. valuable quality, person, or thing 宝贵（或有益的）的人（或东西） e.g. He is a national asset. 他可是国宝。,asset,Book One,vt. suppose; to take for granted 假设，假定，想当然地认为，臆断 e.g. I assume th

43、at you have heard of the news. 想必你已经听到了消息。 He assumed the report to be valid. 他猜那份报告是可靠的。 vt. to undertake the duties of; to take upon oneself 承担，担任，就职 e.g. assume an obligation 承担义务 assume ones post 就职,assume,Book One,boom,n. a sudden increase, atime of economic prosperity 快速发展，（经济、工业等繁荣）繁荣（期） e.g.

44、 a business boom 商业繁荣 a big travel boom 旅游大发展 baby boom 婴儿潮 vi. to grow or develop rapidly; flourish 暴涨，激增，繁荣，迅速发展 e.g. Stocks may boom today, but drop tomorrow. 股票可能今天暴涨，明天又下跌。 Chinas economy is booming. 中国经济正在蓬勃发展。,Book One,n. the state of being reluctant; unwillingness 勉强；不情愿 e.g. He said this wi

45、th great reluctance. 他极为为难地这么说。 形容词形式：reluctant reluctant: 1. unwilling; disinclined 不情愿的；不愿意的 e.g. reluctant to help 不情愿帮忙 2. exhibiting or marked by unwillingness 勉强的 e.g. a reluctant smile 勉强的微笑,reluctance,Book One,vt. to find and carry back; fetch 找回；取来 e.g. some dogs can be trained to retrieve

46、game. 有些狗可以被训练来衔回猎物。 I ran back to my room and retrieved my bag. 我跑回房间取回自己的提包。 vt.obtain information (stored in computer, etc.) （计算机）检索 e.g. I have to retrieve some data. 我得检索些数据。 vt. regain possession of 使恢复，使再生 e.g. retrieve ones position 恢复立场 retrieve ones spirits 重振精神 retrieve ones fortune 重新聚敛财

47、产,retrieve,Book One,subsequent,adj.following in order or time; subsequent 相随的；随后的 (+to) e.g. subsequent action 随后的行动 The story will be continued in subsequent issues of the magazine. 后面的几期杂志将继续连载这篇小说。 On the day subsequent to his visit, she disappeared. 他访问的第二天，她失踪了。,Book One,substantial,adj. having

48、 substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary 真实的，实在的 e.g. People and things are substantial; dreams and ghosts are not. 人和事物是真实的；梦和鬼魂是虚幻的。 adj. of solid material or structure 坚固的，结实的 e.g. The house is substantial enough to last a hundred years. 这房子很坚固，一百年也不会坏。 adj. ample; sustaining

49、 丰富的；大量的 e.g. I had a substantial meal. 我饱餐了一顿。,Book One,adj. of real importance, value or validity 内容充实的, 有价值的, 重要的 e.g. They made substantial changes. 他们作了重大改变。 made a substantial contribution 做出了重大贡献,Book One,Useful Expressions,Book One,apart from,aside from; in addition to; besides 除之外；此外 e.g. I

50、ts a good piece of work, apart from a few slight faults. 除了一些小毛病之外，这不失为一件出色的作品。 Apart from English, we study Russian and Spanish. 除了英语以外，我们还学俄语及西班牙语。,Book One,be opposed to,against, not support 反对，不赞成 e.g. Mr. White is totally opposed to any changes to the existing law. 怀特先生完全反对对现在的法律做任何修改。 Public o

51、pinion was opposed to the war. 舆论是反对那场战争的。 注：该习语后接的常是change, plan, scheme等名词。,Book One,bring about,cause (sth.); cause to happen 导致，使发生 e.g. Science have bring about many change in our lives. 科学为我们生活带来了很多变化。 Indigestion may bring about this disease. 消化不良可能引起这种病。 注：该习语与come about 同义 e.g. Peace can on

52、ly come about if each side agrees to yield to the other. 只有双方同意向对方让步，才能实现和平。,Book One,other than,except, but, apart from 除了 e.g. Theres nobody here other than him. 这里只有他一个人。 we were given nothing other than dry bread and water for our evening meal. 我们晚餐只分到干面包和水。 differently from 与不同 e.g. The truth i

53、s quiet other than what I think. 事实真相和我详细的完全不同。 I dont wish her other than she is. 我不希望她改变现状。 该习语多用于否定句或表示否定意义的句子。,Book One,(of sth solid, esp frozen) disappear by melting （尤指冰块）融化 e.g. The snow soon melted away. 雪很快就融化了。 disappear gradually （逐渐） 消失 e.g. The cloud melted away, and the son came out.

54、乌云消散，太阳出来了。 Their money melted away on unexpected expenses. 一些计划外的花销把他们的钱耗光了。 (cause to) dissolve in ecstasies; burst with joy （使）着迷，心花怒放 e.g. My heart melted away in secret raptures. 我私下里心花怒放。 Your story melted away my sole. 你的故事真让我着迷。,melt away,Book One,Text Translation,Book One,译文,新生的亿万富翁 1 最近所呈现

55、的技术进步，新商务的欣欣向荣，以及个人财富的急剧增长是过去25年中计算机产业形成的第三次，也是最令人瞩目的一次浪潮。第一次浪潮涉及有形产品硬件，它与构成软件的计算机程序相对而言。本世纪六七十年代，圣何塞和旧金山地带的圣克拉拉谷的一些公司为计算机生产出存储器硅芯片，于是便有了“硅谷”的名字。接着他们又生产了用以指令计算机操作的逻辑硅芯片。随后，许多公司也开始生产计算机。 2 在硬件时代获得巨大财富的包括Hewlett and Packard家族，惠普公司该公司在硅时代前就通过经营科学仪器开始赚钱。总资产为100亿美元的Packard基金会最近超过了福特基金会，成为全美国第三大私人基金会。90年代

56、占统治地位的硬件公司是Intel公司，它所制作的奔腾和其他一些处理芯片用于除Macintosh之外的大多数个人计算机。Intel 的创立人之一Gordon Moore 的资产估计为150亿美元，这使他成为全国第十大富翁。美国第一家著名的个人计算机公司苹果公司，至今仍然以硅谷为基地。Sun Microsystems也是如此它是一家混合型硬件软件公司，其产品用于许多因特网网站的运行，因此一直处于兴盛繁荣时期。其他几个邻近的硬件公司包括Cisco系统和3Com公司，它们向因特网提供必要的物质组成部分。,Book One,3 但是从电脑硬件上取得最大财富的是得克萨斯州奥斯汀的Michael Dell。

57、他今年34岁，由于Dell 计算机的成功，他成为美国第五大富翁，其资产为200亿美元，排名紧随微软公司的三个高级经理和Warren Buffett之后。 4 财富形成的第二次浪潮涉及软件包括人们用于工作或娱乐的“应用”软件，就像文字处理程序或者计算机游戏之类，以及用于管理业务和计算机网络自身运行的“系统”软件。软件和硬件的差异为经济学家们所谓的“规模递增收益”提供了一个经典例证。因为生产软件附加部件的成本，也即“边际成本”极为低廉，一旦你在某一领域占市场主导地位，你的利润就会突飞猛涨。 5 微软公司举世无双的利润率已雄踞全世界所有公司股票值之首，接近5，000亿美元。全世界五大首富它造就了三个

58、。它除了对证券市场的影响之外，还造就了大约一万个百万富翁，主要集中在美国西雅图地区。紧随微软公司之后的最强大的软件公司也许是Oracle，它制作数据库软件，用于许多因特网站点的信息管理。,Book One,6 但是无论是硬件革命还是软件革命，与现在因特网上所发生的情况相比，其财富创造的影响力都显得非常缓慢。短短数年之前，在日内瓦CERN研究中心工作的英国物理学家Tim BernersLee 发明了一种方案，用以连接与某一主题或一系列主题相关的数据，这些数据贮存在各地各种不同的计算机内。在此之前，因特网作为各个大学和研究中心的大型计算机的主要通信渠道已存在二十年了。但是BernersLee迈出了

59、决定性的一步，他创造了万维网，以便使因特网上的信息便于查找和利用。BernersLee 通过为网络运行的三种基本要素写出规范实现了这一目的。其中一种叫做“统一资源定位器”，缩写为URL。另一种叫做“超文本置标语言”，缩写为HTML，是一种描述网站在屏幕上看起来是什么样的方法，也是一种帮助建立“连接”的方法，用户只需点击鼠标，就可以进入另一网站。第三种是“超文本传送协议”，即HTTP，它控制信息从网站到用户计算机的流入。,Book One,7 6年前第一台通过万维网帮助浏览的商务浏览器问世。一种叫做Mosaic浏览器尝试失败后，紧接着出现了网景公司的Netscape Navigator。不到5年前，1995年5月，比尔盖茨突然认识到网络或许可以改变计算机业务的方式，于是向他在微软公司的副手发了一个题目为“因特网浪潮”的备忘录，宣称他现在要对因特网予以“最高度的重视”。几个月内公司转变了产品生产策略，发明了一种可以与“网景”抗衡的浏览器，并且使其他一些程序“