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1、否定的翻译,英译汉,英语里表示否定意义的词汇、语法手段等跟汉语不完全相同。因此在翻译实践中对于否定句必须特别注意。英语里的否定句又有很多不同形式,所表达的含义也有所不同,译者必须辨别清楚才能正确理解和使用各种否定形式。,一、全部否定,表示全部否定时,常用not, no, never, none, neither.nor, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词。汉译时并不难,但需把表示否定的“不、无、非”之类的词语用在动词前以构成全部否定。例如: Whether any of this causes immediate harm is not known. 这是否会造成直接危

2、害目前还不得而知。 Never is aluminum found free in nature. 铝在自然界从不以游离状态存在。 Nobody wants a dump, or an incinerator, next door. 谁都不愿在自己的家门口有个垃圾场或垃圾焚化炉。,二、部分否定,英语有些否定句是由all, every, both, always 等词与否定词not构成的,所表达的意思却是不完全否定,相当于汉语的“不是所有都”、“不是每个都”、“不是两个都”、“不总是”之意。尤其是当否定词与谓语动词构成否定结构时,从形式上看很像全部否定,而实际却是部分否定,翻译时要特别注意。例如

3、: All these metals are not good conductors. 这些金属并不都是良导体。 Every color is not reflected. 并非每种色光都会反射回来。 Notice that not all mechanical energy is kinetic energy. 要注意,并非所有的机械能都是动能。 Both the instruments are not precision ones. 这两台不都是精密仪器。,三、双重否定,两个否定词并用,否定同一个词,或者其中一个否定词被用来否定另一个含有否定意义的词时就构成了双重否定。最常见的双重否定形式

4、有:no(not).no(not) .(没有没有),no(not).but.(没有不),no(not).without.(除不),not(none).the less.(不因就不),no(not).unless.(除非才),not.until.(直到才),no(none).other than.(不是别的而是),not but that.(并非不),not a little.(不少;很多;大大地)。 一般而言双重否定句可以采用两种方法来译,一是采用双重否定形式,另一种是译成肯定句。 例如:,Sodium is never found uncombined in nature. 自然界中从未发现

5、不处于化合状态的钠。 (或:自然界中所发现的钠都处于化合状态。) There has not been a scientist of eminence but was a man of industry. 没有哪一个有成就的科学家不是勤奋的。 (或:所有有成就的科学家都非常勤奋。) The charging of a condenser from a battery is not unlike the filling of tank from a reservoir. 电池给电容器充电就像油库给油箱加油一样。 Though often beneficial, mindless use of a

6、ntibiotics is not without hazard. 虽然抗生素在正常使用时是有益的,但如果盲目使用,也会有害。,四、意义上的肯定,英语中有的否定词与其他词连用形成一个固定结构,这种固定结构在形式上是否定的,但意义上是肯定的,常见的有nothing like.(没有什么比得上),cannot.too.(越越好), no(not).more (非常;完全),no / not / nothing + more than.(不过),no / not / nothing + less than.(多达)等。 例如: There is nothing like mineral water

7、to quench ones thirst. 矿泉水是最解渴的饮料。,Pesticides can cause a lot of harm, so you can never be too careful when using them. 杀虫剂会造成很大危害,因此使用时应特别小心。 These scientists could not believe the Curies more. 这些科学家完全相信居里夫妇。 Laser, its creation being thought to be one of todays wonders, is nothing more than a ligh

8、t that differs from ordinary lights only in that it is many times more powerful and so can be applied in the fields that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in. 人们认为激光的发明是当代的奇迹之一。其实,它无非是一种光,与普通光的区别仅在于其功率比普通光大许许多多倍,因而它能用于普通光和其他光质从未进入过的领域。,五、含蓄否定,英语中有大量词语和句子结构,尽管在形式上没有否定词或否定

9、词缀,但其意义上却是否定的,它们在英语的否定表达中起着极其重要的作用,大家在学习中应注意积累。 常见的含蓄否定动词和动词短语如:deny(拒绝;否认),exclude(排除;除去),avoid(避免),fail(不能;没有) ,ignore(不顾;忽视),lack(不足),miss(失败;没有),overlook(忽视;不顾),stop(停止),keep / prevent / protect / save.from(避免;不受),refuse(拒绝),neglect(忽略) 等等。 常见的含蓄否定名词如:exclusion(排除;除去),neglect(忽视),refusal(拒绝),abs

10、ence(缺少;没有),failure(失败),deficiency(不足;缺乏) 等等。 常见的含蓄否定形容词和形容词短语如:devoid of(没有),ignorant of(不知道),few(几乎没有),short of(缺少),far from(绝不),little(几乎没有),safe from(免于),last(决不会),free from(没有;免于)等等。,常见的含蓄否定副词如:hardly(几乎不), rarely(不常;难得) ,vainly(无效),scarcely(大概不;几乎不), seldom(很少) 等等。 常见的含蓄否定介词和介词短语有:above(在以上),a

11、t issue with(与意见不合),behind(不如),below(不值得),beneath(不相称),beside(同无关),beyond(超出),but for(要不是;若非),in default of(没有时),in defect of(假如没有时),in place of(代替),in vain(无效;徒劳),instead of(而不是),off(离开;解除) 等等。 常见的含蓄否定连词有:before(在以前;尚未),but(而不),but that(要不是;若非),rather than(而不),too.to.(太不),unless(如果不) 等等。,这里就此略举几例:

12、It is the last type of machine for such a job. 这是最不适合这种作业的机器。 Oil is being found in parts of the world which were once pronounced lacking in oil. 在世界上一些曾被宣告为贫油的地区,石油正在为人们所发现。 Far from increasing the reaction rate, high temperatures decrease it. 高温不但没有加快该反应速度,反而降低了反应速度。 On freezing water becomes larg

13、er in volume instead of smaller. 水在结冰时体积增大,而不是缩小。,TRANSLATION APPRECIATION,1. No man can do two things at once. 一心不可二用。 2. No man is content. 人心不足蛇吞象。 3. No man is wise at all times. 聪明一世,糊涂一时。 4. No news is good news. 没有消息就是好消息。 5. Too many cooks spoil the broth. 厨师多了烧坏汤。,6. Not to advance is to go

14、 back. 不进则退。 7. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人。 8. The cat shuts its eyes when stealing. 掩耳盗铃。 9. The danger past and God forgotten. 过河拆桥。 10. There is no general rule without some exception. 任何规律均有例外。,11. Time tries all. 路遥知马力,日久见人心。 12. Older and wis

15、er. 活得长者见识多。 13. Tall trees catch much wind. 树大招风。 14. Teach others by your example. 躬亲示范。 15. The best hearts are always the bravest. 无私者无畏。,EXERCISES,SLEEP DEBT AND MICROSLEEPS Even if society is getting too little sleep, it is reasonable to question whether this makes any measurable difference in

16、 our lives. Research has shown that when people get less sleep than they need, they build up a sleep debt. Each day without enough sleep increases the debt, and when it becomes large enough, problems appear. 睡眠不足与短暂昏睡 尽管人们正逐渐减少睡眠,但我们还是应该分析一下这究竟会对我们的生活有多大影响。有关研究表明,如果人们的睡眠没有达到所需要的时间,即每天都缺少睡眠就会造成睡眠不足。长

17、此以往当睡眠严重不足时就会引发很多问题。,The problems associated with sleep debt are most likely to show themselves at certain times of the day when the pressure of sleep is greatest. The human body has observable cycles known as circadian rhythms. Thus, a circadian rhythm is one that varies through a roughly 24-hour c

18、ycle. For sleep and wakefulness there is a shorter, embedded cycle around 12 hours long. The pressure to go to sleep is greatest in the wee hours of the morning, between 1 and 4 a. m. 由睡眠不足带来的问题很可能在一天中睡眠压力达到最高峰时出现。人体内有明显的节律循环,称作昼夜节律。昼夜节律大概以24小时为一个周期。而其中的睡眠循环和非睡眠循环则要短些,大约每12小时构成一个循环。在凌晨1点到4点这短短几小时的时间

19、里,睡眠压力最大。,A somewhat less-pronounced but still noticeable increase in sleepiness occurs 12 hours later, between 1 and 4 p.m.3 It is this second low point that makes people sleepy after lunch, not the meal that they may have just eaten, since even if people eat exactly the same meal for breakfast, lu

20、nch, and supper, they get sleepy only after the midday meal. 12小时之后,也就是在下午1点到4点,人们的困倦再次达到高峰,虽不如凌晨时那么强烈但也相当明显,因此人们吃过午饭后便会感到困倦。其实这种困倦并非由人们刚刚食用的食物所致,因为即使人们一日三餐所吃的食物都相同,他们也仍然只是在午饭后感到困倦。,If people are operating with a sleep debt, they will tend to be less efficient, particularly when their circadian cycl

21、e is at its lowest ebb.One of the most manifest results of sleep debt is the occurrence of microsleeps. A microsleep is a short period of time, perhaps only a few seconds to a minute in length, in which the brain actually goes to sleep, regardless of what the person may be doing at the time. In fact

22、, the person often is not aware of this momentary blackout. 人们睡眠不足,效率就特别低,尤其是当人们的昼夜节律循环处于最低点时,效率就更低了。睡眠不足最明显的后果之一就是人们会出现短暂的昏睡。短暂昏睡的时间很短,也许就几秒钟或一分钟。在这短暂的时间里,不管人们当时在做什么,他们的大脑其实已经入睡了,可人们通常却感觉不到这种短暂的昏睡。,汉译英,各种语言都有各自不同的表达肯定和否定的方式。单从思维逻辑概念来说,中国人和西方人有相似的否定思维方式。在翻译的过程中,我们可以直接把汉语的否定形式译成英语的否定形式。例如:“你明天不去上课吗?”

23、 译成:“Are you not going to attend class tomorrow?”但是,英汉两种语言在表达肯定和否定的方式上是有明显区别的。 汉语中的否定概念通过词汇手段表达,否定句带有否定字词的标记。如:“不、无、非、没、莫、勿、未、否”等, 以及由这些字组成的词语, 如:“毫无、根本没有、否则、决不、没有、未尝。”等。另外,还有表示部分否定的词语,如:“并非所有的都,几乎没有,不是每个都,不总是,几乎不,不怎么”,以及表示双重否定的词语:“非不 ,非莫,不没有”等。 英语中表达否定概念通常有三种手段。,一是借助词汇表达否定。 英语借助no, not, never, nor,

24、 neither 等否定词,和具有否定意义的词语:hardly, rarely, seldom, barely, scarcely, narrowly, few, little等带有半否定意义的副词;fail, deny, defy, miss lack, ignore, refuse, neglect, overlook, exclude, withhold, prevent(from)等带有否定意义的动词;unless, until, rather than, or等带有否定意义的连词;but, without, above, except, beyond, instead of, in

25、place of, out of, anything but, in vain等带有否定意义的介词;far from, free from, safe from, missing, ignorant等带有否定意义的形容词;以及由no-, non-, dis-, in-, un-, im-, -less等含有否定意义的前缀和后缀组成的词语。,二是借助结构和表达方式表达否定。 英语还运用比较结构 more.than., other than., rather than., would rather than., know better than., too.to., too.for.等来表达否定。

26、在这类结构中,连词than引出意义否定的部份。例如: 部队宁可绕道走,也不踩庄稼。 The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops. 他年龄太小,不能照顾自己。 He is too young to take care of himself.,还有由连词if 引起的表示诅咒、发誓、感叹的句型也能表达否定的含义。例如: 他说他要放手就不是人。 He said hed be damned if hed stop. 由此可见,由于汉语和英语在表达否定概念的方法上的差别,决定我们在汉译英的过程中要根据不同的情况

27、采取适当的翻译方法,尽量使译文准确、地道、易懂。通常采取以下几种常见的翻译方法:,一、将汉语的否定句译成英语的否定句,天都这么晚了,我看她不会来了。 It is so late.I do not think she will come. 房子尽管富丽堂皇,但是住起来一点也不舒服。 With all its magnificence, the house is not at all comfortable to live in. 如果没有摩擦,运动的物体永远不会停止。 A moving object would never come to a stop if there were no fric

28、tion. 二氧化碳不能燃烧,也不能助燃。 Carbon dioxide does not burn, nor does it support burn. 不懂的事,不要怕问。 Dont be above asking about things you dont understand.,二、将汉语的否定句译成英语的肯定句,他决不会说出这样的话。 He was the last man to say such things. 那位老人能在大风大浪中不停地游泳达三个小时以上。 The old man could swim continuously in great storms for more

29、than three hours. 不错,你有天赋,可天赋就象深藏在岩石底下的宝石,没有艰苦的发掘,精心地雕琢,他自己是不会发出光彩来的。 Of course you have gifts, but gifts are like deeply buried precious stones that need to be laboriously dug out and polished until they sparkle. 世有伯乐,然后有千里马。千里马常有,而伯乐不常有。 Only after Bole came into the world were there horses able t

30、o gallop one thousand li.Such horses are common, but a Bole is rare.,三、将汉语的肯定句译成英语的否定句,完全同意。 I couldnt agree more. 这些细菌要在温度达到一百摄氏度时才会死亡。 These bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100C. 自然界中的作用力,必定要牵涉到两个或两个以上的物体。 There is never a force acting in nature unless two or more bodies are in

31、volved. 智者千虑,必有一失。 Even the wise are not always free from errors. 所有机器在运转时都要损失能量。 There is no machine but will lose energy when in motion.,四、将汉语的双重否定句译成英语的双重否定句,没有足够的加速度,地球卫星是不能进入太空的。 The earth satellite would not get into space without enough acceleration. 我想:希望本无所谓有,无所谓无。 I thought: hope cannot be

32、 said to exist, nor can it be said not to exist. 不看秦始皇兵马俑,不算真正到过中国。 A traveler who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra-cotta figures cannot claim to have visited China. 子曰:不患人之不己知,患不知人也。 The Master said: (the good man) does not grieve that other people do not recognize his merits.His only anxiety is

33、lest he should fail to recognize theirs.,TRANSLATION APPRECIATION,1. 生于忧患,死于安乐。 Life springs from sorrow and calamity, and death from ease and pleasure. 2. 人各有所好。 Every man has his likes and dislikes. 3 风水轮流转。 Fortune knocks once at least at every mans door /gate. 4. 天无绝人之路。 There is always a way out. / Heaven never seals off all exits. 5. 两人智慧胜一人。 Two heads are better than one.,6. 日久见人心。 It takes time to know a person. / Time reveals a persons heart. 7. 学富五车胜于万贯家财。 Learning is better than house and land. 8. 说一遍,不如做一遍。身教胜于言教。 Example is better than precept. 9.

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