高中英语构词法

1、Classify: pathway freedom darkest place unfair lock everyday riverside nurse disagree,合成词(有两个或更多的词合成一个词):,转化词(将一种词性转化成另一种词性):,派生词(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词):,everyday pathway riverside,unfair darkest disagree freedom,lock place nurse,构词法,构词法：,合成(Compounding),派生法（Derivation） 【前缀/后缀】,转化法（Conversion） 【词性转换】,合成

2、词 Compound,pain-killer,止痛药,color- blind,色盲,sleep-walk,梦游,sleep-walker,1. 合成名词 (1) n+n air conditioner blood pressure income tax credit card (2) adj + n central bank fast food,空调 血压 所得税 信用卡 中央银行 快餐,solar system remote control (3) v-ing +另一词 washing machine driving license (4) 其他方式 by-product editor-i

3、n-chief,太阳系 遥控 洗衣机 驾驶执照 副产品 主编,2. 合成形容词 (1) 过去分词或带ed词尾的词构成。 absent-minded grey-haired (2) 动词的ing 或另一词构成 long-suffering far-reaching,心不在焉的 头发灰白的 长期受苦的 深远的(影响),3. 合成动词及合成副词 overeat baby-sit empty-handed,吃得太多 看孩子 一无所获的,加前缀： happy - _happy 加后缀： develop - develop_ 既加前缀又加后缀： employ -_employ_,un,ment,un,me

4、nt,派生词（derivation）,派生法（Derivation）-词缀法,1. 前缀:,Pre- （前）,Pre-reading, preview, prepay,Re- (重新),Rewrite, reconsider, reuse,dis- （不）,disagree , dislike , disappear,in/im- （不）,incorrect , impossible,mis （错误或失当）,super- （超级）,mini-（微小）,misunderstand, mislead,supermarket, superman,miniskirt, minibus,foretell

5、, forecast,post(之后),postwar, post-reading,fore-(前，预先),semicircle, semi-final,semi-(半，部分),antiwar, anti-Japanese war,anti- (阻止，抗),underground, under-develop,under- （在下， 在中）,2. 常见的后缀,1).名词后缀 ： -er -or -tion -ment -ity -ist -hood -ion,请将以下单词和上列相应的后缀相连，组成新词： work, educate, develop, visit, satisfy, teach

6、, sail, ability, piano, art, child, act, brother, solute, conclude, move,possible,-er -or -tion -ment -ity -ist -hood -ion,teacher, worker visitor, sailor education, satisfaction development, movement ability, possibility pianist, artist childhood, brotherhood action, solution, conclusion,如 ：,-ous -

7、ful -able, -ible -ant, -ent -ary,dangerous, humorous helpful, careful comfortable, responsible important, excellent military, voluntary,2）.形容词后缀：,3）. 副词性的词缀：,-ly -wards,quickly, softly, yearly backwards, forwards,转化法（Conversion）,It has a good taste.,It tastes very good.,record,n.记录,v. 记录,Liu Xiang B

8、roke the 100m Hurdles World Record .,He lies to record something while reading a book.,correct,correction,incorrect,independent,depend,dependable,disable,disability,impossible,possible,possibility,wrong,mistaken,mistake,misunderstand,understand,undergraduate,graduate,graduation,n.,反义,独立的,词根,adj.,残疾的

9、,n.,不可能的,n.,反义,n.,误解,词根,大学生,词根,n.,近义,反义,Words Building,correct,n.,反义,独立的,词根,adj.,残疾的,n.,不可能的,n.,反义,n.,误解,词根,大学生,词根,n.,近义,反义,Words Building,correct,correction,incorrect,independent,depend,dependable,disable,disability,impossible,possible,possibility,expression,education,wrong,mistaken,mistake,underst

10、and,underground,undergraduate,graduate,graduation,underway,subway,subtitle,always,sideways,n,教育,表达,O,独立的,root,adj,残疾的,n,不可能的,O,n,S,S,n,误解,root,大学生,root,n,地下的,地下通道,地铁,副标题,总是,misunderstand,缩写和简写 : 缩写和简写(也被称为截断法或缩短法)主要采取: “截头”,“去尾”或者 “既截头又去尾”的方法生成新词.,telephone-phone airplaneplane laboratory-lab mathema

11、tics-math advertisementad examination-exam,另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组成. CD ( compact disk) CCTV( China Central Television) NBA (National Basketball Association) UFO( unidentified flying object) UN( United Nations) ID( identification) USA( United States of America),1. He was one of the best _ in yesterdays

12、 football match. (play) 2. Look! How _ Kate is laughing! (happy) 3. It snowed _ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy) 4. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent),players,happily,heavily,inventor,inventions,构词法精练,Use the appropriate form of the words to fi

13、ll in the blanks.,按括号内的要求改写下列单词:,rain(形容词) _ agree(反义)_ nation(形容词)_ farm(人)_ recent(副词)_ friend(形容词)_ hope(形容词)_ back(形容词)_ visit(名词)_ home(形容词) _ eight(序数词)_ true(名词)_ America(形容词)_ China(形容词)_,rainy,national,recently,hopeful,visitor,eighth,American,disagree,farmer,friendly,backwards,homeless,trut

14、h,Chinese,5. More and more _ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign） 6. We want _ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy) 7. Please give me some reference work. It will _ my task. (simple) 8. The boy had the _ of being half starved. (appear) 9. The police have _ a plot against the P

15、resident. (cover) 10. The doctor said that Marys mother needed an _.(operate),foreigners,satisfactory,simplify,appearance,uncovered,operation,11. She hoped that her son would become a _. (music) 12. Few _ words made us excited. (speak) 13. The days on the moon get hotter than _ water. (boil) 14. Tha

16、nk you for your _. (kind) 15. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _ . (expensive) 16. Most international _ letters are written in English, too. (busy),musician,spoken,boiling,kindness,expenses,business,17. The boy noticed an _ mis

17、take on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct) 18. When in Rome, do as the _ do. (Rome) 19. The teacher was pleased with her _. (honest) 20. The mother didnt know why her daughter was crying _. (noise),uncorrected,Romans,honesty,noisily,Fill in the blanks with proper words

18、,With the (1)_ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more (2)_ more serious. In Beijing, many people suffer different kinds of illnesses because (3)_ air pollution. Air pollution is caused (4)_ the following reasons: about half of the problem is caused by vehicles. There are more and more

19、cars, buses on the roads, and they give (5)_ poisonous gases. 25%of air pollution is caused by factories. Another (6)_ (fact) is the smokers. Smoking not only does (7) _ to their health(8)_ also to others. Besides these, about 10% of air (9) _ is caused by other reasons. We should take some measures

20、 to fight(10)_ pollution. New fuel can be used to replace gas. We can plant more trees. If everybody realizes the importance of environment and does something to stop the problem will be solved.,development,and,of,by,out,factor,harm,but,pollution,against,附：类比构词（Word-Formation by Analogy）,类比构词是英语中一种有

21、趣而又实用的构词方式。 构词特点是，以某个同类词为模式，在语义上进行联想类比，替换其中某个词素，构造出与之对应或类似的新词来。 例如：work-aholic（工作迷）系仿alcoholic（嗜酒者）而造seajack（海上劫持）和skyjack（空中劫持）则是类比hijack （拦路抢劫） hijacker（强盗）而成，故都属类比词。,从原形词与类比词的联系来看，英语类比构词大致可分以下三大类：,一.数字、色彩类比,数字类比，例如，美国总统夫人在英语中称First Lady（第一夫人），通过该词美国人又联想类比出 Fist Family（第一家庭）。First Mother（第一母亲）等词。就

22、连总统的爱犬也身价倍增，获得了First Dog（第一狗）的殊荣，可谓一人得道，鸡犬升天。 色彩类比，例如，Black Power （黑人权力）最初是美 国黑人在争取自身权力斗争中提出的政治口号，后为美国其他少数种族所借用。为了反歧视争平等。印第安人提出了Red Power，美籍墨西哥人也提出了 BrownPower。另外，老年人为维护自身权益则提出Gray Power.美国英语中还因美元为绿色钞票而类比出green power一词，借指“金钱的力量”。green power虽与上述种 种Power风马牛不相及，但同属色彩类比，甚是有趣，亦含幽默。再看一例，较早出现的blue-collar （

23、蓝领阶层的）和white-collar（白领阶层的）分别指“体力工作者的”和“脑力工作者的”，稍后产生的pink-collar（粉领阶层的）和gray-collar（灰领阶层的），则分别指“典型女性职业工作者的”和“维修保养行业工作 者的”。近年来，又有两个新的英语类比词问世，即gold-collar （金领阶层的）和bright-collar（亮领阶层的）， 分别表示“高级专业人士的”和“电脑及通讯专业人士的”。,二.反义、对义类比,这方面英语类比词数目不少，俯拾可得。 例如，nightmare （梦魇daymare（昼魇），brain-drain（人 材流失）brain-gain（人材流入），flashback（倒叙）flash-forward（超前叙述），high- tech（高技 术的）low-tech（低技术的），等等。 在这方面，有些类比词来得有趣，仿造奇特。例如man Friday源于小说鲁滨逊飘流记，指主人公于星期五救出的一个土人，后成其忠仆，故名。该词进入英语词汇后泛指“忠实的仆人”或“得力的助手”。后来 出现的girl Friday一词系仿此而造， 专指“忠实的女仆”或“得力的女助手”。又如，boycott（联合抵制）一词的来历可追溯到19世纪末。当