4否定的表示2013.ppt

1、4 否定的表示,Fundamentals and New Concepts for ElectronicsTelecommunications,Tong Wang College of Information and Communication Harbin Engineering University,1、全部否定（complete negation）,全部否定是对被否定的词、句的意义作全面的否定。 否定词+肯定式谓语 not、no、none、never、nothing、nobody、nowhere、neithernor Nothing in the world travels faster

2、 than the electromagnetic waves. 世界上没有任何东西比光传得更快了。 Energy can be changed from one form to another, but can neither be created nor destroyed. This metal is not more useful than aluminium. 这种金属不见得比铝更有用,2、部分否定（part negation）,部分否定是对叙述内容做部分、而非全部的否定。 总括词+否定词+谓语动词 总括词：all、every( everything, everywhere)、bot

3、h、each；整个意义的副词always、often、entirely、altogether 在这种否定句中，因词序与汉语很不相同，翻译时要特别注意。译成“不全是”、“不总是”、“并非是”、“并非都”等。,Not every communication system makes use of all indicated operations. All these metals are not good conductors. 这些金属并不都是良导体。 In a thermal power plant, all the chemical energy of the fuel is not con

4、verted into heat. 在热电厂，燃料的化学能并未全部转变成热能。 Both the instruments are not precision ones. Every one cannot do these tests. All of the heat supplied to the engine is not converted into useful work.,3、总括词 + 肯定式谓语 + 含否定意义词,全部否 1) All germs are invisible to the naked eye. 一切细菌都是肉眼看不见的。 2 ) Every design made

5、by her is impossible of execution. 她所做的一切设计都是不能执行的。 3) Both data are incomplete. 两个数据都不完整。 4) In practice, error sometimes always seems unavoidable. 在实践中，差错有时似乎总是不可避免的。,4、双重否定,在英文的统一句子中出现两个否定词，或一个否定词与某些表示否定意义的词连用，构成双重否定，表达婉转或强调的语气。 与汉语中双重否定句结构一样，否定之否定即构成肯定。 两种译法：一是采用反译法译成肯定句，另一种是采用双重否定方式。,The flowin

6、g of electricity through a wire is not unlike that of water through a pipe. 电流过导线就像水流过管子一样 Gases cannot be quickly compressed without generating heat. 气体迅速压缩就会产生热量。 In fact, it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body, since in this world everything is subject to the force of gravity. 事实上，

7、物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 There can never be a force acting in nature unless two bodies are involved. 在自然界中不牵涉到两个物体，就不会有作用力。,5、内容否定,动词或动词短语引起否定 常见有deny、fail、lack、refuse、stop、protect from、keepfrom、overlook、miss等。 The value of loss in this equation is so small that we can overlook it. The s

8、pecification lacks detail. Fortunately, these conditions do not exclude any signal waveform of practical interest. 幸运的是，实际上有意义的任何信号波形都满足这些条件。,名词引起的否定 常见有neglect、absence、loss、exclusion、ignorance等。,A few instruments are in a state of neglect. 一些仪器处于无人看管的状态 In the absence of radar, the pilot in an airp

9、lane could not fly for a long distance at night. 没有雷达，飞行员在夜间不能进行长途飞行,内容否定,内容否定,连词及某些短语 常见的有before在以前，尚未，but而不，would ratherthan 宁可而不愿，与其不如，rather than 而不，tooto太不等。 Never start to do the experiment before you have checked the meter. 没有检查好仪表，切勿开始做试验。,内容否定,形容词或形容词短语 常见的词有free form、ignorant of、short of、l

10、ast、little，few、present from、 suffer from等。 This precision instrument must be kept free from dust. Some of the methods are successful, some are otherwise.,内容否定,介词或介词短语 常见的词有beyond、above、beneath、beside、instead of等。 The problem is beyond the reach of my understanding. In a rocket the jet is formed by b

11、urning chemicals within the engine without external air supply . 火箭是利用发电机内部燃烧化学物而形成喷气，不需要由外部供给空气。,6、形式否定,表面是否定的，而在意义上却并不表示否定，可译为肯定。 nothing like、cannottoo、no/not/nothing、 more than、no/not/nothing less than等 Its importance cannot be stressed too much Source programs cannot be directly processed by th

12、e computer until it has been compiled. A frame is nothing more than a still image. 一帧只是一幅静止的图像。,常见否定短语,at no time by no means / under no circumstances / in no account come to nothing have nothing in common make no difference more often than not not a bit not a quarter not to speak of/to say nothing of,常见否定短语,Nothing but/no