2016届中考英语专攻：阅读理解(共76张PPT).ppt

1、第 4 讲,阅读理解,阅读理解是中考英语考试中所占分值最大的部分，由此可 见，阅读理解部分的成绩是直接关系到考生能否通过考试或取 得优异成绩的关键。因此，如何提高阅读理解水平，尤其是掌 握阅读理解的应试技巧，就成为考生非常关注的问题。,阅读理解中的文章内容主要涉及两大类：一类是科技方面 的，如有关医学、动植物、海洋、地质、遗传、语言、天文、 空间技术等；另一类是社会方面的，如有关历史、文化、家庭、 婚姻、教育、娱乐、交通、住房、环境、能源等。文章体裁多 样化，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文等，但从实际情况看，用 作阅读理解的文章基本上以后两种体裁为主，即载有一定信息 量的说明文和有作者观点的议论文

2、。说明文、议论文会对一些 社会或自然的现象和问题进行解释、阐述和论证，它们的特点 是信息量大且比较复杂，逻辑性强，主要由抽象思维如概括、 判断、推理等组成的。这类文章理解的障碍主要来自于句子的 复杂结构和长句，其中句子的平均长度和复杂程度都高于其他 一般的语言材料。,一、选择型阅读理解题 (一)阅读技巧 1.通篇略读法,通篇略读法有三个目的：(1)对文章有一个总的概括和印 象；(2)了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本观点与立场；(3)记住 文章的信息方位。它要求考生多注意文章的主题句(一般在段落 的首尾处)和关键词，可略过具体的论述、细节、数字等。这种 方法较适合于叙述性的故事或说明文。,2照题阅

3、读法,照题阅读法用于以下两种情况：(1)在通篇略读之后，遇 到细节的、较难解决的问题时；(2)在做图片或表格阅读题(也就 是 A 篇阅读)时。,照题阅读法的步骤为：,(1)先读问题，根据问题提供的线索，在文章中找到相对应,的地方。,(2)仔细阅读和问题有关的前后句子。,(3)再回到试题，仔细比较四个选项，确定正确答案。 一般来说，照题阅读法对于细节理解题和词义猜测题效果,较好。,(二)答题技巧,1主旨大意题,此类考题多针对段落或短文的主题或标题来设题。主要提,问方式有：,(1)Which is the best title of the passage? (2)Whats the main i

4、dea of the passage?,(3)This passage mainly talks about _.,技巧点拨：理解文章主旨大意的最有效的办法是找出主题 句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的， 而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段 落中心意思的句子叫作主题句。找准了主题句，就不难确定文 章的中心思想及最佳标题了。,主题句一般具有三个特点：,(1)表述的意思比较概括，相对其他句子来看，它的概括,性更为明显。,(2)句子结构比较简单，多数都不会采用长、难句的形式。 (3)段落中的其他句子起到解释支撑主题句的作用。 在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主

5、题句的出现情况有,以下三种：,(1)主题句在篇首或段首,主题句在篇首或段首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说,明文、议论文大都采用先总述后分述的方法。,例1,(2010年广东)65.The main idea for the passage is,_. A.buying less expensive clothes B.washing clothes in a right way C.being a clever clothes shopper D.choosing the well-made clothes,解析,(文章见“南粤中考”)本文是一篇说明文，采用了,先总后分的说明方法。文章第一段“

6、Clothes are important and necessary to us, but do you know how to choose suitable clothes in a correct way? Here are some ideas for you.”即是主题段，后面三 段内容都是围绕如何正确挑选适合自己的衣服提出的建议。故 可推知 C 项是作者的写作目的。,(2)主题句在篇末或段末 用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概括性的 句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于篇末或段末的主题句往往是 对前面细节的总结、归纳或概括。,例2,(2014 年广东)65.Which is

7、the title of the passage?,A. Ways of Eye Care BWays of Eye Exercises CWays of Being Happy DWays of Being Healthy,解析,(文章见“南粤中考”)通读文章可知，本文主要采,用了归纳法，前面三段分别叙述了为什么要保护眼睛以及如何 保护眼睛，最后一段进行总结归纳，故本文的主题句在篇末。 最后一段的首句“All above are natural ways of eye care that help us keep healthy eyes.” 是该段的主题句，故 A 项“Ways of Ey

8、e Care”作标题最能概括文章的主题。,(3)无主题句,有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句，需从文章出提炼、 总结出文章的主题。常用技巧是首先找出每一段的中心意思。 各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者是来说 明一个问题的，这个中心或问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意 思。,例 3,(2012 年广东)65.What is the best title of the passage?,A. First Barbie Shop in Shanghai BBarbies Past and Present CBarbies 53rd Birthday Party DBarbie Lost

9、Her Magic,解析,(文章见“南粤中考”)通读文章可知，本题并没有,明显的主题句，但从前面四段可知，第一段讲了芭比娃娃的过 去、第二、三、四段都叙述了芭比娃娃的现在。因此综合起来， B 项“Barbies Past and Present”就是文章的主题。,2细节理解题,此类考题一般在文章中都能找到相对应的答案。主要提问,方式有：,(1)Which of the following is TRUE (NOT true)? (2)Which of the following is not mentioned?,(3)From the first (second/third.) paragr

10、aph we know that,_.,技巧点拨：这类题目有两个特点：,(1)凡是针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅 读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个 词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用 词和表达方式与题设不同。,(2)干扰项往往是真假细节混杂，甚至相关细节和无关细,节混杂。,解答此类试题，首先要弄清题目和每个选项的含义，然后 按题目要求寻找与之相关的细节，正确估计答案来源，同时注 意题目和文章中的暗示。当答案难以确定时，还可辅以排除法。,例,(2012 年广东)62.Barbies trouble is that _.,A.it wears

11、heavy makeup and miniskirts B.other dolls are more popular with little girls C.other dolls are trying to beat her in the market,D.it has become less popular,in the international market,解析,(文章见“南粤中考”)题目中的“trouble” 意为“麻,烦，困难”，据此可排除 A 项；文章第二段第二句“There are many similar dolls on the market in competition

12、 with her.” 正是 C 项的另一种表述，故选 C。,3词义猜测题,此类考题要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语,的准确含义。主要提问方式有：,(1)The underlined word “.” in the passage (most probably),means _.,(2)The underlined word in the first (second/third.),paragraph refers to _.,(3)What does the underlined word “.” mean?,技巧点拨：常见的猜词方法有： (1)通过定义、释义猜测词义,例1,(201

13、3 年广东)64.Whats the meaning of the,underlined words “fashion designers” in the passage?,A珠宝设计师 C舞台设计师,B. 发型设计师 D服装设计师,解析,( 文 章 见 “ 南 粤 中 考 ”) 最 后 一 段 中 的,“Fashiondesigners”后有一个短语“to make new dresses for Barbie” ， 正好解释了 fashion designers 是做什么的，根据这个解释和生活 常识可以判断 fashion designers 是“服装设计师”的意思。故答案 应为D。,(2

14、)通过同位、并列关系猜测词义,例 2,There is a place on our earth where hot water and,steam come up under the ground.It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean.The island is North Island in New Zealand. What does the underlined word “steam” mean in Chinese?,A自来水 C冰川,B大气 D蒸汽,解析 从语法上看，steam 和 hot water 是并列关系，我们 可以判断

15、这两种东西是相关的，应属同一类物质。四个选项中 只有“蒸汽”最有可能。故选 D。,(3)通过生活常识猜测词义,(2014 年广东)64.What do the underlined words “UV,例3 rays” mean?,A沙尘 C紫外线,B闪电 D超声波,解析,(文章见“南粤中考”)首先找到“UV rays”所在的句,子 “For example, sunglasses are not just for fashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect your eyesight from UV rays. ”。 根

16、据生活常识可知，戴太阳镜不仅仅是一种时尚，它主要是保 护眼睛免受紫外线伤害的一种有效途径。故选 C。,(4)通过转折、因果、同义、反义关系和情景、逻辑猜测,词义,在 but, however, yet, otherwise, though 这些表示意义转折的 连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系，根据已知 的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。如：,Though Karls face has been washed many times, his ears still,remain grubby.,句中和 clean 意思相对的是“grubby” 了，因此可猜出句中,gr

17、ubby 的意思是“脏的”。,再如：,Lisa let the hairdresser trim her hair a bit because it grew too,long.,根据 because 从句所讲的意思，我们可推测 trim 就是“修,剪”之意。,(5)通过构词法猜测词义,根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，,就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。如：,The journey to Hawaii this summer is unforgettable.,利用构词法常识和我们已熟悉的词 forget，我们可以知道,unforgettable 就是“令人难忘的”的意思。,(6

18、)根据列举的事例猜测词义,如 ： You can take any of the periodicals:_“The World of English”，“Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”， or “English Learning”,从后面列举的例子可以猜出 periodical 是“期刊”的意,思。,4推理判断题,这类题要求考生透过表面文字信息推测文字的隐含意思， 对文章的发展情节及作者态度、意图等作出合乎逻辑的推理判 断。它主要考查考生依据图表、短文内容及常识进行推理和判 断的能力。主要提问方式有：,(1)What can we know acc

19、ording to the passage?,(2)We can guess the writer of the passage may be a,_.,(3)From the passage we can know _. (4)The writer writes this passage to _. (5)The writer suggests that _.,技巧点拨：解答此类题目时，考生要在阅读时抓住文章的 主题和细节，从分析文章的结构入手，根据上下文的内在联系， 充分挖掘文章的深层含义，对暗含在文章中的事件的因果关系、 人物动机以及作者未言明的倾向、态度、意图、观点进行合乎 逻辑的推理

20、、分析和判断。同时，要善于抓住文章中实质性的 东西，不要被表面的假象或似是而非的东西所迷惑。并注意在 推断作者态度时力求从作者的观点去思考，切勿凭个人观点、 习惯看法来选择答案。,例,(2011 年广东)63.What should you do if you have to,work in front of the computer? A.Eat healthy foods. B.Clean the eye by using cold water. C.Wear a pair of sunglasses. D.Have a rest after working for a while.,解析

21、,( 文章见“南粤中考”) 根据第二段第三句“If you,happen to work in front of the computer, it is best to take a break every once in a while.”和实践可推知，当我们不得不在电脑前工 作时，我们应在工作一会儿后休息一下，故选 D。,二、配对型阅读理解题,配对阅读一般有两种形式：一种是五个小题涉及的是完全 不同的主题，这类题目相对容易，只要抓住每个小题的关键词， 在选项中寻找相同的关键词即可；另一种是五个小题涉及的是 基本一样的主题，这类题目难度较大，在抓住每个小题的关键 词的同时，还要细读题目，认真

22、比较才能选出正确答案。 做配对阅读题可以采用扫读法，即先了解题干包含的信 息，然后针对性地对各个选项进行扫读或跳读，再将相关信息 进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，排除干扰项，选出正确答案。,例,(2012 年广东)66.Kent has endless work to do every,day.He has trouble getting to sleep at night and usually stay awake till 2 am. D. Dr.Chen has a lot of experience in helping patients get normal sleep.She not

23、 only gives them medicine care but also provides advice on how to relax from busy work.,解析,(文章见“南粤中考”)本大题中 5 个小题涉及的都,是同一个主题，即健康问题，而题中的关键信息“has trouble getting to sleep”与 D 项中的“helping patients get normal sleep”相 匹配，都是关于健康问题中的睡眠问题，故 D 项是正解。,(一),2012 年广东省初中毕业生学业考试,A,本文是关于乘大巴玩转北京的广告。,(,)56.When they vi

24、sit the places of interest on an East Bus,the visitors _. A.need to watch their cars B.have to worry about the driving C.have to find places to park the bus D.can sit back and relax themselves D 细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“with no need to worry about driving, finding a parking place or leaving your car with no o

25、ne to watch it.”可知旅客不需要担心驾驶与停车的事情，即可以 全身心地放松。,(,)57.From the advertisement, we can see that East Bus is,a kind of _.,A. tourist bus C. airport bus,Bvillage bus Dschool bus,A 细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“East Busmaybe the best choice on your visit to the famous places of interest in Beijing”知道答案为 A。,(,)58._ on an

26、East Bus can speak two languages.,A. The guide CThe visitors,BThe driver DThe children,A 细节理解题。由“Chinese & English speaking guides.”可 知选 A。,(,)59.Children under 1.2m tall need to pay _ for,the trip. A. 230 yuan B290 yuan C320 yuan D460 yuan B 数字计算题。由第六段可知，成人票价是 580 元，1.2 米以下儿童半价，即 290 元。,(,)60.Which

27、 of the following is NOT true? A.The tour price includes six meals. B.Visitors can see six places within three days. C.Visitors must go to the company to book the tickets. D.The office hour of the company is eight hours a day.,C,细节理解题。由第三段最后一句和第六段最后一句可,知，行程为三天，包两餐，故 A、B 项正确；又由最后一段可 知公司营业时间为 8 小时。故选

28、C。,B,Fifty-three years ago Barbie Millicent Roberts first appeared in the world of toys.Since then, Barbie doll, as everyone called her, has become the most successful toy doll in history.Her parent, the Mattel Company, said that 90% of all American girls between 3 and 10 have at least one Barbie at

29、 home.,However, Barbie is facing some trouble at present ( 现在).,There are many similar dolls on the market in competition with her.Another doll named Bratz, for example, come to life thirteen years ago.She looks more like todays pop stars with heavy makeup,( 浓 妆 ) and miniskirts.And her company offe

30、rs more kinds of,clothes too.,It seems that Barbie has lost her magic among older,girls.“For younger girls, playing with a Barbie is much fun.But,when you get older, you want something smarter and more,modern,” says Vera Shepherd, a shop assistant in a New York toy,store.,It is good news that on the

31、 international market, Barbie is still No.1.Although Mattel is selling fewer Barbies in the United States these years, sales in other countries are still going up.In,January 2009, Mattel opened its first Barbie store in Shanghai, where girls can shop, eat, drink or even become fashion designers for

32、their own Barbies.,Mattel is planning big celebrations for Barbies 53rd birthday.Fashion designers from all over the world have been called to make new dresses for Barbie.How long will Barbie stay popular in the world of toy dolls? It is hard to say, but 53 is surely not the,age to retire (退休),本文主要讲

33、述了芭比娃娃的过去和现在，并且提出了芭比,娃娃还能够流行多久的问题。,(,)61.Barbies family name is_.,ARoberts CShepherd,B. Millicent D. Bratz,A 细节理解题。由文章第一句可知芭比的姓是 Roberts。,(,)62.Barbies trouble is that_.,Ait wears heavy makeup and miniskirts Bother dolls are more popular with little girls Cother dolls are trying to beat her in the m

34、arket,Dit has become less popular,in the international market,C,细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“There are many,similar dolls on the market in competition with her.”可知选 C。,(,)63.Girls can do the following in the first Barbie Shop in,Shanghai except _. Agoing shopping Bhaving food Cdrinking juice Dtaking photos D 细节

35、理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句中的“where girls can shop, eat, drink or even become fashion designers for their own Barbies.”可知只有拍照不在其范围内，故选 D。,(,)64.Whats the meaning of the underlined words,“fashion designers” in the passage? A珠宝设计师 B发型设计师 C舞台设计师 D服装设计师,D,词 义 猜 测 题 。 根 据 最 后 一 段 第 二 句 可 知 fashion,designers 的工作是设计服装

36、，故选 D。,(,)65.What is the best title of the passage?,AFirst Barbie Shop in Shanghai BBarbies Past and Present CBarbies 53rd Birthday Party DBarbie Lost Her Magic,B,主旨大意题。全文对比了芭比娃娃的过去和现在，并,提出了它还能流行多久的问题，故 B 项最合适。,C,配对阅读 左栏是五位病人的健康问题，右栏是七位专科 医生的简介。请根据五位病人的健康问题为他们选出最合适的 专科医生诊病。,66.D,题中关键信息“has trouble g

37、etting to sleep at night”,与 D 项中的“helping patients get normal sleep”相匹配。,67.F,题中 关键 信息 “bad teeth” 与 F 项中 的 “fixing had,teeth”相匹配。,68.A,题中关键信息“decided to give up drinking”与 A 项,中的“help patients give up drinking”相匹配。,69.E,题 中 关 键 信 息 “She has found herself putting on,weight week by week but just cant

38、 stop eating.”与 E 项中的“offer help on eating problems”相匹配。,70.C 题中关键信息“has a high fever because of the flu”与 C 项中的“He is good at treating flu”相匹配。,(二),2011 年广东省初中毕业生学业考试,A,本文是 LCF 学习俱乐部的招生启事。,(,)56.We can _ in Fun French or Spanish Clubs.,Ahave a party Bplay chess Cmake friends Dwatch movies C 细节理解题。由

39、图片“Fun French or Spanish Clubs”中的 句子“Where children have fun, make friends and learn a language from excellent teachers”可知在法语和西班牙语俱乐部里能交很 多朋友。,(,)57.In LCF clubs, children can _.,Ajoin fun painting and gym clubs Bget education at school clubs only Clearn with songs, games and cooking Dlearn with sto

40、ries, games and movement,D,细 节 理 解 题 。 由 句 子 “Learn with stories, games,movement and rhymes in Jazz-Mataz”可知应选 D。,(,)58.Jazz-Mataz is for children who can speak _.,ASpanish CChinese,BEnglish DFrench,B,细 节 理 解 题 。 由 Jazz-Mataz 的 招 生 启 事 中 的 句 子,“English is the only language needed”可知只招会说英语的学生， 故选 B。,

41、)59.If you want to join an LCF club, youd better NOT,( _.,Apost a letter Cgo to the local club,Bsend an email Dmake a phone call,A 细节理解题。阅读广告可知报名的方法有三种：一是 打电话，二是发电子邮件，三是去当地俱乐部。故选 A。,(,)60.From the passage above, we can know _.,ALCF is a language and science school in Canada BLCF has language clubs a

42、nd music & gym clubs CLCF music & gym clubs can be found just online DLCF provides excellent training, teachers and doctors B 主旨大意题。阅读全文可知 LCF 俱乐部提供语言、音 乐、体育三种活动内容，故选 B。,B,Many of us dont pay much attention to the importance of eye care.It is said that if you take care of your body, then you can sur

43、ely be healthy.That is why our eyes should be given a lot of care.Natural eye care should be put in a number one place. There are several causes leading to poor eyesight like not,enough food, genes ( 基 因 ) and aging ( 老 化 ) Televisions,computers and reading are also the causes of ha-ving poor eyesig

44、ht.If you happen to work in front of the computer, it is best to take a break every once in a while.Something dirty can cause,redness and they will make you feel uncomfortable.It is bad for your eyes, too.If this happens, the best way is to clean your eyes by using cold water.You must also try your

45、best to protect your eyes from harmful things.For example, sunglasses are not just for fashion but they can also serve as a great way to protect your eyesight from UV_rays.,Eating healthy foods will do good to your eyesight.Remember that vitamins A, C and E are good for eyes.Try to eat food groups t

46、hat have these vitamins.And you should do eye exercises because exercise protects your eyesight, too.If a person exercises regularly,( 定 期 地 ) and eats,the right kind of food, his eyes will stay in,good condition for a long time. All above are natural ways of eye care that help us keep healthy eyes.

47、Being happy all the time can be helpful to a persons eyesight, too.In a word, eye care is very important, no matter how old a person is. 本文主要讲述了保护眼睛的重要性，以及如何保护眼睛。,(,)61._ is the most important way to protect our,eyes. ANatural eye care BTaking medicine CSeeing the doctor DBeing happy all the time A

48、细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“Natural eye care should be put in a number one place.”可知选 A。,(,)62.All the following causes can lead to bad eyesight,except _. Aage Bheight Creading Dcomputers,B,细节理解题。由第二段第一、二句可知年龄、阅读、,操作电脑都可能引起视力的变化，而身高与视力无关，不是引 起视力变坏的原因，故选 B。,(,)63.What should you do if you have to work in front of

49、,the computer? AEat healthy foods. BClean the eyes by using cold water. CWear a pair of sunglasses. DHave a rest after working for a while. D 推理判断题。根据第二段第三句可知，在电脑前工作 一段时间后，我们应休息一会，故选 D。,(,)64.What do the underlined words “UV rays” mean?,A沙尘 B闪电 C紫外线 D超声波,C,词义猜测题。根据生活常识可知，戴太阳镜不仅可以,显得时尚，还可以防太阳照射，故可推测

50、UV rays 是“紫外线” 的意思。,(,)65.Which is the best title of the passage?,AWays of Eye Care BWays of Eye Exercises CWays of Being Happy DWays of Being Healthy A 主旨大意题。阅读全文可知，本文主要讲述保护眼睛 的方法，最后一段的首句是本文的主题句，故选 A。,(,)66.George loves,dogs very much.He regards dogs as his friends.Now he keeps two in his house.He

51、is interested in all kinds of information and news about them.,(,)67.Amy,is,a,school girl.Reading short stories is her,hobby.Every,night,A.http：/,Classical Chinese novels can be found here, such as Journey to the West, Legend of White Snake and Three Kingdoms.You can know something about Chinese his

52、tory by reading the long stories.They are good for you to read online. Bhttp：/,Do you want to search for the perfect gift,suggestions? We have many for you, from expensive gifts to special and new ones.You will,be pleased with our advice.Click our website, C 配对阅读 左栏是五个人的兴趣描述，右栏是七个网站的 简介。请将这五个人与他们感兴趣

53、的网站配对。,she would like to read one after finishing her homework.,(,)68.Judy,likes,listening,to,pop,songs.She would like to download ( 下 载 ) some to her MP4 so that she can enjoy them wherever she is.,(,)69.Henry is a,very active boy.He,likes,playing,ball,games as well as watching them.He is,now. Chtt

54、p：/www.ez- The latest and the greatest songs of all times and,today like Katy Perrys I Kissed a Girl with,EZ-Tracks can be found here.You can listen,online or download some for future listening. Dhttp：/ This website is good for those who are interested in reading stories and poems.You can experience

55、 the joy by reading such fine short,works.We hope they will excite people again,into discovering the happiness that the excellent,e-books bring.,Ehttp：/ You can get animal pictures, photos, videos,also,interested,in,searching news about,and,sports,games stars.,(,)70.Kate,likes,surfing the internet,f

56、or,ideas.Mothers,Day is coming.She,wants,to,do,something,different,to thank her mother this year.,facts, photo galleries and more in our web.It,tells you a lot about living styles of animals, the,animal structure and the food they eat.You can also read news about them here.,Fhttp：/,Watch and listen

57、to different kinds of music,videos online, such as classical music, pop,music, country music, rock and roll, etc.Get the,latest music videos, news, interviews and more.,Ghttp：/,The best sports around the world include football, basketball, golf, rugby, WWE, boxing, tennis and more.Get the latest spo

58、rts scores,professional,players,team,news,videos,schedules and fantasy games.,本题主要是关于若干网站的介绍。 66.E 题中关键信息“dogs”与 E 项中的“animals”相匹配。 67.D 题中关键信息“short stories”与 D 项中的“stories and poems”相匹配。 68.C 题中关键信息“songs, download”与 C 项中的“songs, download”相匹配。,69.G,题中关键信息“ball games, games and sports stars”,与 G 项中

59、的“football, basketball, golf, professional players” 相匹 配。,70.B,题中关 键信息 “ideas, Mothers Day” 与 B 项中的 “gift,suggestions”相匹配。,(三),2010 年广东省初中毕业生学业考试,A,Free Activities This Weekend,这是一张类似宣传单的广告，上面列举了本周末的五个免 费活动。,)56.There are _ activities that people can do,( indoors.,Atwo,Bthree,Cfour,DFive,B 细节理解题。从五个活动的标题可以得出：Craft Market 是 open-air 的；Pop Concert 也是在“Yunhai Square”。其余