大学英语写作教程1 第九单元ppt课件

1、.,Unit Nine,Sentence variety,.,Unit Objectives,Sentence variety Short compositions,.,Sentence variety,Different parts of a sentence Different types of sentences,.,Different parts of a sentence,Theme Rheme Tom broke the teapot. The teapot was broken by Tom. Last night Tom broke the teapot.,主位,述位,.,Di

2、fferent types of sentences,Simple sentence Compound sentence Complex sentence,.,Simple sentence,Lights flashed. Doors banged. Buzzers sounded madly. People rushed past, eyes straight. I stood there, amazed and frightened.,The simple sentence is useful in expressing haste, excitement, exactness or si

3、mplicity of idea.,.,Compound sentence,You leave at once. I shall call the police. Either you leave at once, or I shall call the police. This car is newer, but that one is a better buy. Jim is afraid of this plan; so am I. Suddenly there was a blinding glare, and I fell to my knees in terror.,The com

4、pound sentence is effectively used to indicate comparison or contrast, parallel action or ideas, or action-result ideas.,.,Complex sentence,Mr. Lee is a famous artist. He lives in Omaha. Mr. Lee, who lives in Omaha, is a famous artist. The book (that I mean) has a red cover. You may have it (after I

5、 have read it).,The complex sentence ties together related ideas of unequal importance. The less important ideas belong in dependent clause.,.,Using subordination, vary the structure and length of sentence. Avoid the exclusive use of simple and compound sentences.,Simple sentences: Nellie Melba was

6、born in Australia. She studies singing on the continent. She eventually became famous there as a concert and operatic singer. Complex sentence: Born in Australia, Nellie Melba studies singing on the continent, where s She eventually became famous as a concert and operatic singer.,.,Securing Variety

7、within the Sentence,1. Do not express every idea like this: subject, verb, complement. For emphasis or clarity, shift a sentence part out of its natural order. e.g. Every cup with the handle missing, I threw away. Down the street came the marchers.,object before verb,subject after verb,.,2. Vary sen

8、tence beginnings.,1) Begin a sentence with there when it seems natural to do so. e.g. There is nothing more to be said. 2) Begin with an adj. out of its natural order or begin with an adverb. e.g. Old and feeble, the dog could scarcely walk. Hurriedly Janet stuffed clothes into a suitcase. 3) Begin

9、with a prepositional phrase. e.g. In the distance I could hear the rumble of thunder.,.,4) Begin with a verbal phrase. e.g. To emphasize his remark, he pounder on the desk. Having received an unexpected holiday, we were delighted. By leaving now, we should reach the park before noon. 5) Begin with a

10、 dependent clause. e.g. What I could not use I stored in my locker. While Lee stood amazed, Alfred marched off down the street.,.,FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY,2,.,THINK IT OVER,Do you ever wonder “how to begin” a theme or essay? Is a theme harder to write than a paragraph? Actually, a theme is an essay a

11、 composition in which the writers one chief aim is to tell how he feels or thinks about a certain subject. As he gives his impressions, moods, likes, dislikes, and viewpoints, he reveals himself to the reader. He is interested in primarily in expressing his opinions. His readers may or may not agree

12、 with him; he does not really care, for his is not, as a rule, trying to influence them.,.,Theme can cover any kind of idea and can take many forms. The subject can be anything, important or insignificant; you might write a theme about outer space or upon a stomach-ache! A theme is no more difficult

13、 to write than is a paragraph; it is simply longer. In a theme, indeed, you have more room to develop a topic than in a paragraph more “leeway” to express yourself. Nor does a theme require special guides beyond those that pertain to a paragraph. The most important single consideration in theme writ

14、ing, as in paragraph writing, is unity.,.,Consider a theme as an expansion of a paragraph that begins with a topic sentence and ends with a clincher. Paragraphs bear the same relationship in a theme that sentences do in a paragraph. You should have no trouble developing a theme if you remember that

15、fact. topic sentence = opening paragraph; related sentences = middle paragraph(s); clincher sentence = final paragraph.,.,ESSAY PARAGRAPH,_. _, _ _. _ _, _ _. _ _. _ _. _. _, _ _.,_ _. _ _. _ _. _, _ _, _ _. _ _ _. _. _ _ _. _ _. _ _. _ _, _ _.,TOPIC SENTENCE,M I D D L E P A R A G R A P H S,RELATED

16、or SUPPORTING SENTENCES,CLINCHER SENTENCE,FINAL PARAGRAPH,OPENING PARAGRAPH,.,The Positive Meanings of Love,Wed like to share some of the positive meanings love has for us. Love means that I know the person I love. Love means that I care about the welfare of the person I love. Love means having resp

17、ect for the dignity of the person I love. Love means having a responsibility toward the person I love. Love means making a commitment to the person I love. Love means trusting the person I love. Love can tolerate imperfection. Love is open. Love is selfish. Love involves seeing the potential within

18、the person we love. In short, mature love is union under the condition of preserving ones individuality. In love, two beings become one and yet remain two.,.,The Positive Meanings of Love,Wed like to share some of the positive meanings love has for us. Love means that I know the person I love. Im aw

19、are of the many sides of the other person not just the beautiful side but also the limitations, inconsistencies and faults. I have an awareness of the others feelings and thoughts, and I experience something of the core of that person. I can penetrate social masks and roles and see the other person

20、on a deeper level.,写作教程2-1.mp32-10.mp3s,.,Love means that I care about the welfare of the person I love. To the extent that it is genuine, my caring is not possessive, nor does it hold the other person back. On the contrary, my caring frees both of us. If I care about you, Im concerned about your gr

21、owth, and I hope you will become all that you can become. Consequently, I dont put up obstacles to what you do that enhances you as a person, even though it may result in my discomfort at times.,s2-1.mp3,.,Love means having respect for the dignity of the person I love. If I love you, I can see you a

22、s a separate person, with your own values and thoughts and feelings, and I do not insist that you surrender your identity to match an image of what I expect you to be for me. I can allow and encourage you to stand alone and to be who you are, and I avoid treating you as an object or using you primar

23、ily to satisfy my own needs.,s2-2.mp3,.,Love means having a responsibility toward the person I love. If I love you, I respond to most of your major needs as a person. This responsibility does not include my doing for you what you are capable of doing for yourself; nor does it mean that I run your li

24、fe for you. It does mean acknowledging that what I am and what I do affects you, so that I am directly involved in your happiness and your suffering. A lover does have the capacity to hurt or ignore the loved one, and in this sense we see that love involves an acceptance of some responsibility for t

25、he impact my way of being has on you.,2-3.mp3s,.,Love means making a commitment to the person I love. This commitment does not mean surrendering our total selves to each other; nor does it imply that the relationship is necessarily permanent. It does involve a willingness to stay with each other in

26、times of pain, struggle, and despair, as well as in times of calm and enjoyment.,2-5.mp3s,.,Love means trusting the person I love. If I love you, I trust that you will accept my caring and my love and that you wont deliberately hurt me. I trust that you will find me attractive, and that you wont aba

27、ndon me; I trust the mutual nature of our love. If we trust each other, we are willing to be open to each other and reveal our true selves.,2-5.mp3s,.,Love can tolerate imperfection. In a love relationship there are times when I am bored, times when I may feel like giving up, times of real strain, a

28、nd times I feel I cant move forward. Authentic love does not imply enduring happiness. I can stay during rough times, however, because I can remember what we had together in the past, and I can picture what we will have together in our future if we care enough to face our problems and work them thro

29、ugh. We agree with the idea that love is a spirit that changes life. Love is a way of life that is creative and that transforms. However, love is not reserved for a perfect world. Love is meant for our imperfect world where things go wrong. Love is meant to be a spirit that works in painful situatio

30、ns. Love is meant to bring meaning into life where nonsense appears to rule. In other words, love comes into an imperfect world to make it possible to live.,s2-6.mp3,.,Love is open. If I love you, I encourage you to reach out and develop other relationships. Although our love for each other and our

31、commitment to each other might prohibit certain actions on our parts, we are not totally and exclusively married to each other. It is a false love that cements one person to another in such a way that he or she is not given room to grow.,2-7.mp3s,.,Love is selfish. I can only love you if I genuinely

32、 love, value, appreciate, and respect myself. If I am empty, then all I can give you is my emptiness. If I feel that Im complete and worthwhile in myself, then Im able to give to you out of my fullness. One of the best ways for me to give you love is by fully enjoying myself with you.,s2-8.mp3,.,Lov

33、e involves seeing the potential within the person we love. In my love for another, I view her or him as the person she or he can become, while still accepting who and what the person is now. By taking people as they are, we make them worse, but by treating them as if they already were what they ough

34、t to be, we help make them better.,s2-9.mp3,.,To sum it up, mature love is union under the condition of preserving ones individuality. In love, two beings become one and yet remain two.,2-10.mp3s,.,ARGUMENTATION PARAGRAPH AND ESSAY ANALYSIS,2幻灯片 2,.,ARGUMENTATION WRITING,The purpose of argumentation

35、 is to convince, so that the point in the argumentative paragraph or essay must be clear. The writer may try to make the reader agree his or her point of view or persuade the reader to change his mind or behavior. Additionally, the writers idea must be arguable. It cannot be a fact, for example, Bei

36、jing is the capital of China or personal preference, for example, Michael Jordan is my favorite basketball player. Otherwise, the argument will be meaningless. The other necessary elements in an argumentative essay are sufficient evidence and good logic.,.,Exploring the Main Traits on the Models,How

37、 can you write an argumentation paragraph and essay? What are the main elements in them? You can first read the following model paragraphs: one is about punctuality; the other is about womens college education. After reading the two paragraphs and answering the analysis questions, you can find some

38、similarities between them:,.,Model 1: An Argumentation Paragraph,(1) When you are waiting in front of a theatre or at the train terminal, you will realize how important punctuality is. (2) Punctuality is really a virtue, especially in a modern city. (3) If everybody was punctual, there would be less

39、 suffering and sorrow. (4) Punctuality is the main constituent of good character. (5) A person who is on time for his appointment shows his real consideration for others. (6) On the other hand, a person who is always late shows his selfishness and thoughtlessness and he is not the person that is wor

40、thy to be friends with. (7) To be or not to be punctual is a habit. (8) So when we are young, we should try to be punctual every time and never be late for it is much more easily acquired in youth than when we are older.,.,Analysis Questions,1. About the content: a. What is the writers point of view

41、 about punctuality? b. How many good points of punctuality does the writer mention in the paragraph? What are they? c. What is the writers suggestion about punctuality?,People should try to be punctual.,Two. One is less to be suffering and sorrow and the other is to show ones consideration for other

42、s.,When we are young, we should try to be punctual every time and never be late for it is much more easily acquired in youth than we are old.,.,2. About the structure: a. Is there a topic sentence in the paragraph? Which is it? b. How many supporting sentences are there? What is the method used to o

43、rganize the supporting details? c. Is there a concluding sentence? If so, which sentence is it?,Yes, the second sentence.,There are five supporting sentences, from (3) to (7). The writer used comparison and contrast to show the evidence.,Yes, the last sentence is the concluding sentence.,.,3. About

44、the function of the sentence(s): a. What do you know from the first two sentences? What is the logic of the argumentation? b. What do you know from the supporting sentences? c. What does the last sentence tell us?,The 1st sentence is a specific example concerning the topic and the 2nd sentence is a

45、general statement of the writers point of view. So the logic is inductive reasoning - from example to statement.,The supporting sentences show the evidences of the point.,The writer concludes its argumentation by giving a suggestion in the last sentence.,.,4. About the language: What are the feature

46、s of the expressions used in the paragraph?,There are no expressions of subjectivity like “ I think”, “in my opinion”, expressions of ideas are certain and clearly stated.,.,Model 2: Another Argumentation Paragraph,The other Side of City Life In the eyes of many people, city life is attractive with

47、all its advantages and convenience, yet they dont know the other side of the picture. First, with the expansion of the city, housing has become a serious problem for city people. Then there is the problem of pollution: harmful gases from vehicles and poisonous water from factories pollute our surrou

48、ndings; noise continually disturbs your peace and rest and drives you mad. Thirdly, modern city life puts a high pressure upon people: you have to hurry to and from work; you have to dodge in the street so as to avoid bumping into the flood of people, bicycles, cars, buses ; all day long you are und

49、er great stress. Fourthly, big cities also cause some social problems, of which high crime rate is the most serious one. People are justifiably in fear of becoming victims of burglary, robbery, murder and other crimes at any time. The city should find some way or other to cope with all these problem

50、s.,.,Analysis Questions,1. About the content: a. What is the writer s point of view about city life? b. How many reasons are given by the writer to support the idea? What are they? c. What is the writers conclusion?,The writer asks to see the other side of the city life.,There are mainly four reason

51、s to support the idea: problem of housing; problem of pollution; problem of crowdedness; and problem of crimes.,The writer suggests that people find some way to cope with the problems.,.,2. About the structure: a. Is there a topic sentence in the paragraph? Which is it? b. How many supporting senten

52、ces are there? What is the method used to organize the supporting details? c. Is there a concluding sentence? If so, which sentence is it?,Yes, there is. The first sentence is the topic sentence.,All the sentences are supporting sentences except the first one and the last one.,Yes, there is. The las

53、t sentence is the concluding sentence.,.,3. About the function of the sentence (s): a. What can you know from the first sentence? What is the logic of argumentation? b. What do you know from the supporting sentences? c. What does the last sentence tell us?,The 1st sentence tells the writers point of

54、 view - his opinion about city life. The logic is deductive reasoning - from statement to example.,The supporting sentences show the evidences of the point.,The writer concludes its argumentation by giving a suggestion in the last sentence.,.,4. About the language: What are the features of the expre

55、ssions used in the paragraph?,There are no expressions of subjectivity like “I think”, “in my opinion”, expressions of ideas are certain and clearly stated. The writer used such words as “first, then, thirdly and fourthly to state his point of view.,.,Findings on an Argumentation Paragraph,1. The ma

56、in features of an argumentation paragraph include: a. one clear point of view, usually in the beginning or the second sentence. b. a good logic - either inductive or deductive reasoning. c. good use of other writing modes and methods to organize the supporting facts, examples and other evidences, fo

57、r example, comparison and contrast, classification, and so on. d. a restatement of the point of view or giving suggestion at the end of the paragraph.,.,2. The language features are as follows: a. The expressions in an argumentative paragraph should try to be objective, that is, try to avoid such ex

58、pressions like I think, or in my opinion. b. The overuse of the expressions of uncertainty like perhaps, maybe, sometimes, etc, will weaken the force of argument.,.,We can find the similar characters in argumentation essays as well: providing clear point of view; developing the argument with a good logic - either inductive or deductive reasoning; making good use of other writing modes and methods to organize the supporting facts and restating the point of view or giving suggestion at the end. Ple