宜立特大学英语1 Unit1-2 Text A

1、1. In what way can music influence our life?,1. Music can relax our body; 2. Music can open our mind, and also be beneficial to our heart ; 3. Music can help us fall asleep, enhance our memory and attention; 4. Music can soothe the babys breathing and heartbeat, calm down a crying baby, and promote

2、the development of thinking ability of the babys brain , thus making him or her more intelligent.,2. Do you agree with the idea that listening to classical music can help promote the development of intelligence in children?,It is one of those ideas that sound plausible. Mozart was undoubtedly a geni

3、us himself, his music is complex, and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, a little of that intelligence might rub off on us.,The text is made up of three parts. Try to give each part a heading. The first has been given.,7-12,13,A scientific explanation for the so-called Mozart effect

4、based on various studies: brain arousal.,Conclusion: a partial refutation of the Mozart effect.,Does Listening to Mozart Really Boost Your Brainpower?,(1) You have probably heard of the “Mozart effect”. Its the idea that if children or even babies listen to music composed by Mozart they will become

5、more intelligent. A quick Internet search reveals plenty of products to assist you in the task. Whatever your age there are CDs and books to help you to harness the power of Mozarts music, but when it comes to scientific evidence that it can make you more clever, the picture is more mixed.,By Claudi

6、a Hammond,(2) The phrase “Mozart effect” was coined in 1991, but it was a study described two years later in the journal Nature that sparked real media and public interest about the idea that listening to classical music somehow improves the brain. It is one of those ideas that sound plausible. Moza

7、rt was undoubtedly a genius himself, his music is complex, and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, a little of that intelligence might rub off on us.,(3) The idea took off, with thousands of parents playing Mozart to their children, and in 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state o

8、f Georgia in the U.S., even asked for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. Its not just babies and children who were deliberately exposed to Mozarts melodies. When Sergio Della Sala, the psychologist and author of the book Mind M

9、yths, visited a mozzarella farm in Italy, the farmer proudly explained that the buffalos were played Mozart three times a day to help them to produce better milk.,(4) Ill leave the debate on the impact on milk yield to farmers, but what about the evidence that listening to Mozart makes people more i

10、ntelligent? Exactly what was it was that the authors of the initial study discovered that took public imagination by storm?,(5) When you look back at the original paper, the first surprise is that the authors from the University of California, Irvine are modest in their claims and dont even use the

11、“Mozart effect” phrase in the paper. The second surprise is that it wasnt conducted on children at all: it was in fact conducted with those stalwarts of psychological studiesyoung adult students. Only 36 students take part. On three occasions they were given a series of mental tasks to complete, and

12、 before each task, they listened either to ten minutes of silence, ten minutes of a tape of relaxation instructions, or ten minutes of Mozarts Sonata for Two Pianos in D major (K. 448).,(6) The students who listened to Mozart did better at tasks where they had to create shapes in their minds. For a

13、short time the students were better at spatial tasks where they had to look at folded up pieces of paper with cuts in them and to predict how they would appear when unfolded. But unfortunately, as the authors make clear at the time, this effect lasts for about fifteen minutes. So its hardly going to

14、 bring you a lifetime of enhanced intelligence.,(7) Nevertheless, people began to theorize about why it was that Mozarts music in particular could have this effect. Did the complexity of music cause patterns of cortical firing in the brain similar to those associated with solving spatial puzzles? (8

15、) More research followed, and a meta-analysis of sixteen different studies confirmed that listening to music does lead to a temporary improvement in the ability to manipulate shapes mentally, but the benefits are short-lived and it doesnt make us more intelligent.,(9) Then it began to emerge that pe

16、rhaps Mozart wasnt so special after all. In 2010 a larger meta-analysis of a greater number of studies again found a positive effect, but that other kinds of music worked just as well. One study found that listening to Schubert was just as good, and so was hearing a passage read out aloud from a Ste

17、phen King novel. But only if you enjoyed it. So, perhaps enjoyment and engagement are key, rather than the exact notes you hear.,(10) Although we tend to associate the Mozart effect with babies and small children, most of these studies were conducted on adults, whose brains are of course at a very d

18、ifferent stage of development. But in 2006 a large study was conducted in Britain involving eight thousand children. They listened either to ten minutes of Mozarts String Quintet in D Major, a discussion about the experiment, to a sequence of three pop songs: Blurs “Country House”, “Return of the Ma

19、ck” by Mark Morrison and PJ by some means 以某种方式；通过某种途径,Somehow, I dont feel we can trust him.,不知道为什么，我觉得我们不能信任他。,我们得设法到格拉斯哥去。,2. for a reason that you do not know or understand 由于未知的原因,undoubtedly ad.,The next few days will be undoubtedly crucial.,used for saying that something is certainly true or

20、is accepted by everyone 无疑；必定,接下来的几天无疑是至关重要的。,Mozart was undoubtedly a genius himself, his music is complex, and there is a hope that if we listen to enough of it, a little of that intelligence might rub off on us.,2. Why does the Mozart effect seem plausible?,Mozart was a genius in music. Its becau

21、se he is so clever that he could compose such wonderful music. plausible, 似合理的,(2) “莫扎特效应”这一术语创造于1991年，但真正激起媒体和公众对这一话题兴趣的是两年后自然杂志中的一个相关研究。该研究认为，听古典音乐会从某种程度上提高智商。这一观点听起来似乎有些道理。莫扎特本人无疑是一个天才，他的音乐变化多端，因此如果听他的音乐听得足够多的话，在智力方面受到一点小的影响倒是不无可能。,budget n.,A new car will not be part of our budget this year.,the

22、 money that is available to a person or an organization and a plan of how it will be spent over a period of time 预算,买一辆新车不在我们今年的预算之内。,Yes, some people believe in it. Thousands of parents play Mozart to their children. In 1998 Zell Miller, the Governor of the state of Georgia in the U.S., even asked

23、for money to be set aside in the state budget so that every newborn baby could be sent a CD of classical music. Besides, an Italian mozzarella farmer believed that buffalos would produce better milk through listening to Mozart.,3. Do people believe in the Mozart effect? Why?,Think about the CDs your

24、 parents bought for you, and also any examples of its magic effect.,(3)这个观点很快传播开来，成千上万的父母给他们的孩子放莫扎特的音乐听。1998年，美国佐治亚州州长泽尔米勒甚至请求设置专门的财政预算来为每一位新生儿发放一份古典音乐CD。刻意去听莫扎特音乐的不止是婴儿和孩子。心智的迷思一书的作者，心理学家瑟吉欧戴拉萨拉曾经参观过一个意大利农场，农场主骄傲地解释说他们每天三次给水牛们播放莫扎特的音乐，以便帮助它们产出更好的牛奶。,impact n.,Tougher environmental laws could have n

25、egative impacts on economic growth.,1. an effect (usually powerful) or influence影响；效果,Well test the tremendous impact of the shot.,我们将对子弹的巨大冲击力进行测试。,更苛刻的环境法律会给经济增长造成负面印象。,2. the act of one object hitting another; the force with which this happens 撞击（力）；冲击（力）,initial a.,The two countries have taken t

26、he initial step toward reconciliation.,of or at the beginning 开始的；最初的,两国已经迈出了走向和解的第一步。,imagination n.,His story is beyond the reach of my imagination.,the ability to create pictures in ones mind 想象力,他的故事超出了我的想象。,(4)暂且不论农场主所说的音乐和牛奶产量的理论，但是到底有什么证据能够证明听莫扎特的音乐可以使人变得更加聪明呢？最初做这个研究的作者究竟发现了什么，引得了公众后来如此的想象？,

27、occasion n.,Her dress was too showy for such a formal occasion.,a particular time when sth. happens（事情发生的）时刻，时候，场合,在如此正式的场合，她的服装过分华丽了。,relaxation n.,ways of resting and enjoying yourself; time spent resting and enjoying yourself 消遣；松弛；放松,Some people take up yoga to aid relaxation.,有些人通过练瑜伽来帮助放松。,The

28、 first surprise is that the authors of the original study from the University of California, Irvine are modest in their claims and dont even use the “Mozart effect” phrase in the paper. The second surprise is that the experiment wasnt conducted on children at all: it was in fact conducted on young a

29、dult students. (Thirdly, the authors made clear at the time, this effect lasted for a short period of time.),4.What are the differences between the original study and the public understanding of the so-called Mozart effect?,The definiton of Mozart effect: 1. on children; 2. more clever. Was the orig

30、inal study well conducted?,(5)当你回头审视原来的那篇论文时，第一个让你吃惊的事实就是美国加州大学埃尔文分校的这几位作者在陈述自己的观点时持谨慎的态度，甚至在论文中他们并没有使用”莫扎特效应”这一提法。第二个令你吃惊的事实是，这个实验根本不是在儿童身上做的，而是在一些成年学生身上做的这些人是心理研究最常使用的被试者。只有36个学生参加了这个实验。在3种情况下，他们被要求完成一系列的智力任务。在每项任务之前，他们或者是听一段10分钟的留白，或者是听一段10分钟的放松引导录音，或者是听10分钟的莫扎特D大调双钢琴奏鸣曲（K. 448号作品）。,enhance vt.,i

31、ncrease (the good qualities of sb./sth.); make (sb./sth.) look better 增强（某人/某事物的优点）；使（某人/某事物）看起来更好；提高；美化,Humor can enhance physical as well as mental well-being.,幽默感能够增强身心健康。,(6)听了莫扎特音乐的学生更好地完成了那些需要空间想象力的任务。在短时间内，这些学生们更好地完成了对一个被剪过且折叠起来的纸张展开之后的形状进行预测的任务。但不幸的是，正如作者当时就指明的，这种效果仅仅持续了15分钟左右。因此，想藉此获得终身的智力提

32、高几乎是不可能的。,nevertheless ad.,in spite of sth. that you have just mentioned虽然如此；然而,The old system had its flaws, but nevertheless it was preferable to the new one.,旧系统虽然有缺点，但是它仍然比新系统要好一些。,confirm vt.,provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (a report, an opinion, etc.); establish the truth of 证

33、实；证明；确认,I wrote a memorandum to confirm our verbal agreement.,我写了份备忘录以确认我们的口头协议。,temporary a.,lasting or intended to last only for a short time; not permanent 暂时的；临时的,He found temporary lodging in Paris.,他在巴黎找到了一个临时住所。,(7)然而，人们开始就为什么是莫扎特的音乐尤其具有这种效果进行理论研究。复杂的旋律是否能够使大脑皮质产生与解决空间难题相关的类似的效应呢？ (8)越来越多的研究接

34、踵而至，一项关于此话题的16个不同研究的荟萃分析证实，听音乐确实能够使空间想象力获得暂时性的提高，但是这种效果持续时间不长，也不能使我们变得更加聪明。,emerge vi.,1. (of facts, ideas, etc.) become known（指事实、意见等）暴露，被知悉,Later it emerged that the company had employed illegal immigrants.,后来，人们发现该公司雇佣了非法移民。,The rabbit will not emerge from its hole while you are there.,你在那儿，兔子是不会

35、出洞的。,2. appear or come out from somewhere 出现；露出,engagement n.,being involved with sb./sth. in an attempt to understand them/it 专注,To his delight, his engagement in online learning has brought him great benefits.,使他感到高兴的是，他专注于在线学习一事令他收获颇丰。,note n.,1. a single sound of a particular length and pitch (h

36、ow high or low a sound is), made by the voice or a musical instrument; the written or printed sign for a musical note（乐器、嗓子等发出的）单音，鸣声，音调，调；音符,My brother cant sing a note.,我的兄弟一点也不会唱。,I made a note of her new address and phone number.,我记下了她的新地址和电话号码。,2. a short piece of writing to help you remember s

37、th. 笔记,One study found that listening to Schubert was just as good, and so was hearing a passage read out aloud from a Stephen King novel. Another study also showed that children who listened to pop music did even better in predicting paper shapes than those who listened to Mozart.,5.Which study pro

38、ves that Mozart isnt so special in inspiring human beings intelligence?,1. Can we listen to any other musician? 2. Can we listen to other type of music or simply some recordings if we want to perform well?,(9)接着，又有观点猜测可能莫扎特的音乐并无特殊之处。2010年，一项针对多项相关研究的更大型的荟萃分析再次肯定了某种正面效应的存在，但是该研究发现，其它类型的音乐同样能够起作用。一项研究

39、表明，听舒伯特的音乐效果也不错，甚至听一段大声朗诵的斯蒂芬金的小说也一样有效果。但是，只有你乐在其中才行。因此，最关键的不是你所听到的确切的音符，而是你在听音乐的过程中的享受与投入。,conduct,vt. organize and/or do a particular activity 指挥（某事物）；控制；操纵,In order to verify the theorem, we decided to conduct an experiment.,为了验证这条定理，我们决定做一个试验。,The lawyer was dismissed from his post for unprofess

40、ional conduct.,这名律师因其行为违反职业道德而被解职。,n. the way someone behaves, especially in public, in their job, etc.（人的）行为；品行,(10)尽管我们总是倾向于把“莫扎特效应”与婴幼儿联系在一起，但大多数此类研究的实验都是在成年人身上进行的，而后者与前者处于截然不同的智力发展阶段。但是，2006年有一项大型研究是以8000名学生作为被试者的。这些学生或者是倾听10分钟的莫扎特D大调弦乐四重奏，或者是倾听一段10分钟的关于这项实验的讨论，或者是连续倾听3首流行歌曲：污迹乐队的望族之星、马克莫里森的麦克回来

41、了和PJ advantageous 有益的；有用的；有好处的,Sunshine is beneficial to plants.,阳光对植物有益。,7.In what way can music help develop human beings intelligence?,Learning to play a musical instrument can have a beneficial effect on human brains.,have a effect on: 对什么起作用 In order to improve our IQ, Can we just sit there and

42、 listen? Should we do something else?,(12)不过，音乐可以以某种方式影响你的智商。遗憾的是，那需要付出比播放CD更多的努力。学习演奏一种乐器能够给你的智力带来有利的影响。杰西卡格莱恩，西安大略大学的认知科学家说，一年的钢琴课程加上常规练习能够使智商提高三个百分点之多。,urgent a.,very important and needing to be dealt with immediately 紧急的；迫切的,A part of this urgent task was allotted to us.,这项紧急任务的一部分分给了我们。,8.What

43、is Mozarts real effect on the development of intelligence in children?,Listening to Mozart could be the start of a life-long love of classical music, which may cultivate childrens interest in playing musical instruments, which in turn helps with development of intelligence in children.,The root caus

44、e ? (根源，最本质的因素) The seemingly factor(表面因素),(13)因此，听莫扎特的音乐不会给你本人或者你的孩子带来任何坏处，它能够成为对音乐一生钟爱的起点。但是，除非你和你的家人有一些紧急的想象性折纸任务要做，仅仅听一曲奏鸣曲可能不会使你在任何方面有所进步。,plenty of,We believe in taking in plenty of fresh air and getting plenty of exercise.,a lot of 很多；大量,我们主张呼吸新鲜空气和参加足够的锻炼。,rub off (on),He was a tremendously

45、enthusiastic teacher and that rubbed off on all the children.,pass a quality or characteristic to people after spending time with them因接触（相处）而对产生影响,他是一名非常热心的教师，这感染着所有的孩子们。,set aside,No matter how busy he is, he sets a weekend aside for a small trip with his family every month.,keep or choose (money

46、or time) for some purpose 特意留出（钱或时间）,无论有多忙，他每个月都会腾出一个周末和家人一起作一次短途旅行。,take part (in),In early days only male athletes were allowed to take part in the Olympic Games.,to be involved in an activity with other people 参与,在奥林匹克运动会早期，只有男性运动员才能参加比赛。,a series of,Oxford University Press has published a new se

47、ries of readers for students of English.,a number of (things or events) that come one after the other 一系列的；一连串的,牛津出版社出版了一套新的英语学习读物。,in particular,I am interested in stories in general, and in detective stories in particular.,especially, particularly, or exactly 特别；尤其,总的来说，我对小说感兴趣，尤其是对侦探小说感兴趣。,a sequ

48、ence of,On his business trip to New York, he had to attend a sequence of meetings.,a number of (events or things) that come one after another in a particular order 一系列的,在纽约出差期间，他得参加一系列会议。,just as well,In principle any physics college graduate can do just as well.,also preferable or advisable 也；无妨,原则

49、上任何一个物理学本科毕业的学生都可以做这件事情。,make a difference,Does his absence make a difference to your work?,be of importance; have an effect 关系重大；有影响；起（重要）作用,假如没有他，你的工作会受影响吗?,do no harm,With these preconditions, pocket money will do no harm to their children.,be a good idea and will not cause any problems （做某事）并无害处

50、（反而可能带来某些好处）,有了这些前提条件，零用钱就不会对他们的孩子产生不利影响了。,Exactly what was it was that the authors of the initial study discovered that took public imagination by storm?,此句意为：最初做这个研究的作者究竟发现了什么，引得了公众后来如此的想象？,The second surprise is that it wasnt conducted on children at all: it was in fact conducted with those stalw

51、arts of psychological studiesyoung adult students.,本句意为：第二个让你吃惊的事实是，这个实验根本不是在孩子身上做的，而是在一些成年学生身上做的这些人是心理研究最常使用的被试者。,meta-analysis,元分析或荟萃分析，其概念为对以往的研究结果进行系统的定量分析。,Read the following paragraph and learn it by heart. Pay particular attention to the pronunciation and intonation.,Although we tend to assoc

52、iate the Mozart effect with babies and small children, most of these studies were conducted on adults, whose brains are of course at a very different stage of development. But in 2006 a large study was conducted in Britain involving eight thousand children. They listened either to ten minutes of Moz

53、arts String Quintet in D Major, a discussion about the experiment, or a sequence of three pop songs: Blurs “Country House”, “Return of the Mack” by Mark Morrison and PJ one becomes a genius.,one (is) be + born, become,2. 她很快发现，对于像她这样薪水不高的人而言，可选择的房子不多。 （modest）,She quickly learned there are few housing options for someone living on her modest salary.,Translate the following sentences into English, using the words or phrases given in the brackets.,someone living on . her .,learn,few housing options,modest salary,Translate the following sentences into Eng