2013中考英语一轮语法复习：名词和冠词.ppt

1、2013中考英语一轮语法复习：名词和冠词,名 词,名词是中考考查的重点。考查内容主要为： 1. 名词单、复数的变化规律及其用法； 2. 不可数名词量的表达法； 3. 名词所有格的变化及其用法； 4. 名词作主语的一致问题； 5. 常用专有名词的表示法； 6. 具体语境中名词的词义和一些常用易混淆名词的区别。,要点梳理,.名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。 名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。 专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写，人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。 如：Yao Ming姚明； China中国；Christ

2、mas圣诞节等。,. 可数名词和不可数名词 普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和 不可数名词。 1可数名词 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如：an apple; two apples。 注意：a 用于以辅音音素(指音标)开头的单数名词前； an用于以元音音素(指音标)开头的单数名词前。 如：a story, an interesting story，an apple，a red apple。,2不可数名词 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。 (1)物质名词。如： water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); c

3、hicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁)； sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。 这 类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。如： a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。 (2)抽象名词。如： news; music; time(时间); information等。 (3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。 (4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。如： fish; time; glass; orange

4、; room; noise; chicken等。但使用 时一定要区分它们表达的不同意义。,. 名词的数 1. 可数名词复数形式的规则变化：,2. 可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化 (1)元音或词尾发生变化 如：manmen; womanwomen; FrenchmanFrenchmen; toothteeth; footfeet; childchildren (2)单复数形式相同 如：sheepsheep; fishfish; ChineseChinese; Japanese Japanese; yuanyuan (3)形式为单数意思为复数 如：people，police (4)形式为复数意思为

5、单数 如：news, maths, physics, the United States等。 (5)只用复数形式 如：pants, shorts, clothes，glasses(眼镜)等。,(6)由man, woman 构成的合成名词，变复数时将名词及man, woman都变成复数。 如：man drivermen drivers; woman teacherwomen teachers 但其他合成名词，只要把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。 如：a banana treebanana trees; a shoe factoryshoe factories 3. 不可数名词的量的表示 (1)

6、表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等词修饰。 (2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词量词of不可数名词。 如：a piece of paper, a piece of news, a bag of rice, two glasses of milk, four bottles of water,.名词的所有格： 1. 有生命的名词所有格 (1)单数名词后加s。如：my brothers book (2)不以s结尾的复数名词后加s。如：the childrens football (3)以s结尾的复数名词后加。如：the boys

7、 game (4)以s结尾的专有名词后直接加。如：Dickens novels (5)某物为两个名词共有时，在第二个名词后加s。 如：Tom and Davids room. (6)表示两个名词各自拥有的东西，在两个名词后都加s。 如：Toms and Davids rooms.,2. 无生命的事物的名词所有格 (1)of名词。如：a photo of my family, the door of the classroom 注意：“of名词s/名词性物主代词” 构成双重所有格。 如：a friend of mine, a friend of Jims。 (2) 表示时间或距离的方法。如：te

8、n minutes drive十分钟车程； a months holiday一个月的假期。 (3)表称呼、职业等名词的所有格可以表示人的住所或工作场所。 所有格后面的名词一般被省去。 如：at his brothers; at the doctors; at the barkers; at Mr Reads (4)用所有格表示节日的方法： 如：Teachers Day; Childrens Day. 需要注意的是除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复 数的所有格表示。 如：Mothers Day; Fathers Day.,感悟中考,【2012湖北随州】21. The _ often eat

9、 grass on the hill. A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. sheep 【答案】D 【解析】选D。此题考查名词的可数与不可数。Chicken，horse和cow的复数形式应该加s,而sheep的单复数形式相同，同时动词eat说明应该填复数形式，由此选D。,【2012贵州贵阳】34. “What do we need for the salad?” “We need two apples and three _.” A. orange B. tomatoes C. broccoli 【答案】B 考查名词的用法。orange意为“橘子”，是可数名词；toma

10、to意为“西红柿”，是可数名词；broccoli意为“西兰花”，是不可数名词。根据句意：你们的沙拉还需要些什么？我们需要两个苹果和三个西红柿。故选B.,【2012贵州毕节】28. I have _ in learning English and Im so worried. Could you help me with it? Sure, Id love to. A. joy B. interest C. trouble D. fun 【答案】C考查名词的辨析。joy“快乐”；interest“兴趣”；trouble“困难”；fun“有趣”。根据“我很担心”以及“你可以帮助我吗”可知此处表示“

11、我英语学习有困难”，故选C。,【例4】【2012山东济南】28. Whats your favorite fruit? I like _ best. A. apples B. broccoli C. potatoes D. cabbages 28. A【解析】考查名词辨析。apple“苹果”; broccoli“花椰菜”; potato“土豆”; cabbage “卷心菜”。问句提问的是最喜欢的水果。只有apple属于水果。故选A。,【例5】【2012山东济南】47. Mum, 1 am hungry. May 1 have some_? Of course. But dont eat too

12、 much. A. bread B. noodle C. dumpling D. hamburger 47.A【解析】考查名词辨析。bread“面包”；noodle“面条”；dumpling“水饺”；hamburger“汉堡”由下文的too much（太多），修饰不可数名词，可知空格处也须用不可数名词。故选A。,【例6】(2011长沙) September 10th is _ Day. A. Teacher B. Teachers C. Mothers D. Mother 解析：本题考查用所有格表示节日的方法。9月10日为教师节，每个人的老师都不只一个故用teacher复数的所有格(Teach

13、ers)来表达。故选B。,B,领悟语法,【2012天津】32. Why didnt Sally play the violin at the concert last night? She said that her hand hurt, but that was only a(n) _. I saw her play tennis just now. A. matter B. excuse C. result D. expression 【答案】B,【2012浙江湖州】17. How many _ do we need to make fruit salad? Two should be e

14、nough. A .cabbage B. potatoes C bananas D. lemon 【答案】C,( )3. Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do? Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi. (2011宿迁) A. decision B. choice C. advice D. reason 解析：考查词义辨析。句意：除了乘出租车外，恐怕我们没有选择。choice选择。,B,( )4. There are millions of websites on the

15、Internet and there _ a lot of useful _on the websites. (2011苏州) A. are; informations B. are; information C. is; informations D. is; information 解析：考查there be结构。information意为“消息”是不可数名词，be动词应用单数，排除A、B、C。故选D。,D,( )5. Look! There are some _ on the floor. (2011长沙) A. child B. water C. boxes D. girl 解析：考查

16、可数名词与不可数名词。关键词are，判断此处应为可数名词的复数。故选C。,C,【2012浙江衢州】24. What a hot day! I am a hit thirsty, Would you like some_ ? A. noodles B. meat C. water D. bread 【答案】C,( )7. Mrs Wang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year. She said she would never forget some pleasant _ while working ther

17、e. (2011黄岗) A. experiments B. expressions C. experiences D. emotions 解析：考查名词辨析。根据句意“她说她将永远不会忘记她在那儿工作的愉快经历。” experience当经历讲可数。故选C。,C,【2012黑龙江黑河市】23. I have great_ in learning math and I am so worried. A. troubleB. interestC. fun 【答案】A,( )9. For breakfast, I usually have _ and two pieces of bread. (20

18、11杭州) A. a cup of milk half B. half a cup of milk C. a half milk cup D. half a milk cup 解析：考查half的用法。 表示“半”用“ half a/an名词 of.”。故选B。,B,( )10. The theme park is about _ ride from the museum. You should start out right now. (2011无锡) A. two hour B. two hours C. two hours D. two hours 解析：考查所有格。以s结尾的名词的所有

19、格在其后加。,C,. 单词拼写 1. My sister has a lot of (玩具) 2. There are fortyfour (班) in our school. 3. How many (月)are there in a year? 4. Please have some (茶) 5. My home is near the school, I go to school on (脚) every day.,toys,classes,months,tea,foot,. 用所给词的正确形式填空 1. I can see many (sheep) in the field throu

20、gh the window of my room. 2. The two (man) shirts both fit Mr Green, he cant choose which to buy. 3. The pair of shoes (look) nice. 4. Two hours (be) enough for us to get there. 5. The singer and dancer often (come) to our city.,sheep,men,looks,is,comes,6. Some animals, for example, elephants and ko

21、alas, live on grass and (leaf) 7. Two (policeman) are standing there. 8. I want three (glass) of (milk) 9. Would you like to drink some (orange)? 10. That book is my (sister),leaves,policemen,glasses,milk,orange,sisters,冠 词,中考对冠词的考查主要为： 1. 冠词的基本用法； 2. 不用冠词 的情况； 3. 习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。 .冠词的定义 冠词是虚词。通常放在名词之

22、前，用来说明名词所表示的 人或事物。冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两类。,要点梳理,.冠词的用法 1不定冠词a, an的用法 (1)不定冠词表泛指单数的某人或某物。 (2)不定冠词a用在以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前； 不定冠 词an用在以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如：a useful book; a desk; an old man; an actor; an “m”。 (3)第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。如：There is a book on the desk, but the book isnt mine. (4)表示人或事物的某一类。如：An elephant is bigger t

23、han a tiger. (5)用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的 意思，相当于every。如： three times a week. (6)某些固定短语与不定冠词有搭配关系。如：have a good; time; a few; a little; half an hour等。,2定冠词the的用法 (1)定冠词the, 用来特指某人或某物， 双方都知道的人或物的 名词前， 或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。如： Open the door, please. There is a kite on the wall. The kite is new. (2)表示世界上独一无二的

24、事物的名词前。如： the sun; the moon; the earth; the sky (3)用在序数词或形容词最高级前。如： March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class. (4)用在某些形容词前， 表示一类人。如： the rich; the poor; the young; the old等。,(5)用在乐器名词前。如：play the violin (6)用在表示方位的名词前。如：in the east/north/west/south (7)用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛

25、、建筑物、名胜 古迹等专有名词前。如： the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House等。 (8)用在姓氏复数前，表示一家人或一个家庭。如： the Greens; the Whites等。 (9)用于形容词或副词比较级等构成“ the.the. ”的句式中， 表示“越越”。如： The more, the better. (10)用于一些固定搭配中。如： look the same; in the end; in the afternoon等。,3不用冠词的情况 (1)有些专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用

26、冠词。 如： China; Japanese; milk; love等。 (2)名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时，不用冠词。 如：This is my ruler. (3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时， 不用冠词。 如：They are teachers. (4)称呼语前不用冠词， 表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加 冠词。 如：I dont feel well today, Mum.,(5)一日三餐、球类活动、学科名词前，球类活动。如： I have lunch at home. He ofte

27、n plays soccer after class. Science is my favorite subject. (6)在节日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。如： Teachers Day; Mothers Day; on Monday; in May; in summer等。 (7)在某些固定搭配里， 名词之前常不用冠词。如： by bus; on foot; at home; at night; go to school; from morning till night等。,感悟中考,【例1】(2011金华) My mother is _ English teacher in No. 2

28、 Middle School. A. a B. the C. an D. / 解析：本题考查不定冠词的用法。以元音音素开头的单词前要用不定冠词an，故选C。,C,【例2】(2011河北) She learned to play _ piano all by herself. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 解析： 本题考查定冠词的用法。 在乐器名词前要用定冠词the。故选C。,C,【例3】(2011嘉兴、舟山) Whos that lovely girl? You mean _ girl with long hair? Thats Kate. A. a B. an C. the

29、 D. 不填 解析：本题考查定冠词的用法。在特指的名词前用定冠词。根据句意“那长头发的女孩”，因此girl 前用the。故选C。,C,【例4】(2010丽水) Many people think that 2012 is one of _ most successful films. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 解析：本题考查定冠词的用法。形容词最高级前面要用定冠词the。故选C。,C,【例5】(2012杭州) Do you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou? Yes. Ive had _ wonderful time. A. / B. a C. th

30、e D. an 解析：本题考查固定短语与不定冠词搭配的关系。have a wonderful time玩的高兴。故选B。,B,【例6】(2012衢州) Justin Bieber is _ Canadian singer and he has lots of fans. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 解析：本题考查不定冠词与定冠词的区别。根据题意Justin Bieber是一个加拿大歌手，应用不定冠词表泛指，Canadian以辅音音素开头须用a。故选A。,A,【例7】(2011宿迁) Lily is _ active girl and she is fond of playi

31、ng _ volleyball. A. an; a B. a; the C. an；/ D. a；/ 解析： 本题考查不定冠词及不用冠词的情况。根据句意“Lily 是一个活泼的女孩”，应用表泛指的不定冠词，且active以元音开头，则选an；球类活动前不用冠词，故选C。,an,/,.单项选择 ( )1. English is _ international language. (2011芜湖) A. a B. an C/ D. the 解析：考查冠词。language 是可数名词； international是以元音音素开头的单词。 不定冠词an在这里指事物某一类。,领悟语法,B,( )2.

32、We usually go to _ school on weekdays, and sometimes go to _ cinema at weekends. (2011天津) A. 不填；the B. the; the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 解析：考查冠词。go to school 固定用法， go to a/the cinema 也是固定用法， a/the cinema 表示一类事物。,A,( )3. We will see _ even stronger China in _ near future. (2011无锡) A. a; the B. an; the C.

33、the; a D. an; a 解析：考查冠词in the near future“在不久的将来”是个固定搭配；even是以元音因素开头的词，故选B。,B,( )4. What are you going to be when you grow up, Sam? _ teacher like you. (2011台州) A. A B. An C. The D/ 解析：考查冠词。a 修饰以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词；an修饰以元音音素开头的单数可数名词。the表特指。句意为“你长大了打算干什么？”“像你一样做一位老师。”故选A。,A,( )5. Look at _ skirt. I bought

34、 it for mother on Mothers Day, isnt it nice? Oh, what _ nice present！ (2011黄石) A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a Da; 不填 解析：考查冠词。特指这条裙子用冠词the; 感叹句中只能用不定冠词不能用定冠词。,C,【2012江苏南京】3. -Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly? -Yes, I think a tree can help you a lot. A. grammar B. equation C. punctuati

35、on D. vocabulary 【答案】D,( )7. Lets have _ break; I want to make _ telephone call. (2011包头) A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the 解析：考查固定短语的构成。 have a break是固定搭配，意为“休息一下”； make a telephone call也是固定搭配，意为“打电话”。 故选A。,A,( )8. _ are planning to go on vacation. (2011乌鲁木齐) A. Blacks B. A Blacks C. The Blac

36、ks D. The Blacks 解析：考查冠词。the加姓的复数形式表示“一家人”。,D,( )9. How long does it take us to go to your hometown from here? It takes us _ hour or more to go to my hometown by _ train. (2011呼和浩特) A. an; a B. a ; an C. an；/ D. a；/ 解析：考查冠词。hour au第一个字母h不发音，所以一小时应用an hour; by 介词，当交通工具前无修饰词时，用介词by且名词前不用冠词。,C,( )10. Which of the following phonetic transcription(音标) is right for the phrase “the egg”？ (2011杭州) A. /eg/ B. /ieg/ C. /ieg/ D. /dieg/ 解析：考查定冠词。定冠词the在元音因素前发i而不发。e是元音，故选B。,B,提高题,.根据上下文或中文意思填入所缺单词 Reading book is a good (爱好) for all kinds of reasons. First, reading is funny. You can always keep