化学专业英语.ppt

1、1,Lesson2THECLASSIFICATIONOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDS无机化合物分类,2,词汇,3,4,TheClassesofCompounds1.Thousandsandtensofthousandsofcompoundsareknowntothechemisttoday.Itwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthisnumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.Fortunately,mostchemicalcompo

2、undscanbegroupedtogetherinafewclasses.Then,ifwecanproperlyclassifyacompound,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompoundfromknowledgeofthepropertiesofthatclassorgroupofcompounds.Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidsasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthege

3、neralpropertiesofthecompound.Agreatmanyofthecompoundswearetostudymaybeclassifiedasacids,bases,salts,metallicoxides,ornonmetallicoxides.Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree-acids,bases,andsalts-arebyfarthemostimportant.,5,TheClassesofCompoundsThousandsandtensofthousandsofcompoundsareknowntothe

4、chemisttoday.,化合物分类现今，化学家知道了成千上万的化合物。,thousandsandtensofthousands成千上万beknownto被所知,chem(o)化学（的）chemistry化学chemical化学的，化学药品chemosynthesis化学合成,6,Itwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthisnumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.,如果根据个别化合物来了解这么多化合物的性质，即使其中的一小部分也是不可能

5、的。,afractionof一小部分onthebasisof根据,在基础上,7,Fortunately,mostchemicalcompoundscanbegroupedtogetherinafewclasses.,幸运的是，大多数化合物能够组合在一起分成几类。,8,Then,ifwecanproperlyclassifyacompound,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompoundfromknowledgeofthepropertiesofthatclassorgroupofcompounds.,那么，如果我们能够恰当地将一个化合物

6、归类，我们立刻就能从这类化合物的性质来了解这个化合物的一般性质。,beawareof知道，意识到,9,Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidsasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompound.,become(be)familiarwith熟悉，通晓,例如，盐酸归类为酸，由于已熟悉作为不同类别的酸的性质，我们就会立即知道这一化合物的一般性质。,10,Agreatmanyofthecompoundswe

7、aretostudymaybeclassifiedasacids,bases,salts,metallicoxides,ornonmetallicoxides.Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree-acids,bases,andsalts-arebyfarthemostimportant.,我们将要研究的众多化合物可以分类为酸、碱、盐、金属氧化物或非金属氧化物。这五类化合物中的前三类酸、碱和盐是最重要的。,agreat（good）manyof很多，大量,11,2.Whenanacid,base,orsaltisdissolvedinwatert

8、heresultingsolutionisaconductoroftheelectriccurrentandistermedanelectrolyte.Ifnoconductionofcurrentoccurs,thecompoundisknownasanonelectrolyte.,12,2.Whenanacid,base,orsaltisdissolvedinwatertheresultingsolutionisaconductoroftheelectriccurrentandistermedanelectrolyte.Ifnoconductionofcurrentoccurs,theco

9、mpoundisknownasanonelectrolyte.,酸、碱或盐溶于水中得到的溶液是电流的导体，它们被定义为电解质。如果没有电流的传导发生，这种化合物被称为非电解质。,conductor导体electriccurrent电流term被称作electrolyte/nonelectrolyte电解质，非电解质,13,3.ClassificationofCommonCompoundsBylookingatthechemicalformulaswemayclassifymanycommoncompoundsinthefollowingway.1.Acids,intheconventional

10、sense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.2.ConventionalbaseshaveOHradicalswrittenlastintheformula.Thefirstpartoftheformulaisusuallyametal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.3.Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedw

11、ithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.4.Oxidesarecompoundscontainingoxygenandonlyoneotherelement.,14,ClassificationofCommonCompoundsBylookingatthechemicalformulaswemayclassifymanycommoncompoundsinthefollowingway.,普通化合物分类我们可以根据化学式按着下面的方法分类许多普通化合物。,Classn,类别ClassifyVt

12、.分类Classificationn.分类,15,1.Acids,intheconventionalsense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.,intheconventionalsense按传统的观念（常识）,1.按传统的观念，可以通过在分子式中将H写在第一位并且化合物中的其余部分通常是非金属来辨认出酸，例如，HCl,H2SO4,HClO。,16,2.Conventional

13、baseshaveOHradicalswrittenlastintheformula.Thefirstpartoftheformulaisusuallyametal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.,2.传统碱的分子式中将OH基写在最后面。分子式的第一部分通常是一种金属。例如，NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3。,17,3.Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedwithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.,3.盐的分子式由

14、写在第一位的金属和写在最后一位的非金属或原子团组成。例如，NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2。,18,4.Oxidesarecompoundscontainingoxygenandonlyoneotherelement.,4.氧化物是由氧和唯一一种其它元素组成的化合物。,19,4.Iftheelementotherthanoxygenisanonmetal,theoxideclassedasanonmetaloxideoranacidicanhydride.Thelatternamecomesaboutbecausewateraddedtononmetaloxidesunderce

15、rtainconditionsproducesacids.Likewise,ifwaterisremovedfromanacidcontainingoxygen,theacidanhydride(withoutwater)results.,20,Iftheelementotherthanoxygenisanonmetal,theoxideclassedasanonmetaloxideoranacidicanhydride.,otherthan除了，不同于anhydride酐anhydr(o)脱水，无水，酐anhydration脱水，干化anhydrous无水的anhydroglucose脱水葡

16、萄糖,如果除氧以外的元素是非金属，这种氧化物被称为非金属氧化物或酸酐。,21,Thelatternamecomesaboutbecausewateraddedtononmetaloxidesundercertainconditionsproducesacids.,酸酐的名称来源于在一定条件下将水加到非金属氧化物中能够生成酸。,comeabout产生，发生，出现,22,Likewise,ifwaterisremovedfromanacidcontainingoxygen,theacidanhydride(withoutwater)results.,同样，如果将水从含氧酸中除去，就会生成酸酐（没水

17、）。,acidcontainingoxygen含氧酸,23,5.Theotherclassofoxides,metallicoxidesorbasicanhydrides,consistofoxygencombinedwithametal.Whenwaterisaddedunderproperconditionstobasicanhydrides,basesresultandviceversa.,24,Theotherclassofoxides,metallicoxidesorbasicanhydrides,consistofoxygencombinedwithametal.,basicanh

18、ydride碱酐,另一类氧化物，金属氧化物或碱酐，由氧和一种金属组成。,25,Whenwaterisaddedunderproperconditionstobasicanhydrides,basesresultandviceversa.,在合适的条件下将水加到碱酐中就会产生碱，反之亦然。,viceversa反之亦然,26,6AcidsAllacidsintheconventionalsensecontainhydrogen,whichmaybereplacedbymetals.Thenegativeportionoftheacidmoleculeiscomposedofanonmetalora

19、radical(negativevalencegroup).Thesenegativevalencegroups(exceptoxideandhydroxide)areoftenreferredtoacidradicals.Allacidsarecovalentcompoundsinwhichtheatomsareheldtogetherbyasharingofelectrons.Whenanacidisdissolvedinwater,ionsareformedasaresultofthetransferofahydrogenion(proton)fromtheacidmoleculetot

20、hewatermolecule-forexample,27,AcidsAllacidsintheconventionalsensecontainhydrogen,whichmaybereplacedbymetals.,酸按传统意义，所有酸都含有氢，并且氢能够被金属取代。,28,Thenegativeportionoftheacidmoleculeiscomposedofanonmetaloraradical(negativevalencegroup).,酸分子中负电部分由一种非金属或原子团(负价基团)组成。,Radical根、原子团,29,Thesenegativevalencegroups(

21、exceptoxideandhydroxide)areoftenreferredtoacidradicals.,这些负价基团（除氧化物和氢氧化物外)通常被定义为酸根。,valence化合价acidradicals酸根,30,Allacidsarecovalentcompoundsinwhichtheatomsareheldtogetherbyasharingofelectrons.,所有酸都是共价化合物，在化合物中原子通过电子共享结合在一起。,covalentcompounds共价化合物,31,Whenanacidisdissolvedinwater,ionsareformedasaresul

22、tofthetransferofahydrogenion(proton)fromtheacidmoleculetothewatermolecule-forexample,当酸溶于水中，酸分子中的氢离子（质子）从酸中迁移到水分子中形成离子，例如：,32,7.Thisisacaseofcoordinatevalence,inwhichanunusedpairofelectronsfromthewatermoleculecombineswithahydrogeniontofromahydroniumion.Thehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H

23、+H2O)and,whiletheionizationofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.Suchequationsaretherebysimplifiedandeasiertobalance.,33,Thisisacaseofcoordinatevalence,inwhichanunusedpairofelectronsfromthewatermoleculecombineswithahydrogeniontoformahydronium

24、ion.,这是配位键的一个例子，在配位键中水分子中未被使用的电子对同氢离子结合形成水合氢离子。,coordinatevalence配位键combinewith与结合hydroniumion水合氢离子,34,Thehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H+H2O)and,whiletheionizationofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.Suchequationsaretherebysimp

25、lifiedandeasiertobalance.,水合氢离子是一种含水的氢离子或质子(H+H2O)，并且酸通过形成水合氢离子在水溶液中电离，在书写方程式时，我们通常写成简单的H+。因此，方程式被简化了，并且更容易配平。,hydroniumion=hydratedhydrogenion水合氢离子Hydrate与水化合；Hydrated与水化合的，含水的Ionization离子化、电离Equations方程式Thereby因此,35,8.Thechiefcharacteristicofanacidisitsabilitytofurnishhydrogenions(protons);therefo

26、re,anacidisusuallydefinedasasubstancewhichmayfurnishprotons.,36,Thechiefcharacteristicofanacidisitsabilitytofurnishhydrogenions(protons);therefore,anacidisusuallydefinedasasubstancewhichmayfurnishprotons.,furnish提供，供给bedefinedas定义为,酸的主要性质是能够提供氢离子（质子），因此，酸通常被定义为能够提供质子的物质。,37,9.PropertiesofAcids.Ingen

27、eral,aqueoussolutionsofacidsarecharacterizedbythefollowingproperties:1.Theyhaveasourtaste.Lemons,oranges,andothercitrusfruitsowetheirsourtastetothepresenceofcitricacid;thetasteofsourmilkisduetothepresenceoflacticacid.2.Theyturnbluelitmuspaperred.Litmusisadyewhichhasaredcolorinacidsolutionandabluecol

28、orinbasicsolution;paperwhichhasbeensoakedinlitmusisreferredtoaslitmuspaper.Substancesofthistype,whichenableustodeterminewhetheragivensolutionisacidorbasic,arecalledindicators.Methylorangeandphenolphthaleinareotherindicatorsfrequentlyusedbychemists.3.Theyreactwithcertainmetalstoproducehydrogen.Reacti

29、onsofthistypewerestudiedinconnectionwiththepreparationofhydrogen.4.Theyreactwithbasestoproducesaltsandwater.,38,PropertiesofAcids.Ingeneral,aqueoussolutionsofacidsarecharacterizedbythefollowingproperties:,酸的性质。通常，酸的水溶液具有下面的性质：,aqueous水的properties性质,39,1.Theyhaveasourtaste.Lemons,oranges,andothercitr

30、usfruitsowetheirsourtastetothepresenceofcitricacid;thetasteofsourmilkisduetothepresenceoflacticacid.,1.它们有酸味。柠檬、橙子和其它柑桔属水果由于含有柠檬酸而有酸味；酸牛奶的酸味是由于乳酸的存在。,40,2.Theyturnbluelitmuspaperred.Litmusisadyewhichhasaredcolorinacidsolutionandabluecolorinbasicsolution;paperwhichhasbeensoakedinlitmusisreferredtoasl

31、itmuspaper.,2.它们使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。石蕊是一种在酸溶液中显红色，在碱溶液中显蓝色的染料；已经被浸渍在石蕊中的纸称为石蕊试纸。,41,Substancesofthistype,whichenableustodeterminewhetheragivensolutionisacidorbasic,arecalledindicators.Methylorangeandphenolphthaleinareotherindicatorsfrequentlyusedbychemists.,enableto使能够Indicators指示剂Methylorange甲基橙phenolphthale

32、in酚肽,能够用来确定某一特定溶液是酸性或碱性的这类物质称为指示剂。甲基橙和酚酞是经常被化学家使用的另一些指示剂。,42,3.Theyreactwithcertainmetalstoproducehydrogen.Reactionsofthistypewerestudiedinconnectionwiththepreparationofhydrogen.4.Theyreactwithbasestoproducesaltsandwater.,3.它们和某些金属反应产生氢气。这类反应在氢气制备方面被研究。4.它们和碱反应生成盐和水。,inconnectionwith与有关，在.方面,43,10.C

33、ommonstrongacidsareH2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,andHI.Mostotheracidsaregenerallyonlypartiallyionizedandconsequentlyonlymoderatelystrongorweak.,44,CommonstrongacidsareH2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,andHI.Mostotheracidsaregenerallyonlypartiallyionizedandconsequentlyonlymoderatelystrongorweak.,普通的强酸有H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr和HI。大多

34、数其它酸通常只部分电离，因此它们只是中强酸或弱酸。,45,11.BasesAllmetallichydroxidesareclassedasconventionalbases.OfthecommonbasesonlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2andBa(OH)2areappreciablysolubleinwater.Ifthesecompoundsaredissolvedinwater,theOH-iscommontoalloftheirsolutions.,46,BasesAllmetallichydroxidesareclassedasconventionalbases.Ofthe

35、commonbasesonlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2andBa(OH)2areappreciablysolubleinwater.Ifthesecompoundsaredissolvedinwater,theOH-iscommontoalloftheirsolutions.,appreciably略微，有一点,所有的金属氢氧化物被归类为传统的碱。在普通的碱中，只有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2和Ba(OH)2略微可溶于水。如果这些化合物溶于水中，均产生OH-。,47,AnaqueoussolutionofNH3isalsoclassedasabase,sinceOH-ionsare

36、presentinthesolution.,NH3的水溶液也归类为碱，这是因为在水溶液中存在OH-。,48,12.Ineachofthesecompoundswefindacombinationofametal(orNH4)withthehydroxidegroup.Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.Latertheconceptofabasewillbeextendedtoincludesubst

37、anceswhichdonotfurnishhydroxideionsinsolution.,49,Ineachofthesecompoundswefindacombinationofametal(orNH4)withthehydroxidegroup.,我们发现这些化合物中的每一个都由一种金属（或NH4）和氢氧根组成。,50,Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.,正如酸的特征部分是氢离子，碱在水溶液

38、中的特征部分是氢氧根离子，OH-。,Justas,so正如那样,51,Latertheconceptofabasewillbeextendedtoincludesubstanceswhichfurnishhydroxideionsinsolution.,后来，碱的概念被扩展到包括在溶液中没有提供氢氧根离子的物质。,52,13.PropertiesofBases.Ingeneral,watersolutionsofmetallichydroxides(bases)exhibitthefollowingproperties.1.Bittertaste.2.Soapyorslipperyfeelin

39、g.3.Turnredlitmuspaperblue.4.Reactwithacidstoformsaltsandwater.5.Mostmetallichydroxidesareinsolubleinwater.Ofthecommonones,onlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2,andNH3aresoluble.ThecommonstrongbasesareNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,andBa(OH)2.,53,PropertiesofBases.Ingeneral,watersolutionsofmetallichydroxides(bases)exhibit

40、thefollowingproperties.,碱的性质。通常，金属氢氧化物（碱）具有下面的性质。,54,1.Bittertaste.2.Soapyorslipperyfeeling.3.Turnredlitmuspaperblue.4.Reactwithacidstoformsaltsandwater.,1.苦味。2.滑腻感。3.使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。4.同酸反应生成盐和水。,55,5.Mostmetallichydroxidesareinsolubleinwater.Ofthecommonones,onlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2,andNH3aresoluble.ThecommonstrongbasesareNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,andBa(OH)2.,5.大多数金属氢氧化物难溶于水。普通的氢氧化物中，只有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2和NH3是可溶的。普通强碱有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2和Ba(OH)2。,56,14.SaltsAnacidreactswithabasetoproduceasaltandwater.Hydrogenfromth