英国文学18世纪

1、The 18th Century The Age of Enlightenment in England 1688-1798 (18世纪 萌芽时期）,1. The background of the Enlightenment 2. The development of the Enlightenment 3. The main Enlighteners （the English Enlighteners and France Enlighteners ） 4. The main achievements of the Enlightenment 5. The influence of Enl

2、ightenment,1、Background,The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement，known as the Enlightenment，which was on the whole，an expression of struggle of bourgeoisie（资产阶级） against feudalism（封建主义）. The enlighteners fought against class inequality，stagnation，prejudice and other survival

3、s of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.,2. The development of the Enlightenment,The Enlightenment began in the 18th century of Europe，and first in England. And then it spread in Fra

4、nce， German， and Russia，besides， Holland，Belgium and other countries was also involved. France was the center of the Enlightenment，compared with the Enlightenment of other countries，the Frances was the most splendid and influential，which could be the embodiment of the Europe Enlightenment.,3. The ma

5、in Enlighteners,（the English Enlighteners and France Enlighteners ） The Representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele，the essayists，and Alexander Pope，the poet.,In their works，these writers criticized different aspects of contemporary England，discu

6、ssed social problems，and even torched upon morality and private life. The literature of the Enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the middle class readers.,Joseph Addision 约瑟夫艾迪生,Richard Steele 理查德斯梯尔,Alexander Pope 亚历山大蒲柏 (1688- 1744）,The France Enlighteners,Voltaire （伏尔泰）was the leader of th

7、e Enlightenment of France. His thoughts influenced the whole Europe deeply therefor ，it is said that the 18th century is the age of Voltaire.,Charles de Secondat 孟德斯鸠 (1689.1.18-1755.2.10),Denis Diderot 狄德罗 (1713.10.5 1784.7.30),Jean-Jacques Rousseau 让雅克卢梭 （1712-1778）,4.The main achievements of the

8、Enlightenment,a. “Separation of the executive, legislative and judicial powers”, “the spirit of the laws” b. “a constitutional monarchy”, “the law is no respecter of persons” c. The first France “Encyclopedia” d. “The prerogatives of a person”,5. The influence of Enlightenment,a. the Enlightenment t

9、hinkers criticized feudalism and its spiritual pillar the Catholic Church, and depicted the future rational kingdom blueprint b. Preparation for the France Revolution c. It influenced many other countries all around the world deeply, and lots of the masterpieces of the Enlighteners were introduced t

10、o China, Japan and other Asia countries, encouraging their national movements against the old society.,After the tempestous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development. The Revolution of 1688, which banished the last of the Stuart kings and called Wil

11、liam of Orange (husband of king James II daughter Mary) to the throne, marks the end of the long struggle for political freedom in England. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal Whigs, who were determined to safeguard popular liber

12、ty, and the conservative Tories, with tender memories of kingcraft, who would leave as much authority as possible in the royal hand.,Social Background,On the extreme of Torysim was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites(詹姆斯党), who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne, and who for fif

13、ty years filled Britain with plots and rebellion. “Great Britain”, as the nation came to be called after an Act of Union in 1707 joined Scotland to England and Wales. Britain become a world power, an empire on which the sun never set.,The world seemed different in 1785. A sense of new, transformed t

14、he daily life of the British people.,The shift in population from the country to the town.,The revolution of science.,Newspaper brought new sources for peoples daily life.,The trade and conquests that made European powers like Spain and Portugal immensely rich also brought the scourge of racism and

15、colonial exploitation.,Literary Development,1. Neo-classicism 2. sentimentalism 3. Modern novel 4. Romanticism 5. English drama,1. Neoclassicism 新古典主义,The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works, this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The neoclassicist

16、s held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer. Addison, Steele, Pope belonged to this school.,Alexander Pope (1688-1744),Addison and Steele,the two names linked together because of their life-long friendship and the

17、 partnership in literary career.,2. Sentimentalism 感伤主义,Sentimentalism indulged in emotion and sentiment. Criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They react against anything rational

18、and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason. One of the representatives was Thomas Gray of this school.,3. The beginning of modern novel,Modern English novel began in the 18th century and gave the world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne. Dan

19、iel Defoes Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.,Henry Fielding 亨利菲尔丁 （17071754）,Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福

20、1660-1731,Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特 (1667-1745),4. Characteristics of Pre-Romanticism,Romanticism has five prominent characteristics: (1). The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit. (2). Romantici

21、sm returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.,(3) It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature. (4) Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger. (5

22、) The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.,The most famous writers of this school are William Blake and Robert Burns. Pre-romanticism found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel”.,Gothic novel 哥特小说,Set in the medieval period; others

23、set them in a Catholic country. The locale was often a gloomy castle furnished with dungeons地牢, winding passages, and sliding panels; the typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel and lustful villain. made use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, sensational

24、and supernatural occurrences. The principal aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror by exploiting mystery and a variety of horrors.,William Blake 威廉布莱克 (1757-1827),Robert Burns 罗伯特彭斯 (17591796),“A Red, Red Rose” “Auld Lang Syne”,5. English drama in the 18th century,The English drama of the 1

25、8th century did not reach the same high level as its novel, but it experienced a brief flowering in the second half of this century. The greatest dramatist of this period is Richard Brinsley Sheridan, best remembered for his The School for Scandal.,Richard Brinsley Sheridan,Literary Figures,Alexande

26、r Pope Daniel Defoe Jonathan Swift Joseph Addison Henry Fielding Thomas Gray Richard Brinsley Sheridan William Blake Robert Burns,Henry Fielding 亨利 菲尔丁 （17071754）,An introduction to Fielding,the greatest novelist of the 18th century and he was the first to give the modern novel its structure and sty

27、le. He, therefore, has been regarded as “Father of the English Novel”. a versatile man : a novelist, a dramatist(26 plays), an essayist, a political pamphleteer, a learned authority on law and an able and efficient magistrate and a political economist.,Henry Fielding was born in 1707. He studied at

28、Eton College where he learned to love ancient Greek and Roman literature. After graduation from Leyden University in Holland, he Settled in London and began writing comedies, farces, and burlesques. In 1734 he married Charlotte Cradock, and after his wifes death, in 1747 Fielding married her maid, M

29、ary Daniel. The years 1749 and 1750 found Fielding hard at work in his duties as magistrate.,Fieldings life,His famous plays: The Coffee House Politician (1730)咖啡店政客 The Tragedy of Tragedies (1730)悲剧中的悲剧 Pasquin 讽刺诗(1736) The Historical Register for the Year（1732）历史记事 His Novels: Joesph Andrews(1742

30、) 约瑟夫.安德鲁 The History of Jonathan Wild the Great（1743） 大伟人乔纳森.维尔德传 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749) 弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事 Amelia(1751) 阿尔米亚,Fieldings works:,THE HISTORY OF TOM JONES, A FOUNDING,The story gives a panoramic view of 18th century English life with scores different places and a whole gal

31、lery of characters. Fielding attacked social injustice ,hypocrisy ,vice and corruption in the government and defended the rights and dignity of the poor and the unfortunate.,The Theme,小说极其广泛地描写了18世纪英国社会的图景，达到了前所未有的程度。作者批判了以金钱、门第为基础的婚姻，揭露了贵族阶级的腐朽和种种社会罪恶现象，同时也表现了下层劳动人民的淳朴和善良。,Character Analysis,Tom Jo

32、nes, is described as an upright ,frank, kind-hearted young man, who may sometimes be very rash and commit rather serious errors, particularly in his relations with women, yet who is always ready to help others and never tries to harm anyone for his own benefit.He is Fieldings imperfect and mortal he

33、ro, is the character through whom Fielding gives voice to his philosophy of Virtue.,Sophia Western,represents the young woman of the day with sufficient courage and independence to defy the bad world . Her character and behavior were rather advanced in her time , when the compulsory marriage was uni

34、versally prevailing.,Character Analysis,M r. Allworthy, a wealthy and generous squire，as his name implies, is also an allegorical figure of sorts. Allworthy, as Fieldings moral yardstick and as the novels ultimate dispenser of justice and mercy, almost takes on the role of a god, although he is stil

35、l mortal enough to make incorrect judgments.,Character Analysis,Blifil ，pretends to be extremely moral and selfless , but actually he always thinks up tricks and imposes them on the other people.He is the antagonist of Tom Jones, is a foil to his uncle Allworthy. In contrast to Allworthy, whose altruism is almost excessive, Blifil not only acts vilely, but coats his evil with sugary hypocrisy.,Character Analysis,亨利菲尔丁的法国研究者狄桑说：“这部书(即指弃儿汤姆琼斯的历史)是一个庞大的有机体，在这里，人物好象皆是些器官。每一器官在它的自己的位置上扮演它的一部分角色，而在整体的总进展中完成它的任务。菲尔丁以前的小说家没有一个象这样重视严格的结构的。”俄国文艺批评家车尔尼雪夫斯基把汤姆琼斯和果戈里的死魂灵相比拟。法国小说家斯汤达称誉汤姆琼斯为小说中的伊利亚特 。而文学史家