大学英语综合教程第三册 Unit7

1、Unit 7 Making a Living,Text A Life of a Salesman Text B Bricklays Boy,Part I Objectives Part II The Author Part III Cultural Notes Part IV Text Organization Part V Language Study Part VI Writing Characteristics Part VII Activities Part VIII After-text Exercises Part IX Writing Strategy,Teaching Outl

2、ine,Students will be able to: 1.understand the main idea ( Bill Porter the salesman will never give in) and structure of the text (4 parts, 2 flashbacks); 2.appreciate the characteristics of journalistic writing; 3.grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text; 4.conduct a ser

3、ies of reading, listening, speaking, and writing activities related to the theme of the unit,Part I Objectives,Part II The Author,Tom Hallman Jr. is a senior reporter specializing in features at The Oregonian. He joined the paper in 1980 and covered the police beat for a decade, longer than any repo

4、rter since the 1950s. While covering cops, Hallman began writing feature stories -at first off the beat, then the stories of everyday people. He was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in beat reporting in 1995 and in feature writing in 1999. He has won the Ernie Pyle Award for human-interest writing, the ASN

5、E Distinguished Writing Award for nondeadline writing (twice), the feature-writing award from the Society of Professional Journalists and the Livingston Award for Young Journalists.,Life of a Salesman,Betrayed by a crippled body that leaves him in continual pain, betrayed by a changing world that no

6、 longer needs him, Bill Porter each day trudges his door-to-door sales territory, set on making his way in the world Sunday, November 19, 1995,The portrait of Bill Porter,Part III Cultural Notes Salesmanship: Sales promotion is an element of the marketing process that can close the sale of goods or

7、services to a potential customer by providing the incentive to make a positive purchasing decision. Sales promotion, advertising, and salesmanship are the major techniques used in merchandising products to the public. Salesmanship often takes the form of a face-to-face encounter between the buyer an

8、d seller; the presentation is set up to convince customers that the product on sale is essential to their satisfaction. The lack of personal feedback between buyer and seller is sometimes considered a drawback of the advertising approach. Selling by telephone, although it is significantly less effec

9、tive than personal selling, is still considered an important method of merchandising. In the 1980s, a growing promotional technique involved in-home shopping programs using cable television channels. In recent years with the help of the Internet online shopping is becoming popular.,The traveling sal

10、esman appeared late in the 19th century both in Europe and in the U.S. The early itinerant peddler carded his goods on his back or on his horse, working his way from a port city through the hinterlands. With the coming of the railroad and the assurance given to sellers by new credit-reporting system

11、s, salesmen with their sample cases moved across the land. Persuasive skill was less important in those days of unsatisfied demand, and orders were readily forthcoming. By 1900, however, with the increasing supply of manufactured goods, buyers became more discriminating in their purchases. Greater a

12、ttention was given to training the sales force and to providing buyer incentives. The growth of industrialization and urban living led to the development of merchandising as a major business endeavor. The use of sales promotion practices experienced steady growth in the 20th century.,The techniques

13、of sales promotion are used both to motivate salespersons to improve their performance and to induce consumers to purchase goods and services. Although sales promotion works most closely with advertising, it is also related to other elements of marketing: production services, packaging, price, and d

14、istribution. At the manufacturing and wholesale levels of distribution, the methods used to motivate personnel to meet specific goals usually fall into two categories- sales incentive prizes (such as merchandise, travel, or cash awards) and sales contests. Both are based upon the salesperson reachin

15、g an objective above the normal sales quota.,Consumer promotions encompass a wide variety of techniques, including sampling of goods or services, store redeemable “money-off” coupons to encourage the trial of products, special price-reduced packages, mail-in premium merchandise offers, cash or coupo

16、n refunds by mail, special product packaging, contests, and sweepstakes. During recessionary periods, when the demand for consumer expendable dollars becomes more competitive, there is greater participation in refund, coupon, and premium offers. More than half the households in the U.S. take advanta

17、ge of some sales promotion offers each year. Sales promotion, now fully recognized as a vital element in the marketing mix, has become a multibillion dollar industry. In recent years, sales promotion expenditures have exceeded monies spent on advertising and there are strong indications that this pa

18、ttern of growth will continue to maintain its economic edge.,Part IV Text Organization,cccc,Structure,Part V Language Study Words and expressions Linger: a) spend a long time doing sth. Examples: To linger long over ones meal is good to ones health. There will be no time to linger-it will soon be da

19、rk. b) stay for a long time, esp. because one does not want to leave Examples: She lingered after the concert, hoping to meet the star. Recently someone is always lingering around our neighborhood. I have given the beggar much rice, but he is still lingering about/on.,Words and expressions scar: n.

20、a mark left on the skin by a wound, burn, etc. after it has healed Examples: It is easy to recognize the little boy because he has a scar on his left arm. The witness told the police that the criminal had a scar on his forehead. vt. leave a scar on Examples: The burns were so severe that he will be

21、scarred for life. Her face was scarred by smallpox.,Words and expressions dignity: the quality of being worthy of honor or respect Examples: A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical service with compassion and respect for human dignity. Some think that cloned human beings will b

22、e deprived of freedom or dignity or personal identity. They hold on to the faith that the value of life depends on its dignity and not its success.,Words and expressions cripple: v. cause to become unable to move or walk properly Examples: Crippled people should not be discriminated. Mary was crippl

23、ed by a car accident. b) damage or harm (sb./sth.) seriously Examples: The ship was crippled by a storm. The business has been crippled by losses. n. a lame person,Words and expressions betray: show a lack of loyalty to; give or show (sb./sth.) to an enemy Examples: His wife betrays him. The traitor

24、 betrayed his country during the war. It turned out that he betrayed my plan to the opponent. Betray the pot to the roses. : reveal the secret. Derivatives: betrayal n. betrayer,Words and expressions gain on: come closer to, esp. a rival or sth. pursued Examples: Peter is gaining on the leader in th

25、e race. The Socialists are gaining on the Conservatives in the opinion polls. Usage: gain on/upon (no passive form),Words and expressions tremble: shake from cold, fear, weakness, etc. Examples: Her hands grew very cold and trembled so that she could hardly hold the flag. Madison was extremely pale

26、and trembled excessively as he began his inaugural address. For much of the day the pavements tremble from the weight of passing traffic. Usage: tremble with ；tremble for ；tremble to do 就担心害怕 Examples: I trembled to think what had happened to the nuclear reactor. 我一想到那个核反应堆所发生过的事就担心不已。,Words and exp

27、ressions kick up: remove sth by kicking Examples: A horse kicked up a dust while running. b) (cause to)rise, cause, inspire Examples: She is always kicking up a fuss. Related phrases: kick about=kick around: object, detest; treat sb roughly kick off: begin(a game, speech, etc.) kick aboutaround: put

28、 aside without being used ; throw away kick againstat sth.: oppose, rebel kick sb. out：drop out of (school, home, etc.),Words and expressions tilt: v. (cause to) move into a sloping position Examples: The pilot can tilt the helicopter forward, backward, or to either side. In the northern hemisphere,

29、 the sun climbs high in the sky and the days are long in summer, when the northern end of the earths axis is tilted toward the sun. n. Examples: The leaning Tower of Pisa is renowned for its marked tilt The amount of daylight in a day varies throughout the year, based on the tilt of Earths axis.,Wor

30、ds and expressions lean: v. (cause to) move into a sloping position; bend Examples: My father leaned the ladder against the wall. The post leans a little bit. Just lean forward for a while, please. producing little of value; containing little or no fat Examples: The U.S.A. is suffering from a lean y

31、ear. The recession and lean family budgets is troubling some Americans. It is good to eat very lean and tender meat. Nowadays some girls are so lean that they are easy to catch a cold. Last month was a lean season for good films.,Words and expressions Distinguish: lean，thin，slim and slender: leanthi

32、n, lacking fat e.g. a lean horse thinthe antonym of fat, caused by hunger or disease e.g. a thin man slim and slender referred to a good stature/figure e.g. a slimslender girl Usage: lean againston sth; lean sth. againston sth.; lean over; lean to=have the tendency/ bend,Words and expressions delive

33、ry: a) the process of birth Examples: Women who do manual work have easy deliveries. In the end, it was an easy delivery: a fine baby boy. b) the delivering of letters, goods, etc. Examples: Federal Express Corporation provide rapid delivery of packages, letters, and other shipments within the Unite

34、d States and worldwide. Most newspapers offer home delivery. Usage: take delivery (of sth.): receive on delivery: when the goods arrive; on goods arriving e.g. Can I pay it on delivery? make deliveries to: provide goods for sb,Words and expressions section: any of the parts into which sth. is divide

35、d Examples: This article consists of ten major sections. Newspapers typically have sections for local news, sports, arts and entertainment, business, and classified advertising. disorder: disturbance of the normal working of the body or mind; lack of order Examples: The house is in disorder. The who

36、le country is thrown into disorder because of the war. A good-bye to her boy friend led him to a nervous disorder. The capital is calm, but continuing disorder has been reported elsewhere. The announcement led to violent civil disorders. He is suffering from severe mental disorder.,Words and express

37、ions Word formation: disordered a.；disorderly dis-: prefix, meaning not, contrary, etc. e.g. disadvantage, disagree, disappear, disapprove, disbelieve, disclose, discomfort, discontent, discontinue, discourage, discover, dishonesty, dislike, disobey, dissatisfy , distrust, etc. Distinguish: confusio

38、n，disorder，mess confusionemphasizing cant distinguish clearly . e.g. To avoid confusion, the teams wore different colors. disordern. different from confusion in degree, interchangeable with confusion. e.g. Burglars left the premises in a state of disorder. (confusion).,Words and expressions suggesti

39、ng physical discomfort. e.g. He was hospitalized with a stomach disorder. messinf. having wide meanings. e.g. The room is in a mess. The economy of that country is in a mess. Usage: in disorder= in a mess; disorderly a.； fall into disorder; in order,Words and expressions transfer: move from one plac

40、e to another Examples: Transferring Peter from Tokyo to the Boston office was a smart idea. Commercial airports are designed to transfer passengers and freight to and from aircraft. Credits earned at junior colleges could be transferred to another institution where students could complete their fina

41、l years of college. He was transferred from Crystal Palace to Arsenal for 2.5 million. Derivatives: transferable a.; transferability n. ; transference n.; transferred a. Usage: transfer sth. / sb. (fromto),Words and expressions limitation: lack of ability Examples: Electric cars could travel only a

42、short distance before they needed recharging, due to the limitations of battery technology. Acupuncture is good for some medical conditions but it has its limitations. As a student he recognized his limitations, but did little to improve himself. Derivatives: limit n. vt.；limitless a.； limited a. e.

43、g. a limited company,Words and expressions apply for: make a formal request for Examples: Excellent students can apply to the college for scholarship. I have applied for a library card of Zhejiang Library. They applied to the government for financial help. You should apply immediately, in person or

44、by letter. The writer applied to the publishers for permission to reprint an extract. Derivatives: application: application/letter Usage: apply oneself to: devote oneself to; apply to sb. for sth.; apply.to. e.g. The scientists applied the recent discovery to practical use.,Words and expressions rep

45、resentative: a person who represents others Examples: Egypt, Israel, and the representatives of the Palestinian people will participate in negotiations on the resolution of the Palestinian problem. Representatives from more than 170 nations converged in Paris for the Earth Summit. Derivatives: repre

46、sent v. Usage: a representative of sb.sth. be representative of.,Words and expressions literature: a) the body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field; printed material used to advertise or promote a product Examples: My friend is sending me literature from two other com

47、panies that provide a similar service. There is quite a lot of literature available on the history of computers. He is searching for literature on Chinese history. Have you got any literature on the new car?,Words and expressions b) writings that are valued as works of arts, the art or occupation of

48、 a literary writer. Examples: Many readers consider the novel the most flexible type of literature. The graduate school offers masters or doctoral degree programs for advanced study in such liberal arts and science fields as history, chemistry, physics, and literature. I am interested in the classic

49、al literature of France. He devoted all his life to childrens literature and was respected by generations of children. Derivatives: literary adj.; literate a. n. ；illiterate a. n.,Words and expressions pledge: n. a solemn promise Examples: The US makes a pledge not to support Taiwan. The bridegroom

50、made a pledge to love the bride forever. vt. a) to offer or guarantee by a solemn binding promise b) to deposit as security; pawn. Examples: The husband pledge to give up smoking. The government has pledged itself to send aid to the famine victims. He has pledged his mothers ring. Usage: transfer st

51、h. / sb. (fromto),Words and expressions Distinguish: pledge, promise promise suggests predicting or giving some hope of e.g. He broke his promise and did not come to see me. This year promises to be another good one for harvests. pledge is stronger than promise in meaning. Usage: pledge sth.to sb.st

52、h； pledge sb.oneself(to sth.to do sth.)； under pledge of； sign the pledge=take the pledge； keepbreak a pledge; make/ give a pledge to do sth.,Words and expressions retail: the practice of selling goods in small quantities to the general public Examples: Wal-Mart is a company that operates a variety

53、of retail chain stores. Department stores refer to large retail stores selling many different kinds of merchandise arranged in separate departments. transit: passage through or across; a system of urban public transportation Examples: Our fleet make the transit through the Panama Canal without any d

54、ifficulty. The president wants to improve the nations highways and mass transit systems.,Words and expressions strain: v. injure (the body or the part of it) or make it weak by too much effort Examples: I must stop surfing on the Internet every day, or it will strain my eyes. Teaching has strained m

55、y voice. Carrying the box strained my wrist. n. a severe demand on mental or physical strength, resources, abilities, etc. (followed by on) Examples: Im experiencing the strain of sleepless nights. Bringing up six children is a strain on my parents resources. Science research is a strain on college

56、staff. Usage: at (full) strain: make efforts to do, try ones best; strain oneself,Words and expressions useless: not fulfilling the intended purpose Examples: Preventing the country from purchasing oil crippled its army and made its navy and air force completely useless. Overpopulation and overcropp

57、ing are turning approximately 14 million acres a year of formerly fertile land into barren and economically useless wasteland. limb: a leg or an arm; a large branch of a tree Examples: The small size and weight of dogs feet and limbs require less energy to move. No attempt should be made to move bro

58、ken limbs until medical help arrives. The flag was hanging from the limb of a big tree.,Words and expressions off balance: in an unsteady position or about to fall Examples: I was caught off balance by the sudden wind and nearly fell. The naughty boys sudden push threw me off balance. Usage: lose ba

59、lance on balance: generally speaking,Words and expressions territory: land a country controls or owns Examples: The government denies that any of its territory is under rebel control. A countrys embassy in a foreign country is considered its own territory. Usage: withinterritory; e.g. within Chinese territory outsideterritory on the phone: be talking to sb. using the phone Examples: Please wait outside for a moment; the manager is on the phone.,Words and expressions register: a) be recognized or noted