过去分词用法详解

1、.过去分词的用法一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作三、过去分词的用法：1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired.【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：(1) The cup was broken by my little siste

2、r yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态) 【注意】有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到”用 -ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人” 例如：The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.2.做定语 作定语用的过去分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及

3、物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成. 1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。 例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况. 2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功. 3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号. 例如：The meeting, attended by ov

4、er five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 4） 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam.3.作状语作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。 1） 时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。例如：Faced with diffic

5、ulties,we shouldnt withdraw for any excuse.B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting.2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。 例如： Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. Welcomed by all the studen

6、ts,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。例如： Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he did

7、nt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音. Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。 Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。例如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很

8、快.4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成，例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son.5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。 例如：He listened to the heros story,moved to tears.【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成连词+过去分词结构作状语. 例如：When given a medical examination, you should

9、keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定. After seated in the sofa,he bagan to feel comfortable. If permitted,he was sure to come with us.4.作宾语补足语：常见的带过去分词作宾补的动词有两类：1）感官动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.例如：I heard the song sung in English. He found his hometown greatly changed

10、. 2）使役动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.例如： Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发. Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完. 注意：使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况. 1） 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成. 例如： He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了) 2） 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)5.with +宾语+过去分词结构with

11、+宾语+过去分词结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.例如: (1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件) (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因) (4) She stoo

12、d in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.（表伴随）(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿. （表伴随）分词使用技巧 一、现在分词和过去分词的两大区别：1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。 2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。 二、现在分词和过去分词的逻辑主语 逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又

13、可能是句中宾语，或者是句中的表语（不要理解成句子主语）；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。 如果是动作的发出者，与分词构成主谓关系。如果是动作的承受者，与分词构成动宾关系。（1）作状语时 Seeing the teacher come in, all the students stood up. the students是seeing的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系 Heated, the metal expands. the metal是 heated的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。（2）作宾补时 I saw him reading l

14、ast night. him 是reading的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系 His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是 dyed的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。（3）作表语时 The film is moving. the film是 moving的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系 The visitors looked surprised. the visitors是surprised的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。（4）作定语时 This is an interesting boo

15、k. book是 interesting的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系 The moved children looked serious. children是 moved的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中） With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air. task是completed的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 Weather permitted,well go skiing this Sunday. Weather

16、是permitted的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系 结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语 三、确定分词的使用的具体步骤: 1、确定分词的语法成分 2、找准逻辑主语 3、判断主、被动关系 4、选定现在或过去分词一、分词选择填空练习 1. All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered2. The house was very quiet, _as it was on the si

17、de of a mountain.A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated3.This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil. A) being B) been C) to be D) having been4.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Eu

18、rope until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating5. _in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing. A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at6. You will see this product _ wherever you go. A) to be advertised B

19、) advertised C) advertise D) advertising7. _in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. A) To be judged the best B) having judged the best C) Judged the best D) Judging the best8. From the dates _ on the plates, we decided that they were made

20、 in Song Dynasty.A) marking B) having been marked C) marked D) to be marked9. _ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.A) Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing10. The editorial _ now will appear in tomorrows newspaper.A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write11. _ with th

21、e size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing12. The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand _ a stick for support.A) held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding13. _ three times in a row, t

22、he boxer decide to give up fighting. A) having defeated B) To have defeated C) having been defeated D) To have been defeated14. _neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accused of D) That he was accused of15. _ mainly for the invention of the telep

23、hone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf. A) He is remembered B) While being remembered C) To be remembered D) Though remembered16. _ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.A) If walking B) While walking C) Walking D) When o

24、ne is walking17. A cool rain was falling, _ with snow. A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D) having mixed18. _ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.A) Surrounded B) Surrounding C) having surrounded D) To be surrounded19. All the exam papers _, the teacher sent the class home.A) hav

25、ing been handed in B) having hands in C) handing in D) being handed in 20. _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.A) Founding B) It was founded C) Being founded D) Founded21. There _ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live. A) be B) was C) were D) being22. _ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty underst