试讲-英语定语从句详解

1、定语从句,The Attributive clause,定语从句,定语,在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。,定语用来对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。,前置定语,后置定语,单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。,短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。,定语从句,定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。 如：1) The man who lives n

2、ext to us is a policeman. 2) You must do everything that I do. 上面两句中的man和everything是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。,关系词/引导词,先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,先行词=关系词/引导词,This is the bike which my father bought for me.,which 代替 bike,定语从句,引导词,关系代词,关系副词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，常用的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom,

3、 whose, as,关系副词在定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有：when, where, why,引导词的作用,1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词在从句中的位置 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分,关系代词的基本用法,关系代词引导的定语从句,1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (who

4、m) you talked about. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.,关系代词引导的定语从句,3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语) (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语) 4. that指人时，相当

5、于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。 在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语) (2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语),关系代词引导的定语从句,5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I lived in a house whose roof

6、has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. =The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (4)Do you like the book whose color is yellow? =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?,that和which的区别1,1、下面情况不用that: 介词后面： This

7、is the book about which we are talking now 非限制性定语从句中： Tom studies hard and is ready to help others, which his parents expect. 当先行词本身是that时： Whats that which is flying in the sky? 先行词后有插入语时： Here is the English grammar book which, as Ive told you, will help improve your English.,that和which的区别2,2、下面情况

8、只用that不用which和whom: 先行词为much, little, none, someone, something, anything, all, the one等不定代词。 I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off the table. 先行词有序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰。 The parks are the clearest parks that you can imagine 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, just等词修饰。 Corn was

9、not the only food that was taken to Europe 先行词既有人，也有物。 They talked about things and persons that they remembered.,that和which的区别2,以who /which开头的疑问句。 Who is the person that you just talked with? 先行词在主句中作表语关系词，在从句中作表语时。 The village is no longer the one that it was 5 years ago. 在there be 句型中，指物只用that。 T

10、here are many apples that are very delicious. 先行词是the way或the reason时，that可作关系副词，也可省略。 The reason is that he is unable to operate the machine.,as和which引导的定语从句,as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/whi

11、ch we can see.,as和which引导的定语从句,2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more

12、than several times, which I dont believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.,as和which引导的定语从句,3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as

13、 I lost last week. 注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。,介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 介词的选用原则： 根据定语从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。

14、 This is the book on which I spent 8 dollars. This is the book for which I paid 8 dollars. (2) 根据先行词的习惯搭配来决定。 I remember the day on which I joined the Party. I remember the days during which I lived there,介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1) Th

15、e man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) 不可用who/that (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) 不可用in that 3. 当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用 which/that(指物), who/whom/that(指人)作从句中介词的宾语.而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。 (1) Dad is a person (whom/who/that) I can easily talk to. (2) Is this the play (which/

16、that) you were talking about just now?,介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,4. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F) 5. 先行词是the way，意为“方式，方法”时，引导定语从句的关系词用that/ in which或省略。 (1) I didnt like the way (

17、that/in which) she talked to me (2) The way (that/in which) he teaches English is interesting. 6.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词。 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which h

18、ave gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.,关系副词的基本用法,关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配),关系副词的基本用法,1. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。 (1) Shanghai is the city where

19、 I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 2. when引导定语从句表示时间。在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 注表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 3. why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 (1)

20、Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.,关系副词的基本用法,关系副词的用法注意点 (1)当先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系词that 或省略。如： This is the first time (that) the president has visited the country. (2)当point, situation, case等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，

21、where在句中作状语。如： Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?,介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 注：1）

22、介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。,介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,“关系副词”和“介词+关系代词”的互换 1、This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 2、Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 3、This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which h