《英语写作教程（第一册）》课件L9-11 para development

+ContentNarrationDescriptionExemplificationProcessCauseandeffectComparisonandcontrastDivisionandclassificationDefinitionAnalogy1.NarrationRecountingasequenceofevents(6W)Chronologicalorder(inthesequenceoftime/flashback)VerbsThemeTransitions+Expressionsusedinchronologicalrelations:Before,after,while,when,during,since,first,second,then,finally,previously,lastly,earlier,later,now,nowadays,atthesametime,tobeginwith,intheend,in2015,thenextday,twoyearsearlier…In-ClassPracticeWriteashortnarrationbasedonthetopic--TheLoveofMyMotherplacepersonobject2.Description2.DescriptionSpecificsensorydetails:sight,smell,taste,hearingtouchFocus:adominantimpressionOrderIn-ClassPractice:General:Theroomwasamess.Specific:AsIwalkedintotheroomIcouldbarelyfindacleanplacetostep.Therewereclothesalloverthefloor,alongwithpapers,booksandpossiblywhatlookedlikeanoldsandwich.Thesmellwasunbearable.3.Exemplification

ageneraltopicsentence<—specificexamples(one/more)relevant,strikingandrepresentativeWheretofindexamples?transitionUsefulexpressions:Exemplification:forexample,forinstance,foronething,letmeillustrateinoneinstance,inthisinstance,inaddition,beacaseinpoint,take..asanexample,anotherexampleof.In-ClassPractice:

I.Decidewhethertheexamplesbelowcanillustratethetopicsentence“Ihadaterribledayattheofficetoday.”

1.Ihadafightwithmyboss.

2.Iquarredwithmyhusbandlastnight.

3.Oneoftheimportantdocumentswasmissing.

4.Iforgotanappointmentwithoneofmyclientsandwasseverelyscoldedbymyboss.

5.Iwasunhappyallday.II.Usesomeexamplestosupportthetopicsentencebelow.

Topicsentence:TherearemanywaystoimproveyourEnglish.Supportingdetail1:Supportingdetail2:Supportingdetail3:Sample1:TherearemanywaystoimproveyourEnglish.

Ontheonehand,likemanyEnglishlearners,youcanlearnEnglishwellthroughsometraditionalwayssuchasattendinganEnglishclassinaclassroom,readingEnglishnewspapers,listeningtoEnglishnewsontheradioorwatchingEnglishprogramsonTV.Nowadays,ontheotherhand,somemodernmethodsmayhelpyoubeamoresuccessfulEnglishlearner.Forexample,learningEnglishviaEnglish-learningsoftwarehasbeenfoundaneffectivewaybymanylearners.Besides,millionsofEnglishlearnersbenefitalotfromonlinelearning.Astheproverbsays,“AllroadsleadtoRome.”4.Processhow

something

is

donea

series

of

stepsthetopicsentencestepschronological

ordertransitional

wordsRURALTOURISMISTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELANDVACATION1.(at)firstinitiallytobeginwith2.second,thirdthennextlaterassoonasuponmeanwhileafterthis3.finallylastlastbutnotleastTransitional

wordsFlowchartofmovinghousePackingaspreparationLoadingboxesandfurnitureintolorryDouble-checkSample2

Movinghouseisamajorupheavalinpeopleslives.Before

themencometoactuallymovethefurniture,manythingsmustbedoneinpreparation.Allthetoys,normallystrewnaroundthehouse,mustbegatheredtogetherandputintolargeboxesforeasytransportation.Allbooks

toomustbeputawayinanorderlyfashionsoasnottobedamagedintransit.Drawersandwardrobesshouldbeemptiedandtheircontentscarefullypacked.Picturesshouldbetakendownfromthewallsandwrappedwithpropercloth.Anddon’tforgettotakedownallthecurtainsandblinds.Sooneverythingispreparedandtheremovalmenarrive.Alltheboxesandfurnitureareloadedintothelorry.Atlast,aquickcheckisnecessarytomakesuretheflatisemptyandthelorryisoffonitswaytothenewflat.ORIGINOFRURALTOURISM5.

Comparison

and

Contrast

Comparisonfocuseson

similarities;Contrast

emphasizes

differences.RURALTOURISMISTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELANDVACATIONHowtostructureyourparagraph?HighSchoolandCollegeHighschoolcurriculumcampusactivitiesCollegecurriculum

campusactivitiescurriculumHighschoolCollegecampusactivitiesHighschoolCollegeRURALTOURISMISTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELANDVACATIONHowtostructureyourparagraph?SubjectApoint1point2point3SubjectBpoint1point2point3Point1subjectAsubjectBPoint2subjectAsubjectBPoint3subjectAsubjectBsubject-by-subjectpoint-by-pointUsingtransitionalwordsForcomparisonForcontrastbothLikeasthesameasalso/toosimilarlylikewiseinlikemanneratthesametimeinthesamewayhave…incommoncorrespondinglyunlikeratherwhile/whereasalthough/though/eventhoughbuthoweveryetincontrasttoonthecontraryontheotherhanddifferfrominoppositiontoRURALTOURISMFEATURESPleasewritepoint-by-pointcontrastparagraphbasedonthetopic--HighSchoolandCollege.Sample3Collegeisdifferentfromhighschool.Withentranceexamsahead,highschoolstudentshaveatightschedule:eightclassestoattendduringtheday,andoftenthereareanothertwointheevening.Extracurricularactivitiescanhardlyfindtheirwayintosuchaschedule.Ifastudenthappenstoseeaposterforasingingcontest,tohisdisappointment,itisoftenout-ofdate.Bycontrast,atcollegestudentshavefewerclasses,withanaverageofsixperday.Occasionally,theycanvisitaplaceofinterestonafreeweekday.Moreover,collegeoffersstudentsarichvarietyofactivities,rangingfromcostumpartiestolearnedlectures.Manystudentsareengagedincampusclubsandsocieties.curriculumcampusactivitiesRURALTOURISMISTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELANDVACATION6.CauseandEffect“WhyissmogsoseriousinmostcitiesinChina?”RURALTOURISMISTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELANDVACATION“Whyarepeopleaddicted

to

smart

phone

more

than

ever

before?”RURALTOURISMISTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELANDVACATION“Whatcauses

people

to

get

cancer?”Whatiscause

and

effect?ask

why

certain

things

happen

ask

what

will

happen

as

a

result

of

certain

causesWhat

may

happen

when

someone

is

depressed?Why

did

I

choose

English

as

my

major?+How

to

organize

a

cause-effect

paragraph

?effectcause3cause2cause1causeeffect3effect2effect1CausestookgoodnotesinclassreviewedbeforeexampracticedrelaxationtechniqueshadagoodsleepthenightbeforeEffectdidverywellonabigexamEffectstheincreasingriskofdiseasedeprivationpeopleofconfidenceCauseobesityFindoutthenegativeeffectsofInternetonthewaypeoplereadandwrite.ThenegativeeffectsofInternetonwaywereadandwriteareasfollows.Firstly,wehavebeendependingmoreonsearchingfromInternetratherthanconsultingnumbersofbooks,whichmayleadtotheteenagerslessaclearsystemofknowledge.Inaddition,itwillmakeiteasyforstudentstoplagiarize,especiallywhentheydon'thaveenoughinterestindoingasurveybeforewriting.What'sworst,overusingInternetmaystoppeoplefromthinkingdeeply.Thuswecan'tignoreitsnegativeeffects.7.Classification+What

isClassification

?Sortthingsintocategoriesasingle,logicalandsignificantprincipledonotoverlapIncludeallthewell-knowncategories.RURALTOURISMISTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELANDVACATIONWhatsentencepatternstouse?PatternAThereareYkinds/attributestypes/characteristicsclasses/sourcescategories/methodsparts/factorsaspects/qualitiesofX:A,BandC..TheyareA,BandC.TheareA,BandC.IhaveYofX;A,BandC.RURALTOURISMISTHEPURPOSEOFTRAVELANDVACATIONPrinciple(Accordingto)XconsistsofcanbedividedintocanbeclassifiedintofallsintoYkinds.types.classes.categories.parts.aspects.Whatsentencepatternstouse?PatternBORIGINOFRURALTOURISMPracticeinClassTurntopage181andfinishtheexercises.8.Definition

WhatisDefinition?astatementofmeaningofawordoranideaterm+class+featuresAnelephantisalargegrayanimalnativetoAsiaandAfrica.Thegenerationgapisthedifferenceinattitude,orlackofunderstandingbetweenyoungpeopleandolderpeople.Whatisfreedom?HowtoDefineaWordwithaParagraph?Makefulluseofothermethodswehavelearned.loyalty(bymeansofnarration)punctuation(bymeansofclassification)kite(bymeansofprocess)love(bymeansofexemplification)+Usefulexpression:form,aspect,property,typer,category,attribute,device,kind,condition,tomean,tosignfy,todefine…as,tobedefined...as,toclarify,indefintion,inotherwords,tobeunderstoodas,tobethoughttobeSample1:RuthGordononcesaid,“Courageisveryimportant.Likeamuscle,itisstrengthenedbyuse.”Courage,tomeisanordinarything;Itiseverywhere.Itisnotlearned,anditcannotbepracticed.Itisnotabusiveorbullyingorviolentjustforthesakeofviolence.Ddefinescourageasthe

quality

of

mind

or

spirit

that

enables

a

person

to

face

difficulty,

danger,

pain.”

Last

year

at

school,

two

boys

got

into

a

fight.

One

was

much

bigger

than

the

other

and

he

was

beating

the

smaller

boy

badly.

Suddenly

a

student

came

from

the

crowd,

boldly

slammed

into

the

bigger

boy,

knocking

him

down.

The

smaller

boy

had

time

to

get

away

from

his

enemy.

To

me,

that

is

courage,

the

instantaneous

act

of

someone

who

did

not

hesitate

to

face

difficulty.

I

believe

courageous

people

act

without

thinking;

they

simply

have

brave

hearts,

stout

spirits.

Courage

is

indeed

very

important.

Everybody

needs

some

of

it.

9.AnalogyAspecialkindofcomparisonFocusonsimilaritiesExplainsunfamiliarconceptsbylikeningituptoafamiliarone.RURALTOURISMFEATURESUsefulanalogysentences1.AistoBas(what)CistoD.e.g.:Airistouswhatwateristofish.2.(Just)asA….B,soC...D.

e.g.:Justasdarkcloudscannotlonghidethesun,sonoliescanlongcoveruptruth.3.IfAwouldbeB,thenCwouldbeD.

e.g.:Ifsocietywereatrain,theetiquettewouldbetherailsalongwhichsocietycouldrumbleforth;ifsocietywereastagecoach,theetiquettewouldbewheelsandaxisonwhichonlythecoachrollforward.GroupWorkFillintheblankswithyourpartnerandthenwriteaparagraphbyanalogyaccordingtothetable.SimilaritiesRiverHumanLifePoint1Point2Point3SimilaritiesRiverHumanLifePoint1Startnarrow,controlledbybankssmall,needingparents’carePoint2Intheprocessrushingeagerlyandswiftlypastrocksandoverwaterfallsenerg