2025北京高三一模英语汇编：阅读理解D篇

第1页/共1页2025北京高三一模英语汇编阅读理解D篇一、阅读理解（2025北京西城高三一模）Genetic(基因的)variationiswhatallowsaspeciestoadaptasclimatechanges,newdiseasesarise,andnovelenemiescomeonthescene.AslightlydifferentgeneticmakeupcanensureatleastsomeindividualswillstilldoOKintimesofcrisis.Butjustasthenumberofspeciesisdecliningworldwide,so,too,isthegeneticdiversitywithinmanyspecies.Until2022,governmentsfocusedprimarilyonpreventingspeciesfromdisappearing.Thatyear,however,whenupdatingtheUnitedNations’sConventiononBiologicalDiversitytreaty(条约),participatingcountriesagreedtostarttolookatgeneticdiversityaswell.Thefirststeptowardslowingthetrendisunderstandingit.ConservationbiologistCatherineGruéberfromtheUniversityofSydneyandmanycolleaguesgathered882paperswrittenbetween1985and2019thattrackeddiversitychangeswithin628individualspeciesbyanalyzingtheirDNAatatleasttwotimepoints.Theteamusedcomplexstatisticalanalysestomakethedatacomparable,enablingthemtoidentifytrendsandcorrelatelossofgeneticdiversitywithfloods,habitatdestruction,orotherdisturbances.Theyalsotrackedwhathappenedinthefaceofvariousconservationmeasures,suchaslegallyprotectingaspeciesorsettingasideandprotectinghabitat.Two-thirdsofthepopulationsanalyzedexhibitedadeclineindiversity,Gruéberandhercolleaguesreport.Thatincludedspeciesalreadyknowntobeatrisk,butitalsoincludedmorecommonspecies.Theimplicationisthatthosespeciesmaybelessabletobouncebackthanexpectedduringenvironmentalchange,saysAliciaMastertta-Yanes,aconservationgeneticist.Someconservationefforts,suchasecologicalrestorationorreducingpests(害虫),didn’thelpmuch,theanalysisfound.Butcertainactionsdidseemtohelp,suchaseffortstoexpandandprotecthabitat,introducenewindividualstodecliningpopulations,orconnecttwoisolatedpopulations.“Itwasprettyimpressivethattheywereabletotrackwhathumandisturbancesandconservationactionshaddone,”saysMoisésAlonso,anevolutionarygeneticistwhoauthoredapreprintlastyearindicatingthatprotectingexistinghabitatwon’tbeenoughtopreventgeneticdiversitylossesformanyspecies.“Weneededsomethinglikethis,”hesays.Conservationscientistsemphasizetheimportanceofcontinuingtomonitorpopulations.ButDNAmethodsaren’talwayspractical,somenote.“Itisrelativelyhardandexpensivetomeasuregeneticdiversitydirectly,”Mastertta-Yanessays.Togetaroundthat,Mastertta-YanesandotherspublishedapaperinEcologyLetterslastyearthatusedproxy(代替物)measures,suchaspopulationsize,toevaluategeneticdiversityin919species.Themethod,whichonlyrequiredabout3hoursofworkperspecies,indicatedthat58%ofthespecieshavepopulationsthataretoosmalltomaintaintheirgeneticdiversity.Thefactthatthesedifferentapproachesfounddecliningdiversity“makesbothresultsmoreconvincing,”Mastertta-Yanessays.“Finally,geneticdiversityisgettingtheattentionitdeserves.”1．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．ChallengesofcollectingDNAdatafordiversityresearch.B．Findingsongeneticdiversitychangesoverthepast30years.C．Researchmethodsappliedtotrackgeneticdiversitychanges.D．Impactsofhumandisturbancesondiversityofdifferentspecies.2．WhatcanbelearnedfromGrueber’sstudy?A．Habitatextensionandpopulationmanagementpreservediversity.B．Thediversityofcommonspeciestendstodeclinemoreseverely.C．At-riskspeciesbetterresisttheimpactofenvironmentalchanges.D．Ecosystemrecoveryandpestcontroldrivepopulationrise.3．Mastertta-YanesholdsthatDNAmethods________.A．willsoonbereplacedbyproxymeasuresB．lackpracticalityduetotheircostsandcomplexityC．maygetinthewayofmonitoringspeciespopulationsD．requirealargepopulationsizetoachievehighaccuracy4．Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A．Toidentifymoreeffectivemethodsappliedingeneresearch.B．ToadvocateforusingDNAmethodsexclusivelyinconservationefforts.C．Towarnpeopleofthethreatposedbyenvironmentalchangesonspecies.D．Todrawpeople’sattentiontoeffectivemeasuresagainstlossofdiversity.（2025北京东城高三一模）Yearsaftermyarthistoryclass,Iaminsufferableatmuseums.“That’sdefinitelyaMatisse,”Isay.“YoucantelIbecauseofthebrushworkandtheuseofcolour.”SometimesitisnotaMatissebutoftentimesitis.Itisunsettlingtolearn,then,thatforallofmycarefullywonartappreciation,Iamindangerofbeingsurpassedbyaninsect.Inarecentstudy,honeybees—whosebrainsarethesizeofgrassseeds—wereshownPicassosandMonetspairedsidebyside.Belowtheprintsweretwosmallcontainers,onecontainingsugarwaterandtheothernothingatall.Whichtoenter?Beescouldn’tseeorsmellwhetheragivencontainerheldthetreatuntilthey’dalreadyflowninsideit.Buttheycouldletthemasterpiecesguidethem:forsomebees,therewardwasalwaysunderthePicasso,whilefortherestitwasundertheMonet.Overthecourseofmanytrials,thebeeslearnedtoflystraightforthecorrectcontainer.Indeed,theyevenperformedslightlybetterthanchancewhenfacedwithpairsofpaintingsthey’dneverseenbefore.Thebeeshadlearnedtodiscriminate,howevermodestly,betweenthetwoartists’styles.Tobesure,humansstillhavetheedge.LastyearateamofresearchersledbyLianeGaborafoundthatartstudentswereperfectlycapableofidentifyingwhichwell-knownartistwasbehindwhichunknownpainting.Creativewritingstudentsweresimilarlyexcellentatspottinglittle-readpassagesbyHemingwayorDickens—askillIcanonlyassumenohoneybeehasyetdemonstrated.Evenmoreimpressively,though,thestudentscouldrecognizeas-yet-unseensamplesofeachother’swork,includingworkinentirelydifferentmediums.Creativewriterscouldidentifytheirfellowwriters’paintingsandsketches;paintershadaprettygoodideawho’dbroughtwhichpoemorclaypot.It’sclearwhatthebeesweredoing:pickingupandcategorizingcomplexvisualpatternsinthepairsofimages.Butrecognizingdifferencesacrossmediumsisaltogetherdifferent.Whetherwe’rewritingpoemsorbuildingsculptures,Gaboraargues,we’redoingsowiththesamemind:onethatstructuresinformationinthesameway,hasbeenshapedbythesameexperiences,andlongstoexpressthesameideas.Naturally,ourtechniquesandpreoccupationsinonedomainshould“out”usinanother.ButstillIwonder:Justwhataboutthesetechniquesandpreoccupationsdidthetrick?Theresearchersdidtheirbesttokeepsubjectmatterfromrulingthedaybyinstructing,forinstance,artistswhohappenedtobesurfersnottobringinartthatdepicted(描绘)surfing.Butwhatoflessobvioussubjectmatter—likeWesternlandscapes?Andwhatoftheobsessionsthatcomeintoourworkunawares?Acorrelationalstudylikethisonewillnotanswerthesequestions.Perhapsmybiggestquestionhastodowithpeoplewhodon’tidentifyasartists,andhaven’tsettled—oratleastwouldclaimso-onapersonalstyle.Aretheircreationsalsoareflectionoftheirworldview?Itseemslikelythat,atleasttosomeextent,badartisallalike,whileonlygoodartisgoodinitsownway.5．Whydoestheauthormentionbees?A．Topresentanexample. B．Toputforwardatheory.C．Todrawoutacomparison. D．Tohighlightaresearchfinding.6．Whydoestheauthorthinkhumansstillhavetheedge?A．Becausewecantransferourexperiences.B．Becausewecandiscriminatestyles.C．Becausewecancategorizepatterns.D．Becausewecanlearnfromtrials.7．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“out”inParagraph6probablymean?A．Assist. B．Trick. C．Beat. D．Expose.8．Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．WillBeesBeatHumans?B．HowWillYouViewaView?C．WhyGoodArtWorksWonders?D．WhatMakesHemingwayHemingway?（2025北京朝阳高三一模）Inthefieldwherephilosophyandneuroscienceoverlap,fewquestionshavefascinatedandconfusedhumanityasdeeplyastheconceptoffreewill.Atfirstglance,theideathatwehavethepowertomakechoicesthatarenotpredeterminedseemsintuitive(直觉的).However,acloserexaminationrevealsacomplexwebofphilosophicalargumentsandscientificfindingsthatchallengethisseeminglystraightforwardconcept.Fromaphilosophicalstandpoint,thedebatearoundfreewillhascontinuedintenselyforcenturies.Compatibilistsarguefreewillcancoexistwithdeterminism,aslongasouractionsarearesultofourowndesiresandmotivations.Forexample,choosingamusiccareeroutofpassionisconsideredasafreechoicewithinthisframework.Incontrast,incompatibilistsmaintainfreewillanddeterminismaremutuallyexclusive.Harddeterministsviewtheuniverseasaclosedsystemgovernedbystrictlawsofnature,whereeveryevent,includinghumanactions,ispredetermined.Inthisview,theideaoffreewillisanillusion(幻觉).Neurosciencehasadvancedmarkedlyindecodingthebrain,revealingthatmanyactionsarepreceded(先于)byneuralactivity.Studiesonthebrain’srewardsystemandneurotransmitters,particularlydopamine(多巴胺),furtherchallengethenatureoffreewill.Addictivebehaviors,forinstance,canbestronglyinfluencedbythebrain’sresponsetodopamine.Apersonstrugglingwithaddictionmayfeeltheylackthefreewilltoresistit,astheirbrainchemistryhasbeenalteredinawaythatforcesthemintoacting.Thescientificevidenceisnotconclusive,though.Somearguethattheneuralactivityobservedbeforeconsciousdecisionsmaynotbethecauseoftheactionbutratherpartofthepreparatoryprocessforadecisionthatisstillfreelymade.Additionally,thecomplexityofthehumanbrainandthefactthatmuchofitsfunctioningisstillnotfullyunderstoodleaveroomforthepossibilityoffreewill.Iffreewillisanillusion,itchallengesourfundamentalnotionsofmoralresponsibility.Wepraiseandblamepeoplefortheiractionsbecausewebelievetheycouldhaveacteddifferently.Howcanweholdindividualsaccountablefortheiractionsiftheywerenevertrulyfreetochooseotherwise?Withoutfreewill,theessentialmoralframeworkofoursocietieswouldcollapseintochaoticindifference.Freewillisonlyanillusionifyouare,too.9．Whichofthefollowingsituationsreflectsthecompatibilists’view?A．Drivenbydopamine,Timkeepscheckinghissocialmedia.B．Lucyspeaksfirstafterbeingrandomlyselectedbysoftware.C．Exposedtoasuddenblindinglight,Lilyquicklyshutshereyes.D．Jerryshiftsbetweencompaniesofsharedbikesbasedondiscounts.10．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Thealteredbrainchemistryenhancesfreewill.B．Consciousdecisionsareindependentofneuralactivities.C．Harddeterministsseefreewillvitaltomoralaccountability.D．Neuroscientists’viewsonthecausesofhumanactionsdiffer.11．Asfortheexistenceoffreewill,theauthoris________.A．neutral B．disapproving C．positive D．doubtful12．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．DoesNeuroscienceThreatenFreeWill?B．WhytheArgumentsAgainstFreeWillFailC．ExplorationintotheComplexityofFreeWillD．FreeWill:BridgingNeuroscienceandPhilosophy（2025北京石景山高三一模）Themoonstandsalone.Uniqueintheuniverse,itisalifelessandsunbakedwastelandthatharbourslittleexceptwhatwebringtoit.Butthatisabouttochange.HalfacenturyaftertheApolloprogramme,aprivatespacecraftNova-Cmadethefirsttouchdownonthemoonsuccessfully,bearingscientificinstruments,microfiche(微缩胶片)storydisks,cameras,andsculpturestostayonthemoonforever.Itssuccesswouldpromisemanymore.Thoughitmayseemlikeanexcitingoutlookforhumanity’sspaceexplorationambitions,italsosignalsafuturewherethemoonbecomesahotbedofungovernedbusinessoperationsthatwillirreversibly(不可逆地)transformit.Forthefirsttime,privatecapitalhasreachedthemoon,expandingbeyondscientificgoals.Thisallowsprivatelanders,evenwhencarryinggovernmentscienceexperiments,toincludeadditionalnon-scientificpayloads(有酬负载)forothercustomers.Itemsboundtoraisevariousobjections,suchashumancremains(骨灰)anddehydratedwaterbearsfrompastmissions,havecausedconcernsaboutbiologicalmaterialsonthemoon.There’realotmoreplannedforfuturelaunches,likelysparkingfurtherdebate.Beforethisdecadeisout,withapowerfulenoughtelescope,youmaybeabletoseeevidenceofhumanconstructionorevenhabitationonthemoon.In2023,theglobalspaceindustrywasvaluedat$469billion,expectedtoexceed$1trillionby2030,drivenbygrowingsatelliteuseinmanufacturing,power,anddata.“Wearenowatatippingpoint,whereideaspreviouslylimitedtosciencefictionrepresentattractiveinvestmentprojects,”areportread.Avoluntaryagreementhasbeenusedsince2020tofosterlunarcooperation.Itpromotesinternationalstandards,emergencyassistanceanddatasharing.However,italsoallowsforexploiting(开采)lunarresourceslikedust,water,rareearthelementsandothermaterials.ExploringthemoonhasvalueforscienceandpotentialbenefitsforEarth,buthumansoftenturnexplorationintoexploitation,andthemoonmayfacethesamefate.Themoonwon’tbealoneforlong.Butitisandwillforeverbequiet.Itplayshosttonothunderstorms,nocrashingwaves,nobirdsongsandnoanthems(国歌).Wemustbeitsvoice.Wewillsoonchangeitssurface,andourrelationshiptoit,forever.Attheveryleast,weowethemoonaconsidereddiscussionofwhyandhowwewilldoso.13．Whatistheauthor’sconcernaboutthemoon’sfuture?A．Unregulatedcommercialactivities. B．Illegalhumanconstruction.C．Limitedpayloadcarriedtothemoon. D．Alackofscientificmissions.14．The“tippingpoint”inParagraph4indicatesthechange.A．fromcooperationtocompetition B．fromsciencetotradeC．fromlunarlandingtosettlement D．fromfantasytoadventure15．Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?A．Lunarresourceexplorationholdsgreatpromise.B．Massiveinvestmentisbeneficialtolunardevelopment.C．Non-scientificactivitiescantestlunarenvironmentallimits.D．Theexistingagreementisinsufficientincontrollingover-exploitation.16．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?A．ThePromisingMoon:PlaygroundforAllB．TheMoon’sEdge:AmbitionMeetsRealityC．TheMoon’sFuture:UncovertheUnknownD．TheSilentMoon:Humanity’sResponsibility（2025北京门头沟高三一模）Formillennia,wehaveexpecteddogstoguardourpropertyandprotectourfamilyatnight.Nowtheyarealsoaskedtobefriendlyaroundstrangers,restquietlythroughthenightandkeeptheirfeetoffsofas.“It’sanevolutionarymismatch”,saysHare,ananthropologistatDukeUnıversity.Thegoodnewsisthatthisproblemissolvable.Recentstudiesindicatethatselectivebreeding(繁殖)andcarefultrainingcanhelpdogsadapttoindoorlife.A“puppykindergarten”researchwassetupbyHare’steamtoillustratetheheritabilityofbehaviouraltraitsindogsbyobservingwhatservicedogs’behaviourlookslikebeforeintensivetrainingbegins.Servicedogswereselectedasthesubjectfortheycanalwaysnaturallyadaptwelltothemismatchcomparedtootherkinds.Theycanpullwheelchairs,operatelightswitchesandinteractgentlywithchildren.Bycollectingdatafrom1,500dogownersonthebehaviouroftheirpets,whichbelongedto36breeds,Hare’steamdiscoveredthatgenetics(遗传特征)explained45percentofthevariationindogs’self-control.16percentofthevariationinreasoningaboutthephysicalworldandamere0.01percentofthevariationinshort-termmemory,whichmanifeststhatsomedesirablebehavioursareheritabletocertaindegree,andselectivebreedingfortemperamentisworthwhile.“Geneticsisimportant,butitsrelativeimportanceisdifferentfordifferentbehaviouraltraits,”saysGitanjalifromEmoryUniversity.Besides,Hare’sworkalsoillustratesselectivebreedingcan’tguaranteesomehighlydesirabletraits,suchasagoodmemory.Sotheyhavedevisedtechniquesthatownerscanusetohelptraintheirpetsandbuildbetterrelationshipswiththem.Onehabitthatisespeciallyimportantintrainingismakingeyecontact.“Thedog’sgazemaybeacausalfactorininducinggoodfeelingsintheowner”,saysKikusuiatAzabuUniversityinJapan,“andthelongeradoggazesatitsowner,thestrongerthosegoodfeelingsbecome.”Harealsofoundthatpupscouldsolvesome“impossibletasks”byappealingtohumanforhelp,andtheappealwasmadethrougheyecontact.Sohesuggestedpuppyownersfinish“impossibletasks”withtheirpetseverytwoweekstostrengthentheemotionalconnectionwiththem.“Doingsocanhelpyoulearnwhereyourdog’scognitivestrengthslie”,hesays.Andasthepuppykindergartenprojecthasmadeclear,dogtrainingaswellasselectivebreedingiscrucialtofosterthosebehaviourswewouldlikeourpetstoexhibitinourhomes.17．WhatcanwelearnfromHare’sresearch?A．Servicedogswereobservedwhileacceptingtraining.B．Geneticsmayexplaindifferencesindogs’self-controlC．Servicedogswerechosenfortheyweretrainedearlier.D．Selectivebreedingdevelopsdogs’mostdesirabletraits.18．What’stheauthor’saimofquotingGitanjali’swords?A．TorevealthatHare’sresearchissuspicious.B．Toprovethenecessityofselectivebreeding.C．Toconfirmthevalueonreformingdogs’genes.D．Tosuggestthatotherfactorsalsoneeddiscussing.19．What’sthebesttitleforthepassage?A．ServiceDogs:AcquiringDesirableTraitsthroughBreedingB．SmartDogs:AdaptingWelltoIndoorLifethroughTrainingC．ModernDogs:TrainingDesirableDogsthroughEyeContactD．GoodDogs:EvolvingthroughSelectiveBreedingandTraining（2025北京丰台高三一模）RecentfindingsfromtheDarkEnergySpectroscopicInstrument(DESI)inArizona,whichproducedthelargest3Dmapoftheuniverse,suggestthatdarkenergy—themysteriousforcedrivingtheuniverse’saccelerated(加速的)expansion—mightchangeovertime.Thischallengesthestandardmodelofcosmology(宇宙学),whichassumesasteadyacceleration.Darkenergyisthoughttomakeupnearly70%ofthecosmos,soifitsbehaviourreallyischangingastimepasses,itcouldhavesignificantimplicationsforourunderstandingoftheuniverse.SincetheDESIdatacameout,researchershavebeenworkingonwaystoexplaintheapparentchangesintheuniverse’sexpansionrate.Darkenergyisn’tdirectlyobservable,sothereareseveraloptionsthatcouldfit.OnesolutionsuggestedbyMichaelGardaattheFederalUniversityinBrazilandhiscolleaguesinvolveslettingdarkenergyinteractwithdarkmatter,aninvisibleandabundantformofmatterthatoutweighsordinarymatter.Thisinteractionisforbiddeninthestandardmodel,butifenergycouldflowfromtheuniverse’sdarkmattertoitsdarkenergy—essentiallychangingtheformertothelatter—theresearchers’simulations(模拟)showedthatthiswouldmatchtheDESImeasurements.Yet,themechanismforsuchanenergytransferisn’tclear.ThissolutionmightalsohelpresolvetheHubbletension,adifferenceinthewayswemeasuretheexpansionrateofthecosmos.Measurementsofthismadebyanalysingnearbygalaxies(knownas“local”measurements)giveanexpansionrate,orHubbleconstant,whichisslightlyhigherthantheoneobtainedfromthecosmicmicrowavebackground(CMB)—theremainingradiationfromtheearlyuniverse.CMBmeasurementsrelyonatheoreticalmodelofcosmicevolution,whichmayneedadjustmentifGarda’sproposaliscorrect.Byallowingenergytransferbetweendarkmatteranddarkenergy,theadjustedmodelcouldbringCMB-basedestimatesmorecloselyintolinewithlocalmeasurements,potentiallyresolvingthetension.Anotherproposedsolutioninvolvesdarkradiation,aninvisibleformofradiationsimilartolightbutcomposedofdarkphotons(光子).TamarAllaliatBrownUniversityandhisteamsuggestthatdarkradiationcouldexplaintheDESIdataandlessenedtheHubbletensionbyincreasingtheuniverse’sexpansionrateinitsearlystages.“Ifyouhavemoreradiation,theexpansionisfasterintheearlyuniverse,”saysAllali.Unlikeadjustmentstodarkenergy,darkradiationintroducesanewcomponentwithoutchangingexistingphysicallaws,makingitamoreconservativeapproach.AllalinotesthattheDESIdatadoesnotruleoutdarkradiationandevenshowsaslightpreferenceforit.Bothmodels—interactingdarkenergyanddarkradiation—fittheDESIdata,butneitherhasbeenconfirmed.ShawnSmithattheUniversityofEdinburgh,UK,pointsoutthatwhilemanyunconventionalmodelscouldexplaintheobservations,nonecurrentlycompetewiththestandardcosmologicalmodelfromafundamentalphysicsperspective.Nevertheless,thesemodelsserveascatalystsforprogress,ensuringthatcosmologyremainsadynamicandevolvingfield.20．Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A．Thedevelopmentofscientificmodelstostudytheuniverse.B．Thediscoveryofdarkenergyanditsimpactontheuniverse.C．TheimportanceofDESIinstudyingtheuniverse’sbehavior.D．Theattemptstoexplaintheuniverse’sunexpectedexpansion.21．Whichofthefollowingmighttheauthoragreewith?A．Garda’sproposaloutperformsAllali’sinitssimplicity.B．Recentresearchhasfoundwaysfordarkenergytransfer.C．TheDESIdatahasconfirmedtheexistenceofdarkradiation.D．ThetwomodelssharesimilaritiesinreducingHubbletension.22．Thepassageisorganizedinthepatternof________.A．cause—effect—solution B．problem—

solution—evaluationC．example—analysis—conclusion D．introduction—comparison—result（2025北京房山高三一模）Earthisabrightspotofvalueintheuniverse,partlybecauseitcontainshumanbeingswho,drivenbycuriosityandanon-instrumentaldesiretoaddresshardquestions,engageinphilosophy.Philosophicalinquirymakestheentireplanetbetterthanitwouldotherwisebe.Issciencebetterandmoresignificantthanphilosophy,morecentraltothespecialnessofEarth?Ofcourse,sciencecanextendourlifespansandempowerustotransformtheenvironment.Butthelongevityandpowerofonespeciesaren’twhatmakeEarthspecial.Considerinstead,thegreatestachievementsofscience:theCopernican/Galilean/Newtonianrevolution,Darwin’stheoryofnaturalselection,Einstein’stheoryofrelativity,quantummechanics,breakthroughsingeneticsandbrainscience.Thesetransformedourunderstandingoftheuniverseandourplacewithinit.Thedistinctivevalueofhumanscienceliesinitsphilosophicalstrength—itspowertoguideustowardthebroadestandmostfoundationalquestionsaboutourselvesandtheuniverse.Artisthesame:atitsbest,itgoesbeyonddecorationandamusement,confrontinguswiththepuzzlesofhumanexistence.Intheirmostambitiousforms,theartsandsciencesmergeintophilosophy,expressingourphilosophicalurges.Ametaphor:asthecircleoflightexpands,sotoodoestheringofdarknessaroundit.Philosophylivesinthatringofdarkness.Withinthecircleoflightlieswhatisstraightforwardlyknowablethroughcommonsense,mainstreamscienceorotherestablishedmethods.Inthepenumbra(半影)aremattersofguessesorideas.There’snosharplinebetweenlightanddark,andnosharpbeginningorendtothepenumbra.Asthelightgrows,thepenumbralringexpandstomatch.Therewillalwaysbedarknessbeyond,andphilosophicalquestioningwillchaseit.Wewillnevercompletetheprojectofunderstandingthefundamentalstructureoftheworld.Generationsofphilosopherswilldiewithoutgettingsatisfactoryanswerstotheirmostsearchingquestions.Billionsofyearsago,starsexploded,formingplanets,andlifeemerged.Somebeingsdevelopedtheabilitytowonderabouttheirplaceintheuniverse,theirvalues,andtheircapacityforreflection.Whenwephilosophize,webecomeameansbywhichtheuniverse,afterbillionsofyears,momentarilythinksaboutitselfindoubtandamazement.Nothingismorenaturallyvaluableorworthyofrespectandwonder.23．WhatdoestheauthorintendtodobymentioningthebrightnessofEarth?A．Makeanassumption. B．Presentanargument. C．Giveasuggestion. D．Raiseaquestion.24．Whatdoesthephrase“mergeinto”underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?A．Changeto. B．Replacewith. C．Standfor. D．Combineinto.25．Whatcanbeinferredaboutphilosophyfromthemetaphorofpenumbra?A．Itwilldeclineasknowledgeadvances. B．Itwillcontinueduetoexpandingunknowns.C．Itaimstodistinguishbetweenlightanddark. D．Itremainsseparatefromestablishedmethods.26．Theauthorbelievesthat_____.A．thepursuitofendlessquestionsissignificantB．humanbeingsareahighlyemotionalspeciesC．scienceistheprimarysourceofphilosophicalideasD．thephysicalcharacteristicsofEarthmakeitexceptional（2025北京顺义高三一模）Imagineyou’redrivingdownthehighwayandnoticethatyouarerunninglowonfuel.YourGPSshows10gasstationsaheadonyourroute.Naturally,youwantthecheapestoption.Doyoucontinueexploringandriskregretforrejectingthebirdinhand?Youwon’tdoubleback,soyoufaceanow-or-neverchoice.Whatstrategymaximizesyourchancesofpickingthecheapeststation?Researchershavestudiedthis“best-choiceproblem”,whichsuggeststhathumanstendtofallshortoftheoptimal(最优的)strategy.Amazingly,theoptimalstrategyresultsinthenumber-onepickbeingselectedalmost37percentofthetime,anditssuccessratedoesn’tdependonthenumberofcandidates.Evenwithabillionoptionsandarefusaltosettleforsecondbest,youcouldfindyourneedleinahaystack(干草垛)morethanathirdofthetime.Thewinningstrategyissimple:Rejectthefirstaround37percentofthechoicesnomatterwhat.Thenpickthefirstoptionthatisbetterthanalltheothersyou'veencounteredsofar.(Ifyouneverfindsuchanoption,takethefinalone.)Addingtothefun,mathematicians’favoritelittleconstant,e=2.7182...,rearsitsheadinthesolution.AlsoknownasEuler’snumber,eholdsfameforcroppingupallacrossthemathematicallandscapeinseeminglyunrelatedsettings—includinginthebest-choiceproblem.Infact,thosereferencesto37percentintheoptimalstrategyandcorrespondingprobabilityofsuccessareactually1/e,orabout0.368.Themagicnumbercomesfromthetensionbetweenwantingtoseeenoughsamplestofeelinformationofoptionsandnotwantingtowaittoolongincasethebestpassyouby.Theproofarguesthat1/ebalancestheseforces.Theproblemgeneratesth