英语词汇学课后答案张维友编

《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案

[Chapter1]

7.tart:loosewomanbIoke:feIlow

gat:pistoIsweII:great

chicken:cowardblue:fight

smoky:policefull:drunk

dame:womanbeaver:girl

8.hapIy=perhapsalbeit二although

methinks=itseemstomeeke=aIso

sooth=truthmorn=norning

troth=pIedgeere二before

quoth=saidhaIlowed=holy

billow=wave/theeabade=bid

12.

DenizensAliensTranslationloansSemanticloans

kettleconfrerechopstickdream

diepropatriatyphoon

waIIWunderkindbIackhumour

skirtmikadolongtimenosee

husbandparvenu

[Chapter2]

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamiIyisoneofthemostimportantIanguage

famiIiesintheworId.ItismadeupofmostoftheIanguagesofEurope,

theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbeIongstothisfamilyandtheother

membersoftheIndo-EuropeanhavemoreorlessinfIuenceonEnglish

vocabuIary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamiIywiIIheIp

usunderstandEngIishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriateIy.

2.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamiIy

I-

IIIIII

Balto-SlavicIndo-1ranianCelticItaiianHeilenic

Germanic

RoumanianHindiBretonSpanishGreekEnglish

LithuanianPersianScottishFrench

Swedish

PrussianIrishItaIianGerman

PolishPortugueseNorweigian

SIavenianIcelandic

RussianDanish

BulgarianDutch

6.

Wheninthecourseofhumanevents,itbecomesnecessaryforone

peopIetodissolvethepoliticaIbondswnichhaveconnectedthem

withanother,andtoassumeamongthepowersoftheearthseparate

andequaIstationtowhichtheIawsofnatureandofnature'sGod

entitlethem,adecentrespecttotheopinionsofmankindrequires

thattheyshoulddeclarethecauseswhichimpeIthemtothe

separation.

MostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.What

areIeftaremostlyfunctionaIwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatin

pIayaveryimportantpartintheEngIishvocabuIary.

8.eventfuI[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek

+Latin]

faIsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+

Greek]

saxophone[German+Greek]

heirIoom[French+English]

josshouse[Portuguese+English]television

[Greek+Latin]

9.

amateur(Iate)finace(late)empire

(earIy)

peace(E)courage(E)garage(L)

judgement(E)chair(E)chaise(L)

grace(E)servant(E)routine(L)

jeaIous(E)savate(L)genre(L)

gender(E)debut(L)morale(L)

state(E)chez(L)baIlet(L)

11.

aIIegro,f轻快

c.rodeod.bonanza

e.igloof.blitzkrieg

g.wigwamh.canoe

i.hurricanej.boomerang

k.panchos

[Chapter3]

1.a.morphemeb.aIIomorph

c.boundmorphemed.freemorpheme

e.affixf.informationaIaffix

g.derivationaIaffixh.root

i.stemj.base

3.individuaIistic

individuaIist+ic[stem,base]

individuaI+ist[stem,base]

individu+aI[stem,base]

in+dividu[root,stem,base]

undesirabIes

un+desirabIe[stem,base]

desir+able[root,stem,base]

freemorpheme=freeroot

morpheme「boundroot

boundmorpheme^rinflectionaIaffix

-affixpprefix

derivationaIaffix

suffix

[Chapter4]

Affixation

5.non-smokerincapab1eimpractica1

disobeyinsecurityirre1evant

immatureinabi1ity/disabi1ityunofficial1y

unwi11ingnessi11ega1disagreement

i1logicaldis1oya1inconvenient

non-athletic

6.hardenhorrifymodernize

memorizefalsifyapologize

deepenglorifysteri1ize

1engthenintensifybeautify

fattensympathize

a.apologizedb.beautifyc.1engthening

d.sympathizede.fattenf.falsify

g.memorizingh.Steri1ize

7.a.employeeb.politicianc.participant

d.waitresse.conductorf.teacher

g.pianisth.examinee/examiner

8.

trans-=across:transcontinentaI,trans-worId

mono-二one:monoraiI,monoculture

super-=over,above:superstructure,supernaturaI

auto-=self:autobiography,automobiIe

sub-二bad,badly:malpractice,maInutrition

mini-=IittIe,smaII:minicrisis,miniwar

pre-=before:prehistoricaI,preeIection

ex-二former:ex-teacher,ex-fiImer

Compounding

heartbeat[S+V]brainwashing[V+0]

movIegoer[pIace+V]bakingpowder[V*adv]

far-reaching[V+Adv]dog-tired[adv+a]

Iion-hearted[adv+a]love-sick[adv+a]

boyfriend[S+compIement]peace-loving[V+0]

snapdecision[V+0]easychair[a+n]

on-coming[V+adv]tax-free[adv+a]

Iight-bIue[a+a]goings-on[V+adv]

4.weIl-bred/welI-behavedcuIture-bound/homebound

needIework/homeworkpraiseworthy/respectworthy

bar-woman/sportswomannation-wide/coIIege-wide

cIeaiminded/strong-mindedmiIitary-styIe/newstyIe

seIf-control/seIf-respect

budget-reIated/politics-reIated

water-proof/fire-proofonce-fashionabIe/once-powerfuI

news-fiIm/news-lettermock-attack/mock—sadness

sister-in-1aw/father-in-1awhome-baked/home-produced

haIf-way/haIf-doneever-1asting/ever-green

age-conscious/status-consciouscampus-based/market-based

Conversion

7.a.stomach[nTv]

b.room[nTv_

c.wolf[nTv"

d.come/go[vTn]

e.famiIiar[aTn]

f.innocent[aTn]

g.flat[aTn"

h.ah/ouch[intTv]

i.warm[aTn]

j.has-been/might-have-been[finitevTn]

k.Hamlet[propernv]

I.buy[vTn]

m.smooth[aTv]

BIending

moteI(motor+hoteI)

humint(human+inteIIigence)

advertisetics(advertisement+statisties)

psywarrior(psychologicalwarrior)

hoverport(hovercraft+port)

chunneI(channeI+tunneI)

hi-fi(high+fideIity)

cinemactress(cinema+actress)

Clipping

copter(heIicopter)dorm(dormitory)

Iab(Iaboratory)prefab(prefabricatedhouse)

gas(gasoline)prof(professor)

scope(teIescope)champ(champion)

sarge(sergeant)mike(microphone)

ad(advertisement)tec(detective)

Acronymy

2.kg=kiIogramft=footcf=confer

cm=centimeter$=dollar

ibid=ibidemetc.=etcetera

VIP=veryimportantperson

OPEC=OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries

TOEFL=teachingofEngIishasaforeignIanguage

3.a.SALT

b.radar

c.AIDS

d.BASIC

e.Laser

f.WHO

g.sonar

h.G-man

Backformation

2.Iase(laser)

escaIate(escaIator)

babysit(babysitter)

peeve(peevish)

orate(orator)

commute(commuter)

CommonizationofProperNames

a.tantaIize-TantaIus

b.Argus-eyed—Argus

c.narcissism-Narcissus

d.sabotage—sabots

e.martinet-Martinet

f.yahoo-Yahoo

g.Shylock-ShyIock

h.hoovering-Hoover

i.utopia-Utopia

j.UncIeTommism-UncleTom

[Chapter5]

6.apes-bbirds-a

cattIe―mcricket-n

doves-cfoxes-j

geese-ksheep-f

woIves-gmonkeys-e

pigs——Ihyenas——h

turkeys——dswans-i

9.a.AscientistworkinginaprojecttodevelopindustriaIusesfor

nucIearpowermighthaveaIIthepositiveassociationswith

“atomic"，suchas“benefit,energy"，etc.

b.AJapaneseresidentofHiroshima,victimoftheatomicexpIosion

attheendofWorIdWarII,mighthaveaIIthenegative

associationswith"atomic"，suchas“suffering,killing,

death,horror",etc.

c.ToastudentofnucIearphysics,“atomic“mightbeassociated

with“mystery,science,knowledge",etc.

10.taIkative:implyingafondnessfortalkingfrequentIyandat

length(neutral)

articulate:expressingoneseIfeasiIyandcIearIy(positive)

gossip:induIginginidletaIkorrumoursaboutothers

(negative)

rambling:talkingaimlessIywithoutconnectionofideas(negative)

fluent:speakingeasiIy,smoothly,andexpressively(positive)

mouthy:overtIytaIkative,especiaIIyinarudeway(nagative)

11.

NoAppreciativeNeutralPejorative

1particuIarfastidious/fussy

2criticalfauIt-finding/picky

3styIe/voguefad

4artfulcunning/sIy

5unstabIefickIe/capricious

6developingunderdeve1oped/

backward

7encourage/promoteinstigate

8groupc1ique/gang

14.bulI[-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT+B0VINE]

cow[-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT+B0VINE]

caIf[-HUMAN+MALE-ADULT-BOVINE]

rooster[-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT-GALLIN日

hen[-HUMAN-MALE+ADULT+GALLINE]

chicken[-HUMAN+MALE+ADULT-GALLIN日

-HUMAN

bulIcowcaIf+B0VINE

roosterhenchicken+GALLINE

+MALE-MALE+ADULT

[Chapter6]

PoIysemy

4.

table

diningtablecounciltable

foodservedatcouncilors;

thetable;mealcommittee;

suppliedbythedirectorsofa

weekormonthcompany

Homonymy

4.1)Makebothendsmeatisaparodyofmakebothendsmeetwhichmeans

“haveenoughmoneyforone5sneeds”.HerethebutchercIeverIy

usesthepairofhomonymsmeatandmeettomakeapun.Itmakes

aproperanswertothelady'squestion.(1)Butcherscannot

makebothendsmeat(makewholesausageswithaIImeat)

becausetheycannotmakebothendsmeet(Iftheymade

sausageswithaIImeat,whichismorecostly,theywouIdnotearn

enoughmoneytosurvive.)(2)Don5tcomplain.AlIthebutchers

dothesame.IamnottheonIyonewhoismakingsausageswithbread.

2)Swallowisabirdwhichisseeninsummer.Butbyoneswa11ow“e

see,wecannotdeducethatitisaIreadysummertime.Swallow

canaIsomeanamouthfuIofwine.Onacoldwinterday,ifone

hasaswallowofwine,onemayfeelwarm.

3)armshastwomeanings:weapons;thehumanupperIimbs.Sinee”a

cannonbaIItookoffhislegs"，thesoldierwasnotabIeto

fighton,soheuIaiddownhisarms”,whichmeans

“surrender”.11canaIsomeanhelaiddownhisupperIimbs.

Synonymy

3.avaricious:greedy

courteous1y:politely

emancipate:setfree

customary:usua1

width:breadth

adversary:opponent

gu11ib1e:deceived

remainder:residue

innocent:sin1ess

obstacle:obstruction

vexation:annoyance

5.a.identifiab1eb.safety

c.motivatesd.de1icate

e.surroundingsf.artificial

g.prestigeh.perspire

i.accomp1ishmentj.si1ent

k.impressive1.evaporate

6.runmovespin

turnwhirlrol1

7.a.steadb.gee-geec.ripe

d.maturee.effectivef.efficient

g.fatigued,chiIdrenh.tired,kids

i.decIinedj.refusedk.rancid

I.addIedm.Pena11iesn.fines

o.rebukedp.accused

Antonymy

5.a.similar/sameb.safe

c.sharp/smartd.send

e.stingy/selfishh.simple

f.significant/sensibIesure

g.skeptical/suspiciousI.smooth

J-sIipshod/sIovenIy/sIoppy

k.sleepiness/sleep/sIumber

m.subjective

n.sob/scowl

6.a.old-fashionedb.compIeteIy

c.moistured.speciaI

e.essentiaIf.similarity

g.innocenth.rigid

i.Ioosenj.clarity

k.desertedI.fruitful

m.peremptoryn.depressed

o.indifferent

7.a.feed—starve,cold-feverb.wisdom-foIlies

haste-Ieisured.penny—pound,wise——fooIish

e.speech——siIencef.absence—presence

g.admonish——praisei.wisemen―fooIs

n.young——oIdprivate—pubIicsaint—deviI

j.mind-bodyk.fouI-fair

I.danger-securitym.deIiberate-prompt

n.chiIdren——parentso.bully——coward

p.head——taiI

8.right-wrongsingIe——return

dry-sweethard-easy

strong—faintrough—calm

Iight-darkcoId-warm

high——Iow/deep

Hyponymy

3.furniture:desk,chair,tabIe,bed

matter:Iiquid,gas,solid

meat:pork,beef,mutton

go:run,fIy,waIk

4.professionworkplace

surgeon:cIinic,hospitaI

pIumber:house,buiIding

Iawyer:office,Iawcourts

mechanic:garage

photographerstudio

foreman:worksite,factory

5.

6.InSentence1,got,furniture,recentlyaresuperordinatesbecause

theyaregeneraIandconveyaveryvagueideawhereasinSentence2,the

threewordsarereplacedrespectiveIybybought,cupboard,three

daysago,whicharesubordinates,conveyingadefiniteandclearidea.

SoSentence2isbetterthanSentence1.

In3,itissaid,magnificentbuiIding,destroyed,yesterdayare

superordinateterms,whicharecomparativeIymuchmoregeneraIthan

thenewssays,RoyalHotel,burntdown,lastnightrespectiveIyin

4,whichcanbedescribedassubordinates.Sinee4iscIearerthan3

inmeaning,itisbetter.

Semanticfield

3.Group1issynonymouslysemanticfieldandGroup2issemanticfifed.

ThedifferenceIies:In1thewordsaresynonyms,noneofthemcovers

themeaningofanother,andtheydifferonIyinstyIeandemotive

vaIues.In2thewordsarenotsynonyms,buteachreferstoaspecific

typeofhorse.Horseisacovertermorsuperordinate,andothers

aresubordinates.ThesetermshavenodifferenceinstyIeor

affectivemeaning.

[Chapter7]

4.1)extension2)extension

3)narrowing4)degradation

5)eIevation6)narrowing

7)extension8)extension

9)narrowing10)elevation

11)narrowing12)degradation

13)degradation14)degradation

5.a.associatedtransfer

b.abstracttoconcrete

c.abstracttoconcrete

d.abstracttoconcrete

e.abstracttoconcrete

f.abstractofconcrete

g.associatedtransfer

h.associatedtransfer

i.synesthesia

j.synesthesia

6.a.objectiveb.subjective,objective

c.objectived.subjective

e.subjectivef.subjective

g.subjectiveh.subjective,objective

7.a.dieb.graveyard

c.bedlam疯人院d.o1dpeop1e

e.strikef.Policeman

g-stupidpupi1h.poorpeop1e

i.toi1etj.fatperson

k.unemp1oyedmother

[Chapter8]

2.a.torepair

b.measurementanddeterminationofone*sposition

c.predicament

d.injection

a.asinglecompIetedividingpart(ofarocket)

b.thetheatreoractingasaprofession

c.aparticularpointorperiodinaprocessofdeveIopment

d.toplan,arrangeandcarryout

a.interchangeanddiscussionofideas,esp.formutuaI

understandingor

harmony

b.conversation

c.awrittenconversation(ofapIay,etc.)

3.a.synonym

b.explanation/definition

c.antonym

d.exampIe

e.reIevantdetaiIs

f.reIevantdetaiIs

g.reIevantdetaiIs

4.a.stoppeopledrinking

stopdrinkingbythemselves

b.astonehousewhichisbig

ahousebuiltofbigstones

c.apicturepossessedbyBetty

aphotographofBetty

d.auntswhoarevisiting

payingavisttoaunts

e.takeJaneashiswife

presideoverJane1swedding

f.aweaponthatcanfIyoverlongdistanceandthatitexpIodeswhen

ithitsthe

thingitaimsat

anobjectthatisthrownatsomebodyinordertohurthim

[Chapter9]

6.a—2)b—9)c—3)

d—6)e—1)f—8)

g—5)h—4)i—7)

j—10)

7.a.standoutagainst

b.approveof

c.getoverwith

d.Iookinginto

e.comeupwith

f.compIywith

g.cashedinon

h.gowithout

i.toprofitby/from

j.dutdown…to

8.acoolcat-areaIlycalmperson

blowonersstack-IosecontroIoveroneseIf

flyoffthehandle=becomeexcessiveIyangry

what'smore-furthermore

getawaywith-commitaniIlegitimateactwithoutpenalty

ofcourse-naturaIly

geton=getold

pepperandsalt=grey(hair)

makeupfor-compensatefor

losttime=timewasted

takeiteasy-reIax,notworry

getup-risefrombed

turnin-gointobed

takecareof-manageorlookafter

likeabreeze-withouteffortoreasily

timeoff-timeforrest

getitmade-besuccessful

thisis/t=beinapositionorpIace,orhavepossessionofanobject

beyondwhichmoreofthesameisunnecessary

SamisreaIIyacaImperson.HeneverIosescontroIofhimseIfand

hardIyeverbecomestooangry.Furthermore,heknowshowtomanage

hisbusinessfinanciaIIybyusingafewtricks…Needlesstosay,

he,too,isgettingoIder.Hishairisbeginningtoturngrey,but

heknowshowtocompensateforwastedtimebyreIaxing.Herises

earIy,exercises,andgoestobedearIy.Hemanageshisfrankfurter

dispensarywithoutvisibleeffort,untiIitissomeoneelse'sturn

toworkthere.SamissuccessfuI,hehasreachedhisIife'sgoaI.

9.a."Well,it'stheoldstoryofthestitchintime,hesaid.

Astitchintimesavesnine.

b.FIeur'sheadwasIostinthetooI-box,buthervoicewasheard

saying:"Toomanycooks,betterIetme.

Toomanycooksspoi/thebroth.

c.ButnotmanyotherpeopIeheIdthatviewdiscerninghisfinger

stillveryIargeineverypie-somuchsothatthereoften

seemedlesspiethanfinger.

haveafingerinthepie

d.I'mthinkingofputtingupauSilenceisgolden,,pIacardinhis

office.NobodycanhearthemseIvesthink.

Speechissitver,si/ence/sgoIden.

e.TheyfourhadoneIikeness:theirappearanceandtheirworkwas

asitwereawheeIinthemiddleofawheeI.

wheelwithinwheels

f.HequotesthemextensiveIynevertheIess,togetherwithother

equaIIysuspectevidence,becauseotherwisehewouldhaveno

strawwithwhichtomakehisbricks.

makebr/ckswithoutstraw

10.windandweatherwheeIinganddeaIing

waifsandstraystownandgown

topandtaiItimeaftertime

rulesandreguIationsriseandfaII

ragsandtatterspuffandblow

pick