近五年高考阅读理解说明文

2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I卷）

C

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationof

whatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit'srightfor

you.

Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsof

digitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallives

increasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.

Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigital

declutter.Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendof

thethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelieve

willprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.

Inthefinalchapterofpartone,Tilguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoing

so,TildrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.

You'llheartheseparticipants,storiesandlearnwhatstrategicsworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapsthey

encounteredthatyoushouldavoid.

Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate（培养）a

sustainabledigitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceof

solitude（独处）andthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendon

mindlessdeviceuse.Eachchapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyou

actonthebigideasofthechapter.Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortsto

buildaminimalistlifestylethatworksforyourparticularcircumstances.

28.Whatisthebookaimedat?

A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.

B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.

D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dcclutter"inparagraph3mean?

A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.

3（）.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone?

A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.

C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.

31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo?

A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.

C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.

D

OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathas

cometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowed

thatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.

Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughofthesecnorsarc

averagedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarand

tendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,the

wisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrors

becomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.

Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwere

allowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequal

numberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussion

groupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom2()independentindividuals.

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthe

groupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheir

estimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillinglochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butit

wasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsand

reasonedtogether."Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.

AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplications

forgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.

32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.

D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

33.Navajas'studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmall

B.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotcommunicate

D.estimateswerenotfullyindependent

34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?

A.Thesizeofthegroups.

B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.

D.Theindividualestimates.

35.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas,studies?

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.

C.Doubtful.D.Approving.

2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标H卷）

B

Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundlikeloughworkformiddleandhighschool

kids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgarden

programatfourlow-incomcschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,

environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.

Jaramillo'sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfast

foodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores."Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlarge

bottlesofsoftdrinks,“shesays."Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsare

awful.wThoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotry

somethingnew.

UrbanSprouts'classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuch

assoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.

Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheir

entireschools.

Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.uWehavestudents

whosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey,reeatingdifferently/*Jaramillosays.

Sheaddsthattheprogram'sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardening

thattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemsto

haveacalmingeffectonJaramillo'sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrol

issues.4<Theygetoutside,“shesays,uandtheyfeelsuccessful?'

24.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?

A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker.B.Shegrewupinalow-incomefamily.

C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant.D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.

25.WhatwasaproblemfacingJaramilloatthestartoftheprogram?

A.Thekids'parentsdistrustedher.B.Studentshadlittletimeforherclasses.

C.Somekidsdislikedgardenwork.D.Therewasnospaceforschoolgardens.

26.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheimpactoftheprogram?

A.Far-reaching.B.Predictable.C.Short-lived.D.Unidentifiable.

27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.RescuingSchoolGardensB.ExperiencingCountryLife

C.GrowingVegetableLoversD.ChangingLocalLandscape

C

ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject-thebook,representedherein

almostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughout

history,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswcnowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists'representationsof

booksandreading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.

Inthis“bookofbooks,“artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnections

betweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthe

bookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed（描绘）aloneinmanysettings

andposes-absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhave

beenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.

Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect（才智），wealthor

faithofthesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbe

worksofartintheirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artists

haveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumes

intopaintingsandsculptures.

Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpage

outdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsas

interactiveasanybattery-powerede-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser:the

coveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.And

incontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,

aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,uofl-lineMactivity.

28.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?

A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.

C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.

29.Whataretheselectedartworksabout?

A.Wealthandintellect.B.Homeandschool.

C.Booksandreading.D.Workandleisure.

30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"relateto“inparagraph2mean?

A.Understand.B.Paint.C.Seize.D.Transform.

31.Whatdocstheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthec-rcadcr?

A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.

B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.

C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.

D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.

D

Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecomingharderto

find.Ifyou'relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butit'sunusualtofindplacesina

citythatarerelativelywild.

Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthat

wildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.

Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,asking

themtosubmitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.The

researchersthenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding（编码）experiencesintodifferentcategories.For

example,oneparticipant'sexperienceof“Wcsatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile”was

assignedthecategories"sittingatbeach"and'listeningtowaves.”

Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage1'beganto

emerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportantto

visitors.Theseincludeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwaler,andfollowinganestablished

trail.

Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartin

theactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalong

theedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Back

downtownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalonga

fountainontheirlunchbreak.

"We'retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdaily

lives.Andfbrthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,“saidPeterKahn,

aseniorauthorofthestudy.

32.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?

A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.

B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.

C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.

D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.

33.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?

A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.

B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.

C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.

D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors5summaries.

34.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?

A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.

B.Youngpeoplearctoobusytointeractwithnature.

C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.

D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.

35.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?

A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.

C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.

2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷）

B

TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY（do-it-yourself）.Skilledatputtingupshelvesand

piecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.

ShecreditstheseskillstoherlategrandfatherandbuilderDerekLloyd.Fromtheageofsix,Terri,now

26,accompaniedDerektoworkduringherschoolholidays.Aday'sworkwasrewardedwith£5inpocket

money.Shesays:"I'msureIwasn,tmuchofahelptostartwith.ButwhenDerekbuiltourfamilyhouse

abouteightyearsago,Iwasheavilyinvolved（参与），paintingtheroomsandputtingdowntheflooring

throughoutthehouse.Ittookweeksanditwasback-breakingwork,butIknowhewasproudofmyskills.”

Terri,whonowrentsahousewithfriendsinWandsworth,SouthWestLondon,saysDIYalsosavesher

fromlosinganydepositwhenatenancy（租期）comestoanend.Sheadds:"I'vemovedhousemanytimes

andIalwaysliketopersonalisemyroomandputuppictures.So,it'sbeenusefultoknowhowtocoverup

holesandrepaintaroomtoavoidanychargeswhenI'vemovedout.”

WithmillionsofpeoplelikelytotakeonDIYprojectsoverthecomingweeks,newresearchshowsthat

morethanhalfofpeopleareplanningtomakethemostofthelong,warmsummerdaystogetjobsdone.

Theaveragespendperprojectwillbearound£823.Twothirdsofpeopleaimtoimprovetheircomfortwhile

athome.Afifthwishtoincreasethevalueoftheirhouses.ThoughDIYhastraditionallybeenseenasamale

hobby,theresearchshowsitiswomennowleadingthecharge.

24.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand^^inparagraph1?

A.Anartist.B.Awinner.

C.Aspecialist.D.Apioneer.

25.WhydidTerri'sgrandfathergiveher£5aday?

A.Forabirthdaygift.

B.Asatreatforherwork.

C.TosupportherDIYprojects.

D.Toencouragehertotakeupahobby.

26.HowdidTerriavoidlosingthedepositonthehousesherented?

A.Bymakingitlooklikebefore.

B.Byfurnishingitherself.

C.Bysplittingtherentwitharoommate.

D.Bycancellingtherentalagreement.

27.WhattrendinDIYdoestheresearchshow?

A.Itisbecomingmorecostly.

B.Itisgettingmoretime-consuming.

C.Itisturningintoaseasonalindustry.

D.Itisgainingpopularityamongfemales.

C

Iwasabout13whenanunclegavemeacopyofJosteinGaarder'sSophie'sWorld.Itwasfullofideas

thatwerenewtome,soIspentthesummerwithmyheadinandoutofthatbook.Itspoketomeand

broughtmeintoaworldofphilosophy（哲学）.

ThatloveforphilosophylasteduntilIgottocollege.Nothingkillstheloveforphilosophyfasterthan

peoplewhothinktheyunderstandFoucault,Baudrillard,orConfuciusbetterthanyou-andthentryto

explainthem.

EricWeiner'sTheSocratesExpress:InSearchofLifeLessonsfromDeadPhilosophersreawakenedmy

loveforphilosophy.Itisnotanexplanation,butaninvitationtothinkandexperiencephilosophy.

Weinerstartseachchapterwithasceneonatrainridebetweencitiesandthenframeseachphilosopher's

workinthecontext（背景）ofonethingtheycanhelpusdobetter.Theendresultisareadinwhichwelearn

towonderlikeSocrates,seelikeThoreau,listenlikeSchopenhauer,andhavenoregretslikeNietzsche.This,

morethanabookaboutunderstandingphilosophy,isabookaboutlearningtousephilosophytoimprovea

life.

Hemakesphilosophicalthoughtanappealingexercisethatimprovesthequalityofourexperiences,and

hedocssowithplentyofhumor.Weinerentersintoconversationwithsomeofthemostimportant

philosophersinhistory,andhebecomespartofthatcrowdintheprocessbydecoding（解读）theirmessages

andaddinghisowninterpretation.

TheSocratesExpressisafun,sharpbookthatdrawsreadersinwithitsapparentsimplicityand

graduallypullsthemindeeperthoughtsondesire,loneliness,andaging.Theinvitationisclear:Weiner

wantsyoutopickupacoffeeorteaandsitdownwiththisbook.Iencourageyoutotakehisofier.It\worth

yourtime,eveniftimeissomethingwedon'thavealotof.

28.Whoopenedthedoortophilosophyfortheauthor?

A.Foucault.B.EricWeiner.

C.JosteinGaarder.D.Acollegeteacher.

29.Whydoestheauthorlistgreatphilosophersinparagraph4?

A.TocompareWeinerwiththem.

B.Togiveexamplesofgreatworks.

C.Topraisetheirwritingskills.

D.TohelpreadersunderstandWeiner'sbook.

3（）.WhatdoestheauthorlikeaboutTheSocratesExpress?

A.Itsviewsonhistoryarewell-presented.

B.Itsideascanbeappliedtodailylife.

C.Itincludescommentsfromreaders.

D.Itleavesanopenending.

31.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofWeiner\book?

A.Objectiveandplain.

B.Daringandambitious.

C.Seriousandhardtofollow.

D.Humorousandstraightforward.

D

Grizzlybears,whichmaygrowtoabout2.5mlongandweighover400kg,occupyaconflictedcornerof

theAmericanpsyche-werevere（敬畏）themevenastheygiveusfrighteningdreams.Askthetourists

fromaroundtheworldthatfloodintoYellowstoneNationalParkwhattheymosthopetosee,andtheir

answerisoftenthesame:agrizzlybear.

“Grizzlybearsarere-occupyinglargeareasoftheirformerrange,“saysbearbiologistChrisServheen.

Asgrizzlybearsexpandtheirrangeintoplaceswheretheyhaven'tbeenseeninacenturyormore,they5re

increasinglybeingsightedbyhumans.

ThewesternhalfoftheU.S.wasfullofgrizzlieswhenEuropeanscame,witharoughnumberof50,000

ormorelivingalongsideNativeAmericans.Bytheearly1970s,aftercenturiesofcruelandcontinuous

huntingbysettlers,600to800grizzliesremainedonamere2percentoftheirformerrangeintheNorthern

Rockies.In1975,grizzlieswerelistedundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct.

Today,thereareabout2,000ormoregrizzlybearsintheU.S.Theirrecoveryhasbeensosuccessfulthat

theU.S.FishandWildlifeServicehastwiceattemptedtode-listgrizzlies,whichwouldloosenlegal

protectionsandallowthemtobehunted.Botheffortswereoverturnedduetolawsuitsfromconservation

groups.Fornow,grizzliesremainlisted.

Obviously,ifprecautions（预防）aren'ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfhrm

animalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryards

andcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchicken

housesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.4'Ourhopeistohave

aclean,attractant-frccplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,“saysJamesJonkcl,

longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.

32.HowdoAmericanslookatgrizzlies?

A.Theycausemixedfeelingsinpeople.

B.Theyshouldbekeptinnationalparks.

C.Theyareofhighscientificvalue.

D.TheyareasymbolofAmericanculture.

33.Whathashelpedtheincreaseofthegrizzlypopulation?

A.TheEuropeansettlers'behavior.

B.Theexpansionofbears'range.

C.Theprotectionbylawsince1975.

D.ThesupportofNativeAmericans.

34.WhathasstoppedtheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicefromde-listinggrizzlies?

A.Theoppositionofconservationgroups.

B.Thesuccessfulcomebackofgrizzlies.

C.Thevoiceofthebiologists.

D.Thelocalfarmers'advocates.

35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

A.Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.

B.Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.

C.Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.

D.Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.

2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）

C

WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSunday

dinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritainhasa

reputationforIcss-than-imprcssivccuisine,itisproducingmoretopclasschefswhoappearfrequentlyon

ourtelevisionscreensandwhoserecipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.

It'sthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritonsareturningawayfrom

meat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.Itis

recentlyreportedthatthenumberofthosestickingtoatraditionaldietisslowlydecliningandaroundhalfof

Britain'sconsumerswouldliketochangeorimprovetheircookinginsomeway.Therehasbeenariseinthe

numberofstudentsapplyingforfoodcoursesatUKuniversitiesandcolleges.ItseemsthatTVprogrammes

havehelpedchangewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking.

Accordingtoanewstudyfrommarketanalysts,1in5Britonssaythatwatchingcookeryprogrammes

onTVhasencouragedthemtotrydifferentfood.Almostonethirdsaytheynowuseawidervarietyof

ingredients（配料）thantheyusedto,andjustunder1in4saytheynowbuybetterqualityingredientsthan

before.OneinfouradultssaythatTVchefshavemadethemmuchmoreconfidentaboutexpandingtheir

cookeryknowledgeandskills,andyoungpeoplearealsogettingmoreinterestedincooking.TheUK's

obsession（痴迷）withfoodisreflectedthroughtelevisionscheduling.Cookeryshowsanddocumentaries

aboutfoodarebroadcastmoreoftenthanbefore.WithanincreasingnumberofmalechefsonTV,it'sno

longer“uncool“forboystolikecooking.

28.WhatdopeopleusuallythinkofBritishfood?

A.Itissimpleandplain.B.Itisrichinnutrition.

C.Itlacksauthentictastes.D.Itdeservesahighreputation.

29.WhichbestdescribescookeryprogrammesonBritishTV?

A.Authoritative.B.Creative.C.Profitable.D.Influential.

30.Whichisthepercentageofthepeopleusingmorediverseingredientsnow?

A.20%.B.24%.C.25%.D.33%.

31.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingabout?

A.Theartofcookinginothercountries.

B.MalechefsonTVprogrammes.

C.TabicmannersintheUK.

D.Studiesofbigeaters.

2023年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试

（浙江卷）

C

Amachinecannownotonlybeatyouatchess,itcanalsooutperformyouindebate.Lastweek,ina

publicdebateinSanFrancisco,asoftwareprogramcalledProjectDebaterbeatitshumanopponents,

includingNoaOvadia,Israel'sformernationaldebatingchampion.

Brilliantthoughitis,ProjectDebaterhassomeweaknesses.Ittakessentencesfromitslibraryof

documentsandprebuiltargumentsandstringsthemtogether.Thiscanleadtothekindsoferrorsnohuman

wouldmake.Suchwrinkleswillnodoubtbeironedout,yettheyalsopointtoafundamentalproblem.As

KristianHammond,professorofelectricalengineeringandcomputerscienceatNorthwesternUniversity,

putit:"There'sneverastageatwhichthesystemknowswhatit'stalkingabout.”

WhatHammondisreferringtoisthequestionofmeaning,andmeaningiscentraltowhatdistinguishes

theleastintelligentofhumansfromthemostintelligentofmachines.Acomputerworkswithsymbols.Its

programspecifiesasetofrulestotransformonestringofsymbolsintoanother.Butitdoesnotspecifywhat

thosesymbolsmean.Indeed,toacomputer,meaningisirrelevant.Humans,inthinking,talking,readingand

writing,alsoworkwithsymbols.Butforhumans,meaningiseverything.Whenwecommunicate,we

communicatemeaning.Whatmattersisnotjusttheoutsideofastringofsymbols,buttheinsidetoo,notjust

howtheyarearrangedbutwhattheymean.

Meaningemergesthroughaprocessofsocialinteraction,notofcomputation,interactionthatshapesthe

contentofthesymbolsinourheads.Therulesthatassignmeaninglienotjustinsideourheads,butalso

outside,insociety,insocialmemory,socialconventionsandsocialrelations.Itisthisthatdistinguishes

humansfrommachines.Andihal'swhy,howeverastonishingProjectDebatermayseem,thetraditionthat

beganwithSocratesandConfuciuswillnotendwithartificialintelligence.

28.WhydoestheauthormentionNoaOvadiainthefirstparagraph?

A.Toexplaintheuseofasoftwareprogram.

B.ToshowtheclevernessofProjectDebater.

C.